Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2 (and previously as C3), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly in Central Asia, Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus, Middle East, South Asia, East Europe. It is found in a much more widespread areas with a low frequency of less than 2%.

The haplogroup C-M217 is now found at high frequencies among Central Asian peoples, indigenous Siberians, and some Native peoples of North America. In particular, males belonging to peoples such as the Buryats, Evens, Evenks, Itelmens, Kalmyks, Kazakhs, Koryaks, Mongolians, Negidals, Nivkhs, Udege, and Ulchi have high levels of M217.

One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C2-M217 has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan, though that hypothesis is controversial. According to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e. On the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia.

Two different genetic studies were written about the Manchu Aisin Gioro imperial family. The 2005 Tatiana Zerjal and Xue Yali genetic study "Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia" said that C3b2a-M48 was found in seven different ethnic minorities in northeastern China and Outer Mongolia (1.5 million men) such as Inner Mongolians, Outer Mongolians, Evenks, Oroqen, Hezhe, Manchus and Xibe, but is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations. It was therefore suggested as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro because the researchers involved dated the emergence of the subclade to the time of Aisin Gioro ancestor Giocangga and nicknamed it the "Manchu cluster" and attributed the absence of the Y chromosome in Han people to the segregation in the Eight Banner system between Manchus and Han but other ethnic minorities were in contact with Manchus. However, this study of 1.5 million men was challenged by other geneticists led by geneticist Yan Shi(嚴實‬) who conducted a new genetic study called "Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty" on actual verified Aisin Gioro descendants with genealogies since the scientists involved on the first test with the 1.5 million men did not even test Aisin Gioro descendants and the Y chromosome subclade in question nicknamed the "Manchu cluster" was found more in other ethnic minorities like Mongols in Inner and Outer Mongolia, Hezhe,Evenki and Oroqen in Heilongjiang than in Manchu people and Xibe people who are close to Manchus. In addition to that, the Qing dynasty meticulously recorded the number, names and genealogy of male descendants of the Aisin Gioro and forbade them from leaving the cities of Beijing and Mukden (Shenyang). In the last official census of Aisin Gioro clansmen in 1915 by the Qing Imperial household, there were only 27,884 Aisin Gioro clan members. Manchus were also not exempt from family planning and wars and events in China over the past decades prevented the Aisin Gioro population from growing too much so the geneticists still estimate the actual number of Aisin Gioro is less than 30,000 today and they are still heavily concentrated in Beijing and Mukden. This second genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated. This Y haplogroup subclade is rare among all ethnic groups in China including Manchus, and is the most likely candidate for Aisin Gioro, showing that royalty and powerful men do not necessarily have many descendants and also revealed that people claiming to belong to Aisin Gioro but lacking written genealogies are likely imposters. Geneticist Luca Cavalli-Sforza also ridiculed the first study claiming 1.5 million men descended from Aisin Gioro's founder, pointing out that their dating methods were too imprecise to claim the Y DNA was Giocangga's and he also doubted the seperate star cluster subclade came from Genghis Khan.

Y chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517, Dayan Khan, who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them.

C2b1a3a1c2-F5481 clade of C2*-ST which is also widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols. The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.

Toghan, Genghis Khan's sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi's descendants in the Kazakh Tore clan.

Origin

After sharing a most recent common ancestor with Haplogroup C-F3393 approximately 48,400 5% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900years before present, Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have begun spreading approximately 34,000 5% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700years before present in eastern or central Asia.

The extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes, coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C-M217 predominates, makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult. The presence of Haplogroup C-M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughout East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia makes that region one likely source. In addition, the C-M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C-M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians, which suggests that the marginal presence of C-M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia.

More precisely, haplogroup C2-M217 is now divided into two primary subclades: C2a-L1373 (sometimes called the "northern branch" of C2-M217) and C2b-F1067 (sometimes called the "southern branch" of C2-M217).

C2a-L1373 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 5% CI 14,300 <-> 17,800ybp) has been found often in populations from Central Asia through North Asia to the Americas, and rarely in individuals from some neighboring regions, such as Europe or East Asia. C2a-L1373 subsumes two subclades: C2a1-F3447 and C2a2-BY63635/MPB374. C2a1-F3447 includes all extant Eurasian members of C2a-L1373, whereas C2a2-BY63635/MPB374 contains extant South American members of C2a-L1373 as well as ancient archaeological specimens from South America and Chertovy Vorota Cave in Primorsky Krai. C2a1-F3447 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 5% CI 14,700 <-> 17,400ybp) includes the Y-DNA of an approximately 14,000-year-old specimen from the Ust'-Kyakhta 3 site (located on the right bank of the Selenga River in Buryatia, near the present-day international border with Mongolia) and C2a1b-BY101096/ACT1942 (found in individuals from present-day Liaoning Province of China, South Korea, and a Nivkh from Russia) in addition to the expansive C2a1a-F1699 clade. C2a1a-F1699 (estimated TMRCA 14,000 5% CI 12,700 <-> 15,300ybp) subsumes four subclades: C2a1a1-F3918, C2a1a2-M48, C2a1a3-M504, and C2a1a4-M8574. C2a1a1-F3918 subsumes C2a1a1a-P39, which has been found at high frequency in samples of some indigenous North American populations, and C2a1a1b-FGC28881, which is now found with varying (but generally quite low) frequency all over the Eurasian steppe, from Heilongjiang and Jiangsu in the east to Jihočeský kraj, Podlaskie Voivodeship, and Giresun in the west. Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48 is especially frequent and diverse among present-day Tungusic peoples, but branches of it also constitute the most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup among present-day Mongols in Mongolia, Alshyns in western Kazakhstan, and Kalmyks in Kalmykia. Extant members of C2a1a3-M504 all share a relatively recent common ancestor (estimated TMRCA 3,900 5% CI 3,000 <-> 4,800ybp), and they are found often among Mongols, Manchus (''e.g.'' Aisin Gioro), Kazakhs (most tribes of the Senior Zhuz as well as the Kerei tribe of the Middle Zhuz), Kyrgyz, and Hazaras. C2a1a4-M8574 is sparsely attested and deeply bifurcated into C-Y176542, which has been observed in an individual from Ulsan and an individual from Japan, and C-Y11990. C-Y11990 is likewise quite ancient (estimated TMRCA 6,300 5% CI 5,100 <-> 7,600ybp) but rare, with one branch having been found sporadically in Jammu and Kashmir, Germany, and the United States and another branch having been found sporadically in Slovakia (Prešov Region), Turkey, and Kipchak of the central steppe (920 +- 25 BP uncal).

The predominantly East Asian distributed C-F1067 subsumes a major clade, C-F2613, and a minor clade, C-CTS4660. The minor clade C-CTS4660 has been found in China (including a Dai and several Han from southern China as well as a Han from Anhui and a Han from Inner Mongolia) and Thailand (including Northern Thai and Lao IsanPhylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O-F175 at TheYtree
/ref>). The major clade C-F2613 has known representatives from China ( Oroqen, Hezhe, Manchu,Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, Brian Hallmark, and Michael F. Hammer (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." ''Am J Hum Biol.'' 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. Uyghur, Han, Tibetan, Tujia, Dai), Korea, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan (Dungan, Kyrgyz), Tajikistan ( Tajik), Afghanistan (Hazara, Tajik), Pakistan ( Burusho, Hazara), Nakhchivan, Chechnya, and Syria and includes the populous subclades C-F845, C-CTS2657, and C-Z8440. C-M407, a notable subclade of C-CTS2657, has expanded in a post-Neolithic time frame to include large percentages of modern Buryat, Soyot, and Hamnigan males in Buryatia and Barghut males in HulunbuirBoris A Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Marcin Woźniak, Urszula Rogalla, Irina Dambueva, and Tomasz Grzybowski, "Y chromosome haplotype diversity in Mongolic-speaking populations and gene conversion at the duplicated STR DYS385a,b in haplogroup C3-M407." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' (2016) 61, 491–496; doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.14; published online 25 February 2016. in addition to many Kalmyks and other MongolsBoris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Wozniak,
Tomasz Grzybowski, and Ilya Zakharov, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108; published online 17 October 2013.V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva, K. V. Simonova, E. R. Eremina, and V. A. Stepanov, "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. and members of the Qongirat tribe in KazakhstanE. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 – 95. (but only 2 or 0.67% of a sample of 300 Korean males).

The specific subclade haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.

Genetic testing also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to Daurs in the Transbaikal area. The Tungusic speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur. Jurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people. The Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796 (C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal "brother" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro. A genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated. The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor. Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48. People from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951. The Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.

Distribution

Haplogroup C-M217 is the modal haplogroup among Mongolians and most indigenous populations of the Russian Far East, such as the Buryats, Northern Tungusic peoples, Nivkhs, Koryaks, and Itelmens. The subclade C-P39 is common among males of the indigenous North American peoples whose languages belong to the Na-Dené phylum. The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 tends to be negatively correlated with distance from Mongolia and the Russian Far East, but it still comprises more than ten percent of the total Y-chromosome diversity among the Manchus, Koreans, Ainu, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Beyond this range of high-to-moderate frequency, which contains mainly the northeast quadrant of Eurasia and the northwest quadrant of North America, Haplogroup C-M217 continues to be found at low frequencies, and it has even been found as far afield as Northwest Europe, Turkey, Pakistan, Bhutan,Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, ''et al''., "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327 Advance Access publication 2 December 2014. Bangladesh, Nepal 2/77=2.6% C-M217 in a sample of the general population of Kathmandu. and adjacent regions of India, 1/26=3.8% C-M217 in a sample of Hindu Indians from the Terai. Haplogroup C-M217 in 8.5% of a sample of 71 Garos and 7.7% of a pool of eight samples of Khasians totalling 353 individuals C-M217 in 1/31=3.2% of a sample from West Bengal. Vietnam, Maritime Southeast Asia, and the Wayuu people of South America. It is found in Ossetians 4.7% (1/21),Bayazit Yunusbayev, Mait Metspalu, Mari Järve, ''et al''. (2012), "The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 29(1):359–365. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr221 Advance Access publication 13 September 2011. and in Russians 0.73% (3/406),frequency ranges depending on the district.), It's found 0.2% in Central/Southern Russia but 0.9% Rovslav and 0.7% Belgorod. It is found 0.5% in ethnic Bulgarians but 1.2% in Montana Province, 0.8% Sofia Province and 1.4% in an unknown areaY-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry
Karachanak S, Grugni V, Fornarino S, Nesheva D, Al-Zahery N, et al. (2013) Retrieved Oct 2013. some of whom exhibit divergent Y-STR haplotypes. Haplogroup C-M127 also has been found with high frequency in a small sample of Uzbeks from Takhar, Afghanistan (7/13 = 54% C-M217).

In an early study of Japanese Y-chromosomes, haplogroup C-M217 was found relatively frequently among Ainus (2/16=12.5% or 1/4=25%) and among Japanese of the Kyūshū region (8/104=7.7%). However, in other samples of Japanese, the frequency of haplogroup C-M217 was found to be only about one to three percent. In a study published in 2014, large samples of males from seven different Japanese cities were examined, and the frequency of C-M217 varied between a minimum of 5.0% (15/302 university students in Sapporo) and a maximum of 7.8% (8/102 adult males in Fukuoka), with a total of 6.1% (146/2390) of their sampled Japanese males belonging to this haplogroup; the authors noted that no marked geographical gradient was detected in the frequencies of haplogroups C-M217 or C-M8 in that study.

The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 in samples of Han from various areas has ranged from 0% (0/27) in a sample of Han from Guangxi in southern China to 23.5% (4/17) in a sample of Han from Shanghai in eastern China, 23.5% (8/34) in a sample of Han from Xi'an in northwestern China, and 29.6% (8/27) in a sample of Han from Jilin in northeastern China, with the frequency of this haplogroup in several studies' pools of all Han samples ranging between 6.0% and 12.0%. C-M217 also has been found in many samples of ethnic minority populations from central and southern China, such as Dong (8/27 = 29.6% from Guizhou, 10/45 = 22.2% from Hunan, 1/17 = 5.9% from Guangxi), Bulang (3/11 = 27.3% from Yunnan), Tujia (6/26 = 23.1% from Hubei, 7/33 = 21.2% from Guizhou, 9/49 = 18.4% from Jishou, Hunan), Hani (13/60 = 21.7% from Yunnan, 6/34 = 17.6%), Yi (4/32 = 12.5% Boren from Yunnan, 3/24 = 12.5% Yi from Sichuan, 4/61 = 6.6% Yi from Yunnan), Mulao (1/11 = 9.1% from Guangxi), Naxi (1/12 = 8.3% from Yunnan), Miao (7/92 = 7.6% from Guizhou, 2/58 = 3.4%), Shui (2/29 = 6.9% from Guizhou), She (3/47 = 6.4% from Fujian, 1/34 = 2.9%), Wa (1/16 = 6.3% from Yunnan), Dai (1/18 = 5.6% from Yunnan), Gelao (1/21 = 4.8% from Guizhou), ethnic Vietnamese (2/45 = 4.4% from Guangxi), Yao (1/28 = 3.6% from Guangdong, 1/35 = 2.9% from Liannan, Guangdong, 2/113 = 1.8% from Guangxi), Bai (1/34 = 2.9% from Yunnan), Tibetans (4/156 = 2.6%), Buyi (2/109 = 1.8% from Guizhou), and Taiwanese aborigines (1/48 = 2.1%).

In Vietnam, Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 has been found in about 7.5% of all published samples, including 12.5% (6/48) of a sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi, Vietnam, 11.8% (9/76) of another sample of Kinh ("ethnic Vietnamese") from Hanoi, Vietnam, 10% (1/10) of a sample from Vietnam, 8.5% (5/59) of a sample of Cham people from Binh Thuan, Vietnam, 8.3% (2/24) of another sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi, 4.3% (3/70) of a sample of Vietnamese from an unspecified location in Vietnam, 2.2% (1/46) of the KHV ("Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam") sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, and 0% (0/27) of one study's samples of Kinh and Muong. Macholdt ''et al.'' (2020) have found Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 in 4.67% (28/600) of a set of samples from Vietnam, including 26.8% (11/41) of a sample of Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ, 13.9% (5/36) of a sample of Pathen from Quang Bình District, 12.1% (4/33) of a sample of Hanhi from Mường Tè District, 10.3% (3/29) of a sample of Sila from Mường Tè District, and 10.0% (5/50) of a sample of Kinh (''n''=42 from Hanoi, including all five members of haplogroup C-M217).Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, ''et al''., "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4

Haplogroup C-M217 has been found less frequently in other parts of Southeast Asia and nearby areas, including Myanmar (3/72 = 4.2% Bamar and Rakhine), Laos (1/25 = 4.0% Lao from Luang Prabang), Malaysia (2/18 = 11.1% Malaysia, 0/8 Malaysia, 0/12 Malaysian (ordinary Malay near Kuala Lumpur), 0/17 Orang Asli,Bing Su, Li Jin, Peter Underhill, Jeremy Martinson, Nilmani Saha, Stephen T. McGarvey, Mark D. Shriver, Jiayou Chu, Peter Oefner, Ranajit Chakraborty, and Ranjan Deka, "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome." ''PNAS'' (18 July 2000), vol. 97, no. 15, 8225–8228. 0/27 Malay, 0/32 Malaysia), Java (1/37 = 2.7%, 1/141 = 0.71%), Nepal (2/77 = 2.6% general population of Kathmandu), Thailand (1/40 = 2.5% Thai, mostly sampled in Chiang Mai; 13/500 = 2.6% Northern Thailand, or 11/290 = 3.8% Northern Thai people and 2/91 = 2.2% Tai Lü), the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%, 1/64 = 1.6%), and Bali (1/641 = 0.2%).

Although C-M217 is generally found with only low frequency (<5%) in Tibet and Nepal, there may be an island of relatively high frequency of this haplogroup in Meghalaya, India. The indigenous tribes of this state of Northeast India, where they comprise the majority of the local population, speak Khasian languages or Tibeto-Burman languages. A study published in 2007 found C-M217(xM93, P39, M86) Y-DNA in 8.5% (6/71) of a sample of Garos, who primarily inhabit the Garo Hills in the western half of Meghalaya, and in 7.6% (27/353) of a pool of samples of eight Khasian tribes from the eastern half of Meghalaya (6/18 = 33.3% Nongtrai from the West Khasi Hills, 10/60 = 16.7% Lyngngam from the West Khasi Hills, 2/29 = 6.9% War-Khasi from the East Khasi Hills, 3/44 = 6.8% Pnar from the Jaintia Hills, 1/19 = 5.3% War-Jaintia from the Jaintia Hills, 3/87 = 3.4% Khynriam from the East Khasi Hills, 2/64 = 3.1% Maram from the West Khasi Hills, and 0/32 Bhoi from Ri-Bhoi District).

Subclade distribution

The subclades of Haplogroup C-M217 with their defining mutation(s), according to th
2017 ISOGG tree

* C2 (previously C3) M217 ''Typical of Kazakhs, Mongolians, Buryats, Daurs, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Afghan Uzbeks, Evenks, Evens, Oroqen, Ulchi, Udegey, Manchus, Sibes, Nivkhs, Koryaks, and Itelmens, with a moderate distribution among other Tungusic peoples, Ainus, Koreans, Han, Vietnamese, Altaians, Tuvinians, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyzes, Nogais, and Crimean Tatars. It is found in moderate to low frequencies among Japanese, Tai peoples, North Caucasian peoples, Abazinians, Adygei, Tabassarans, Kabardians, Tajiks, Pashtuns, etc.''
**C2b L1373, F1396
***C2b L1373* ''Ecuador ( Bolívar Province), USAHaplogroup C-M217 on Discover by FamilyTreeDNA
/ref>''
***C2b F3447, F3914
****C2b Y163913, ACT1932, BY75034
*****C2b ACT5638 ''China (Liaoning), Nivkh''
*****C2b BY72441, Z31698 ''China (Liaoning), South Korea, Japan''
****C2b1 F4032
*****C2b1a F1699, F6301
******C2b1a* ''Japanese, Germany''
******C2b1a1 F3918, Y10418/FGC28813/F8894
*******C2b1a1* ''YugursLan-Hai Wei, Yun-Zhi Huang, Shi Yan, ''et al''., "Phylogeny of Y-chromosome haplogroup C3b-F1756, an important paternal lineage in Altaic-speaking populations." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' advance online publication, 1 June 2017; ''
*******C2b1a1a P39 ''Canada, USA (Found in several indigenous peoples of North America, including some Na-Dené-, Algonquian-, or Siouan-speaking populations)''
********C2b1a1a1 BY1360/Z30568
********C2b1a1a2 Z38874
*******C2b1a1b FGC28881.2
********C2b1a1b1 F1756, F3985
*********C2b1a1b1 F1756* ''Poland''
*********C2b1a1b1a F3830 ''China (Kazakh, Yugur, Mongol, Manchu, Hezhen, Xibe, Hui, northern Han), Russian Federation (Altai Kizhi, ''etc.''), Kazakhstan, Afghanistan ( Uzbek, Hazara, Pashtun), Saudi Arabia, Syria''
**********C-F3887 ''Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region), Russia (Tatarstan)''
**********C-F9721 ''Greece''
***********C-F9721* ''China (Jiangsu)''
***********C-F12439 ''China (Heilongjiang)''
************C-F12439* ''China (Shandong)''
************C-BY197432 ''Kazakhstan''
***********C-Z603 ''Kazakhstan''
*********C2b1a1b1b Y10420/Z30402, Y10428/Z30415
**********C-Y10420* ''Turkey (Giresun)''
**********C-Y11606 ''United Kingdom''
***********C-Y11606* ''China (Shaanxi), Russia (Bashkortostan), Poland ( Podlaskie), Czech Republic (South Bohemian Region)''
***********C-Y147607 ''Kazakhstan''
********C2b1a1b2 B77 ''Koryak''Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, ''et al''. (2015), "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." ''Genome Research'' 25:1–8 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.186684.114.
****** C2b1a2 (previously C3c) M48
*******C2b1a2a M77 ''Typical of Northern Tungusic peoples, Kazakhs, Oirats, Kalmyks, Outer Mongolians, Yukaghirs, Nivkhs, Itelmens, and Udegeys, with a moderate distribution among other Southern Tungusic peoples, Inner Mongolians, Buryats, Tuvinians, Yakuts, Chukchi, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, and Tajiks''
********C-M77* ''China ( Xibo), Russian Federation ( Ulchi, Even, Evenk, Buryat, Derbet Kalmyks,Natalia Balinova, Helen Post, Alena Kushniarevich, Siiri Rootsi, ''et al''. (2019), "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia." ''European Journal of Human Genetics''. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0 Torgut Kalmyks), Mongolia (Zakhchin, Derbet), Kazakhstan, Turkey''
********C2b1a2a1 F11120, SK1061, Z40439
*********C2b1a2a1a B469
**********C2b1a2a1a2 B470 ''Zakhchin, Ulchi''
**********C2b1a2a1a1 B87 '' Xibo''
***********C2b1a2a1a1b B88 ''Buryat''
***********C2b1a2a1a1a B89 ''Evenk, Even''
*********C2b1a2a1b B80/Z32868 ''Evens''
*********C-B1049 '' Tozhu Tuvan''
********C-F11611/ZQ1
*********C2b1a2a2 Y12792/F6379
**********C-Y138418
***********C-Y152949 ''Italy (Genova)''
***********C-Y138372
************C-Y138372* ''China (Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia)''
************C-Y170702 ''China (Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Qinghai)''
************C-Y182574 ''China (Shaanxi)''
**********C-Y12825/SK1064/F5485
***********C-SK1066, F6193 ''Russian Federation (Kalmyks), Kazakhstan, Mongolia ( Bulgan, Tsaatan)''
***********C-Y15849/F12970 ''Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation (Tatarstan)''
***********C-Y15844
************C-ZQ149 '' Tomsk Tatar''
************C-Y15552 ''Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Karakalpak''
******* C2b1a2b B90 ''Found frequently in Koryaks and sporadically among Ulchi, Evenks, Evens, and Yukaghirs''
******C2b1a Y4553/FGC16371/F11250
*******C2b1a3 F1918, M504
********C2b1a3a M401 ''Kazakhs (especially tribes of the Senior Jüz and the Kereys), Hazaras, Mongols, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Dungans, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Turkmens''
*********C2b1a3a1 Y11121/FGC16431/F12308
**********C2b1a3a1 BY154208 ''China (Liaoning, Shandong)''
**********C2b1a3a1 F3796, F4002 ''Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Hungary, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan''
***********C-F3796* ''China (Liaoning)''
***********C2b1a3a1a Y4580, F9700
************C2b1a3a1a Y4580* ''China (Heilongjiang)''
************C-Y25681 ''China (Liaoning)''
************C-Y4633
*************C-Y4633* ''Golden Horde (''aka'' Jochi Ulus; 1220 – 1350 cal years CE)''
*************C-FGC16336/Y8818/F10216
**************C-Y8818* ''China (Liaoning)''
**************C-Y80821 ''Buryat''
**************C-Y4541/FGC16328/SK1075/F5481 ''Mongolia ( Derbet), China (Inner Mongolia), Russia (Tatarstan)''
***************C-BY182928 ''Uzbekistan''
***************C-ZQ31/F10091 ''Kyrgyzstan (Naryn Region)''
***************C-Y4569
****************C-Y4569* ''China (Gansu)''
****************C-FGC29011 ''China (Beijing)''
****************C-Y125520
*****************C-Y125520* ''China (Xinjiang)''
*****************C-Y125522, SK1076 ''Hazaras''
****************C-FGC16217 ''Russia (Ryazan Oblast)''
***************C-Y12782
****************C-Y12782* ''Ukraine''
****************C-BY18686 ''Kazakhstan''
****************C-Y20795 ''Kazakhstan''
****************C-Y20085, Y20086 ''Kazakhstan''
***********C2b1a3a1b F3960
***********C2b1a3a1c SK1072
************C-SK1072* '' Kalmyk''
************C-Y174643
*************C-Y174643* ''China (Shandong)''
*************C-F12663 ''Kazakhstan''
************C-ZQ394
*************C-ZQ394* ''Russia (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast), Uyghur''
*************C-FT37001 ''Russia (Tatarstan, Republic of Crimea)''
*************C-Y187693 ''China (Shandong)''
*********C2b1a3a2 F10283 ''Manchu (Aisin Gioro),Lan-Hai Wei, Shi Yan, Ge Yu, ''et al''. (2016), "Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' (2016), 1–5. Oroqen, Manchurian Evenk, Xibe, Daur, Buryat, Mongol''
*******C2b1a4 Y11990, F9992/Y12018/Z30601
********C2b1a4a Z22425
*********C2b1a4a Z22425* ''Jammu and Kashmir''
*********C2b1a4a1 BY99627 ''Germany, USA''
********C2b1a4b Z30635 ''Slovakia (Prešov Region), Kipchak of the central steppe of 920 +- 25 BP uncalPeter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, ''et al''. (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." ''Nature'', volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2''
******C2b1a5 B79 ''Koryak''
****C2b2 Z31698 ''Japan''
** C2c C-F1067
***C2c1 F2613/Z1338, CTS10762 ''Germany, Poland''
****C2c1a Z1300, CTS4021
*****C2c1a CTS4021*
*****C2c1a1 CTS2657
******C2b1a1b-A14895/A14901
*******C2b1a1b2-Y37069/MF1580 ''South Korea, North Korea, China (esp. Jilin,Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup C2-M217 at 23mofang
/ref> Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Ningxia, Gansu, and Hubei)''
*******C2b1a1b1-A14909/A14912 ''China, Ireland''
********C2b1a1b1a-MF1549/MF1553 ''China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Tianjin, Jilin, Jiangsu), Taiwan, South Korea (Ulsan)''
********C2b1a1b1b-ACT108/A14908 ''China (esp. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Shandong), North Korea''
******C2c1a1 CTS11990, Z18177, F3921
*******C2c1a1 CTS11990* ''Japan''
*******C2c1a1a CTS8579 ''Vietnam ( Hà Nhì from Mường Tè, Kinh from Gia Lâm)''
********C2c1a1a CTS8579* ''Japan''
********C2c1a1a F3836, F6346
*********C2c1a1a1 Y13856
**********C2c1a1a1 MF1605 ''China (Guangdong)''
***********C-MF1605* ''Shanxi (Han), Jiangsu, Hunan, Liaoning, Shandong, etc.''
***********C-MF1601/S20873 ''China (Shandong, Zhejiang, Hebei, Liaoning, Beijing, Henan, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, etc.), Korean''
***********C-MF1724 ''China (Beijing, Shandong, Shanghai, Anhui, etc.)''
************C-MF1711 ''China (Shandong, Anhui, Liaoning, etc.)''
*************C-MF1718/MF1721 ''China (Jiangsu, Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, etc.)''
**************C-MF1722
***************C-MF1745
***************C-MF187252
****************C-MF5052
**********C2c1a1a1 M407 ''Found with high frequency in some samples of Barghuts, Buryats, Khamnigans, Soyots, and the Qongirat tribe of Kazakhs, moderate frequency in Mongols and Kalmyks, and low frequency in some other Kazakh tribes (Naiman, Alban, Jetyru, Alimuly, Baiuly, Syrgeli, Ysty, Qangly, Jalair), Bai, Cambodian, Evenk, Han, Japanese, Korean, Manchu, Teleut, Tujia, Tuvinian, Uyghur, and Yakut populations''
***********C2c1a1a1* M407 ''China (esp. Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Henan, Beijing, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Shanxi), Kazakhstan, Russian Federation''
***********C2c1a1a1b Z45401 ''Armenia, China ( Lüliang Han, Dalian Han)''
***********C2c1a1a1a F3850
************C F29522
*************C F29522* ''Gansu (Han), Hubei (Han), Sichuan ( Ersu), Shandong (Han)''
*************C F8465 ''China (Hebei, Henan, etc.)''
**************C-F10378 ''China (Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Russia ( Kalmyk Hoshut)''
***************C-F9733/F8536 ''China (esp. Inner Mongolia), Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar)''
***************C-Z4328 ''Russia ( Buryat, Yakut), Kazakhstan (Kazakh from Kostanay Region)''
*************C MF3197, SK1027 ''Northern Han Chinese (HGDP01288), Sichuan (Han), Hubei (Han), Liaoning, Shanghai''
************C2c1a1a1a3 F7542, F3753
*************C F7542* ''Henan (Han)''
*************C F26027 ''Shanghai (Han), Jilin (Han), Sichuan (Han)/Uyghur?''
************C2c1a1a1a4 Y12960, F3916/F13679 ''China (Shandong, Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, etc.), Japan (Tokyo)''
*************C-F3881
**************C-Y263263 ''Xinjiang ( Uyghur)''
***************C-Y312599/BY18318 ''China (Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Beijing, Qinghai, etc.)''
****************C-MF46267 ''China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang)''
*********C2c1a1a2 CTS4449, CTS8629 ''China (Beijing, Gansu, Fujian), Korea, Pakistan (Hazaras)''
**********C F12768
***********C F11494 ''Gansu (Han), Beijing (Han)''
***********C FGC54908 ''Beijing (Han), Zhejiang (Han), Jiangxi (Han), Fujian (Han)''
**********C F15754
***********C F15754* ''Beijing (Han)''
***********C K696
************C K696* ''Heilongjiang (Han)''
************C F2471 ''Heilongjiang (Han), Shandong (Han), Zhejiang (Han), South Korea''
*******C2b1a1a2-Z31668/BY59164 ''China (esp. Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shandong, Tianjin, Hebei)''
********C2c1a1b Y112121, F18822, Z40537 ''China (Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, etc.), Japan (Nagasaki)''
*********C2c1a1b MF1792 ''China (Jiangsu, Yingkou)''
*********C2c1a1b MF2816, F20457 ''China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning)''
**********C Y86025 ''Korea, China (Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, etc.)''
*****C2c1a2 K700/Z12209, F3880
******C2c1a2a F1319 ''Japan, Laos ( Laotian in VientianeWibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Andrea Brunelli, Silvia Ghirotto, Leonardo Arias, Enrico Macholdt, Alexander Hübner, Roland Schröder, and Mark Stoneking, "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' Advance Access publication 12 April 2019. ), Thailand (Mon, Tai Yuan, Thai, Phutai,Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, ''et al''. (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." ''European Journal of Human Genetics''. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x Hmong, Lisu), Vietnam ( Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ)''
*******C2c1a2a1 F3777 ''Japan, Bhutan''
********C-F3777* ''Bangladesh''
********C-F9966
*********C-F3735 ''China (Beijing Han, Guangdong)''
*********C-Z43727 ''China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Jilin)''
*******C2c1a2a2 F9935, F9765, F10056/Z36838 ''China, Japan (Saga), Nakhchivan''
********C2c1a2a2* ''China (Jilin)''
********C-MF1955 ''China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Anhui, Liaoning, Beijing, Henan, etc.), South Korea''
*********C-MF1960 ''China (Liaoning Manchus, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shanghai, Guangdong)''
*********C-MF3000 ''China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Tongliao)''
**********C-MF3096 ''China (Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin, etc.)''
********C2c1a2a2 MF1881 ''Azerbaijan ( Nakhchivan), South Korea''
*********C MF2720 ''China (Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, etc.)''
*********C MF2824 ''China (Anhui, Shanghai, etc.)''
********C2c1a2a2 MF1029
*********C-MF1029* ''China (Zhejiang)''
*********C-MF1031
**********C-MF1031* ''China (Shanxi)''
**********C-MF1037
***********C-MF1935
************C-MF1935* ''China (Shandong)''
************C-Y174024
*************C-Y174024* ''China (Hebei, Jilin)''
*************C-Y173881 ''China (Shandong)''
***********C-MF1048
************C-Y9412
*************C-Y9412* ''China (Liaoning)''
*************C-Y172835 ''China (Hebei)''
************C-MF1055 ''China (Shandong, Guizhou, Guangdong)''
********C-F2883 ''China''
*********C2c1a2a2 Y35926, F3909 ''China (Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Henan, Hebei, Chongqing, Jilin, Liaoning), Japan''
**********C-F22689 ''China (Shandong)''
**********C-F3555
***********C-F3555* ''China (Shandong)''
***********C-F11377
************C-F11377* ''China (Shandong)''
************C-F10356
*************C-F10356* ''China (Anhui, Jiangxi)''
*************C-MF1892 ''China (Hunan, Sichuan)''
*************C-F13864
**************C-F13864* ''China (Henan, Shandong)''
**************C-F8841
***************C-F8841* ''China (Hebei, Liaoning)''
***************C-F13136 ''China (Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Fujian)''
******C2c1a2b CTS3385, F13857, PH1064 ''South Korea, Syria, Russia, Germany, Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm, Hoài Đức, and Đan Phượng), Mae Hong Son Province of Thailand ( Lisu)''
*******C-FGC45553 ''China (Fujian, Sichuan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Henan, Shanghai, Hunan)''
********C-PH1906/F15516 ''China (Mongol from Inner Mongolia, Hinggan League, Liaoning, Tianjin, Hebei, Jiangsu)''
*********C2c1a2b2-FGC45548 ''China (Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, etc.)''
**********C-Z45207 ''China (Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Beijing, Sichuan, Henan, Liaoning, Shanxi, Guangdong, Anhui, Shaanxi, etc.)''
***********C-MF2000 ''China (Beijing, Zunyi, Jincheng, Shangrao)''
************C-MF4453 ''China (Hebei, Hubei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Beijing, Shaanxi)''
************C-MF610668 ''China (Hebei, Henan, Guangxi Zhuang, Guangdong, Taiwan)''
***********C-PH2194/FGC45566 ''China (Shanghai, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, etc.), South Korea''
************C-Z31672 ''China (Shandong, Hunan, Henan, Beijing, Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, etc.)''
*************C-Z31669 ''China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Hainan, Jilin, Shaanxi), Taiwan''
************C-F21131/MF142553 ''China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hubei, etc.), Germany''
************C-FGC45589/FGC45614 ''China (Shangqiu)''
*************C-FTA20473/MF38210 ''China (Shanxi, Beijing, Hebei, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Hunan, etc.), Syria''
*************C-Y37829 ''China (Guangdong, Hebei, Shandong, Beijing, etc.)''
**************C-Y83760 ''Russia ( Chechen Republic)''
**************C-FGC45610 ''South Korea (South Jeolla), North Korea, Cambodia (Phnom Penh), China (Shandong)''
*******C2c1a2b-MF1061 ''China (Zhejiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hebei, Henan, Beijing, Shanxi, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Anhui, Sichuan, etc.)''
********C-S3190/MF37040 ''China (Jiangsu, Beijing, Nanyang, Sichuan, Longnan, Jinzhou, Tongliao)''
********C-Y125448/MF2001 ''China (Henan, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Beijing, etc.)''
*********C-FGC66275 ''China (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hubei, etc.)''
*********C-Y146673 ''China (Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Dandong, Daqing)''
****C2c1b F845 ''Found in Han Chinese, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Yi, Lahu, Pathen ( Quang Bình), Hmong (Điện Biên Phủ), Iu Mien, Blang, Nyah Kur, Mon, Gelao, Vietnamese (Ho Chi Minh City, Hà Đông), Tai, Buryat, Manchu, Korean, and Japanese populations''
*****C2c1b MF2091
******C MF2091* ''China (Chongqing Han, Handan, Taiyuan)''
******C MF2105, MF2106 ''Vietnam ( Pa Then), China ( Oroqen, Guangdong), Philippines''
*******C MF2106* ''Henan (Han), Beijing (Han)''
*******C MF2110 ''Henan (Han), Beijing (Han)''
*****C2c1b K548
******C2c1b K548* ''Shandong''
******C2c1b Y17534
*******C2c1b Y17534* ''Shandong, Zhejiang''
*******C2c1b F10015 ''Shanxi, Jiangxi, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)''
*******C2c1b1 K511 ''Xishuangbanna ( Dai)''
********C2c1b1a K516 ''Thailand ( Nyah Kur, Blang, Khon Mueang, Mon, Thai, Lahu)''
*******C2c1b Y170903 ''Jiangsu''
*******C2c1b Y81530 ''South Korea (Seoul)''
*******C2c1b2 F5477/SK1036
********C2c1b2 F5477/SK1036* ''Shandong (Han), Zhejiang (Han), Japan (Tokyo)''
********C2b1b1b4 M93 ''China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Shandong, etc.), Japan''
********C2c1b2 MF5067 ''Guizhou (Han), Fujian (Han)''
********C2c1b2 F11898, F10273
*********C2c1b2 F11898* ''Guangxi''
*********C-F29519
**********C-F29519* ''Sichuan ( Yi)''
**********C-F29454 ''Guizhou ( Tujia), Guangdong (Han), Beijing (Han)''
*********C2c1b2b SK1038/MF1015
**********C2c1b2b* SK1038 ''Hunan, Heilongjiang (Manchu)''
**********C2c1b2b MF10312 ''Sichuan, Tujia''
**********C2c1b2b F29490
***********C-F29490* ''Jiangsu (Han)''
***********C-F29446 ''Hunan (Tujia)''
**********C2c1b2b F9683
***********C-F9683* ''Fujian (Han)''
***********C-F9819 ''Hulunbuir ( Buryat), Sichuan (Han), Hunan (Tujia)''
**********C2c1b2b1 MF1017
***********C2c1b2b1a MF1020
************C-MF1020* ''Hunan''
************C-MF1022
*************C-MF1022* ''Sichuan (Han)''
*************C-Y35928/MF1023 ''Beijing (Han), Hubei (Han), Hunan ( Tujia)''
***********C2c1b2b1b Y81534
************C-Y81534* ''Anhui ( Han)''
************C-Y83141 ''South Korea (Seoul)''
*******C2c1b3 CTS4187
*******C2c1b4 FGC57604/F29493/F29494
********C2c1b4 FGC57604* ''Yunnan ( Bai), Sichuan(Yi), Guangdong (Han), Korea ( Chungcheongnamdo)''
********C2c1b4 F29476 ''Jilin (Han), Jiangsu (Han), Fujian (Han)''
********C2c1b4 FGC39587, FGC39579
*********C2c1b4* FGC39587* ''Tianjin (Han)''
*********C2c1b4a FGC39603
**********C2c1b4a FGC39603* ''Shandong, Jiangsu''
**********C2c1b4a FGC39588 ''Sichuan''
**********C2c1b4b Y63501 ''Henan, Hubei''
**********C F19076 ''Guangdong (Han), Hunan (Han), Shandong (Han)''
**********C Z38903 ''Sichuan (Han)''
*******C2c1b5 CTS2123/S4350
*******C2c1b6 Z45272
*******C2c1b7 MF2040/F18007
********C F18007* ''Zhejiang (Han)''
********C F29469 ''Shanxi (Han)''
********C F20118
*********C F20118* ''Heilongjiang (Han)''
*********C F29504 ''Anhui (Han)''
*******C2c1b8 Z45349
*******C2c1b9 Z45354
***C2c2 CTS4660 ''China (esp. Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi), Thailand''
****C2c2 CTS4660* ''Inner Mongolia (Han)''
****C2c2a F29558
*****C2c2a1 F9436
******C2c2a1a F15270 ''Guangdong (Han), Yunnan ( Dai)''
******C2c2a1b F29553 ''Hunan (Han), Jiangxi (Han)''
*****C2c2a2 F10025 ''Anhui (Han), Fujian (Han)''

Others

P53.1 has been used in multiple studies, but at testing in the commercial labs it appears in too many parts of the Y tree, including multiple parts of haplogroup C. Listed 16 April 2016.

*C2-P53.1 ''Found in about 10% of Xinjiang Sibe and with low frequency in Inner Mongolian Mongol and Evenk, Ningxia Hui, Xizang Tibetan, Xinjiang Uyghur, and Gansu Han''

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Phylogenetic trees

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA C subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

External links

C3-M217 FTDNA


from The Genographic Project, ''National Geographic''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-Dna)
C-M217