( Mon)
( Burmese) , conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hongsarwatoi (Hanthawaddy) Pegu , common_name = Hongsarwatoi (Hanthawaddy) Kingdom / Ramannya (Ramam) , era = Warring states , status = Kingdom , event_pre = , date_pre = , event_start = , year_start = 1287 , date_start = 30 January , event_end = , year_end = 1552 , date_end = 12 March , event1 = Vassal of Sukhothai , date_event1 = 1287–1298, 1307–1317, 1330 , event2 = Forty Years' War , date_event2 = 1385–1424 , event3 = Golden Age , date_event3 = 1426–1534 , event4 = War with Toungoo , date_event4 = 1534–1541 , event_post = , date_post = , p1 = Pagan Kingdom , flag_p1 = , s1 = First Toungoo Empire , flag_s1 = , image_flag = Golden Hintar flag of Burma.svg , flag = Flag of Myanmar , flag_type = , image_coat = , image_map = Map-of-southeast-asia 1400 CE.png , image_map_caption = Ramannya-hongsarwatoi kingdom (in pink) 1450 , symbol = , symbol_type = , capital = Martaban (1287–1364)
Donwun (1364–1369)

Pegu Bago (formerly spelt Pegu; , ), formerly known as Hanthawaddy, is a city and the capital of the Bago Region in Myanmar. It is located north-east of Yangon. Etymology The Burmese name Bago (ပဲခူး) is likely derived from the Mon langua ...

(1369–1538, 1550–1552) , common_languages = Mon
Old Burmese , religion = Theravada Buddhism , government_type = Monarchy , leader1 = Wareru , year_leader1 = 1287–1307 , leader2 = Razadarit , year_leader2 = 1384–1421 , leader3 =

Shin Sawbu Shin Sawbu ( my, ရှင်စောပု, ; mnw, မိစဴဗု; 1394–1471) was queen regnant of Hanthawaddy from 1454 to 1471. Queen Shin Sawbu is also known as Binnya Thau ( mnw, ဗညားထောဝ်; mnw, ဨကရာဇ� ...

, year_leader3 = 1454–1471 , leader4 =

Dhammazedi Dhammazedi ( my, ဓမ္မစေတီ, ; c. 1409–1492) was the 16th king of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in Burma from 1471 to 1492. Considered one of the most enlightened rulers in Burmese history, by some accounts call him "the greatest" of al ...

, year_leader4 = 1471–1492 , leader5 =

Binnya Ran II Binnya Ran II ( my, ဒုတိယ ဗညားရံ, ; Mon: ဗညားရာံ; 1469–1526) the 17th king of the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy in Burma from 1492 to 1526. He was revered for his gentleness although his first act as king was to enf ...

, year_leader5 = 1492–1526 , currency = , legislature = The Hanthawaddy Kingdom (, ; my, ဟံသာဝတီ နေပြည်တော်; also Hanthawaddy Pegu or simply Pegu) was the polity that ruled lower

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

(Myanmar) from 1287 to 1539 and from 1550 to 1552. The Mon-speaking kingdom was founded as Ramaññadesa ( mnw, ရးမည, my, ရာမည ဒေသ) by King Wareru following the collapse of the Pagan Empire in 1287 as a nominal vassal state of the Sukhothai Kingdom and of the Mongol

Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fift ...

.Htin Aung 1967: 78–80 The kingdom became formally independent of Sukhothai in 1330 but remained a loose federation of three major regional power centres: the Irrawaddy Delta, Bago, and

Mottama Mottama ( my, မုတ္တမမြို့, ; Muttama mnw, မုဟ်တၟံ, ; formerly Martaban) is a town in the Thaton District of Mon State, Myanmar. Located on the west bank of the Thanlwin river (Salween), on the opposite side ...

. Its kings had little or no authority over the vassals. Mottama was in open rebellion from 1363 to 1388.

History

The energetic reign of King Razadarit (r. 1384–1421) cemented the kingdom's existence. Razadarit firmly unified the three Mon-speaking regions: Myaungmya, Donwun and Martaban; and successfully fended off the northern Burmese-speaking Ava Kingdom in the Forty Years' War (1385–1424), making the western kingdom of Rakhine a tributary from 1413 to 1421 in the process. The war ended in a stalemate but it was a victory for Hanthawaddy as Ava finally gave up its dream of restoring the Pagan Empire. In the years following the war, Pegu occasionally aided Ava's southern vassal states of

Prome Pyay (, ; mnw, ပြန် , ; also known as Prome and Pyè) is principal town of Pyay Township in the Bago Region in Myanmar. Pyay is located on the bank of the Irrawaddy River, north-west of Yangon. It is an important trade center for the Aye ...

and

Taungoo Taungoo (, ''Tauñngu myoú''; ; also spelled Toungoo) is a district-level city in the Bago Region of Myanmar, 220 km from Yangon, towards the north-eastern end of the division, with mountain ranges to the east and west. The main industry ...

in their rebellions but carefully avoided getting plunged into a full-scale war. After the war, Hanthawaddy entered its golden age whereas its rival Ava gradually went into decline. From the 1420s to the 1530s, Hanthawaddy was the most powerful and prosperous kingdom of all post-Pagan kingdoms. Under a string of especially gifted monarchs –

Binnya Ran I Binnya Ran I ( mnw, ပထမ ဗညာရာံ; my, ပထမ ဗညားရံ, ; 1393–1446) was king of Hanthawaddy Pegu from 1424 to 1446. As crown prince, he ended the Forty Years' War with the rival Ava Kingdom in 1423. He came to the ...

and

– the kingdom enjoyed a long golden age, profiting from foreign commerce. Its merchants traded with traders from across the Indian Ocean, filling the king's treasury with gold and silver, silk and spices. The kingdom also became a famous centre of Theravada Buddhism. It established strong ties with Sri Lanka and encouraged reforms that later spread throughout the country.Myint-U 2006: 64–65 The powerful kingdom's end came abruptly. Since the late 15th century, Ava had tried to win the support of the Taungoo dynasty by entering into marriage alliances with King

Mingyi Nyo , image = File:Mingyi Nyo.jpg , caption = Statue of Mingyi Nyo in Taungoo , reign = 16 October 1510 – 24 November 1530 , coronation = 11 April 1511 , succession = King of Toung ...

, however from 1534 onwards, Ava came under constant raids by the Taungoo dynasty from Upper Burma. King Takayutpi could not marshal the kingdom's much greater resources and manpower against the much smaller Taungoo, led by King Tabinshwehti and his deputy general Bayinnaung. Taungoo captured Bago and the Irrawaddy Delta in 1538–9, and Mottama in 1541.Harvey 1925: 153–157 The surrendered Pegu officials were given amnesty and a pardon by Bayinnaung, they accepted, and were placed in their old positions. Hanthawaddy briefly revived in 1550 after Tabinshwehti was assassinated. But the "kingdom" did not extend much outside the city of Bago. Bayinnaung quickly defeated the rebellion in March 1552. Though Taungoo kings would rule all of Lower Burma well into the mid-18th century, the golden age of Hanthawaddy was fondly remembered by the Mon people of Lower Burma. In 1740, they rose up against a weak Taungoo Dynasty on its last legs, and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom.

References

Bibliography

* * * * {{Authority control Former countries in Burmese history Former kingdoms Burmese monarchy 13th century in Burma 14th century in Burma 15th century in Burma 16th century in Burma States and territories established in 1287 States and territories disestablished in 1552 1315 establishments in Asia 1365 disestablishments in Asia

History

See also

References

Bibliography