Hangar

A hangar is a building or structure designed to hold aircraft or spacecraft. Hangars are built of metal, wood, or concrete. The word ''hangar'' comes from Middle French ''hanghart'' ("enclosure near a house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *''haimgard'' ("home-enclosure", "fence around a group of houses"), from *''haim'' ("home, village, hamlet") and ''gard'' ("yard"). The term, ''gard'', comes from the Old Norse ''garðr'' ("enclosure, garden").

Hangars are used for protection from the weather, direct sunlight and for maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft.

History

The Wright brothers stored and repaired their aircraft in a wooden hangar constructed in 1902 at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina for their glider. After completing design and construction of the '' Wright Flyer'' in Ohio, the brothers returned to Kill Devil Hills only to find their hangar damaged. They repaired the structure and constructed a new workshop while they waited for the ''Flyer'' to be shipped.

Carl Richard Nyberg used a hangar to store his 1908 ''Flugan'' (fly) in the early 20th century and in 1909, Louis Bleriot crash-landed on a northern French farm in Les Baraques (between Sangatte and Calais) and rolled his monoplane into the farmer's cattle pen. Bleriot was in a race to be the first man to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air aircraft, and he and set up his headquarters in the unused shed. In Britain, the earliest aircraft hangars were known as aeroplane sheds, and the oldest survivors of these are at Larkhill, Wiltshire. These were built in 1910 for the Bristol School of Flying and are now Grade II* Listed buildings. British aviation pioneer Alliott Verdon Roe built one of the first aeroplane sheds in 1907 at Brooklands, Surrey and full-size replicas of this and the 1908 Roe biplane are on display at Brooklands Museum.

As aviation became established in Britain before World War I, standard designs of hangar gradually appeared with military types too such as the Bessonneau hangar and the side-opening aeroplane shed of 1913, both of which were soon adopted by the Royal Flying Corps. Examples of the latter survive at Farnborough, Filton and Montrose airfields. During World War I, other standard designs included the RFC General Service Flight Shed and the Admiralty F-Type of 1916, the General Service Shed (featuring the characteristic Belfast-truss roof and built-in various sizes) and the Handley Page aeroplane shed (1918).

Construction

Steel construction

Sheds built for rigid airships survive at Moffett Field, California; Akron, Ohio; Weeksville, North Carolina; Lakehurst, New Jersey; Santa Cruz Air Force Base in Brazil;
and Cardington, Bedfordshire. Steel rigid airship hangars are some of the largest in the world.

Hangar 1, Lakehurst, is located at Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst (formerly Naval Air Station Lakehurst), New Jersey. The structure was completed in 1921 and is typical of airship hangar designs of World War I. The site is best known for the ''Hindenburg'' disaster, when on May 6, 1937, the German airship ''Hindenburg'' crashed and burned while landing. Hangar No.1 at Lakehurst was used to build and store the American USS ''Shenandoah''. The hangar also provided service and storage for the airships USS ''Los Angeles'', ''Akron'', ''Macon'', as well as the ''Graf Zeppelin'' and the ''Hindenburg''.

The largest hangars ever built include the Goodyear Airdock measuring 1,175x325x211 feet and Hangar One (Mountain View, California) measuring . The Goodyear Airdock, is in Akron, Ohio and the structure was completed on November 25, 1929. The Airdock was used for the construction of the USS ''Akron'' and her sister ship, the USS ''Macon''.

Hangar One at Moffett Federal Field (formerly Naval Air Station Moffett Field), is located in Mountain View, California. The structure was completed in 1931. It housed the USS ''Macon''.

Wood construction

The U.S. Navy established more airship operations during WWII. As part of this, ten "lighter-than-air" (LTA) bases across the United States were built as part of the coastal defence plan; a total of 17 hangars were built. Hangars at these bases are some of the world's largest freestanding timber structures. Bases with wooden hangars included: the Naval Air Stations at South Weymouth, Massachusetts (1 hangar); Lakehurst, New Jersey (2); Weeksville, North Carolina (1); Glynco, Georgia (2); Richmond, Florida (3); Houma, Louisiana (1); Hitchcock, Texas (1); Tustin (Santa Ana), California (2); Moffett Field, California (2) and Tillamook, Oregon (2). Of the seventeen, only seven remain, Moffett Federal Field, (former NAS Moffett Field), California (2); former Tustin, California (former NAS Santa Ana and MCAS Tustin), California (2); Tillamook Air Museum/Tillamook Airport (former NAS Tillamook), Oregon (1) and Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst/Naval Support Activity Lakehurst (former NAS Lakehurst), New Jersey (2).

Fabric construction

A hangar for Cargolifter was built at Brand-Briesen Airfield long, wide and high and is a free standing steel-dome "barrel-bowl" construction large enough to fit the Eiffel Tower on its side. The company went into insolvency and in June 2003, the facilities were sold off and the airship hangar was converted to a 'tropical paradise'-themed indoor holiday resort called Tropical Islands, which opened in 2004.

An alternative to the fixed hangar is a portable shelter that can be used for aircraft storage and maintenance. Portable fabric structures can be built up to wide, high and any length. They are able to accommodate several aircraft and can be increased in size and even relocated when necessary.

Structures and sizes

Hangars need special structures to be built. The width of the doors have to be large; this includes the aircraft entrance.
The bigger the aircraft to be introduced, the more complex a structure is needed. According to the span of the hangar, sizes can be classified thus:

XXL hangars are built for the largest aircraft in the world like the Airbus A380, Boeing 747 and the Antonov 225, which are the most complex to erect.

Regulation

Hangars are usually regulated by the building codes in the countries and jurisdictions and airports where they reside. In August 2014, the American FAA proposed legislation of how a hangar can be used on airfields that receive government funding. The definition of allowed activities included final assembly of aircraft.

Airship hangars

Airship hangars or airship sheds are generally larger than conventional aircraft hangars, particularly in height. Most early airships used hydrogen gas to provide them with sufficient buoyancy for flight, so their hangars had to provide protection from stray sparks to keep the gas from exploding. Hangars that held several airships were at risk from chain-reaction explosions. For this reason, most hangars for hydrogen-based airships were built to house only one or two such craft. During the "Golden Age" of airship travel from 1900, mooring masts and sheds were constructed to build and house airships. The British government built a shed in Karachi for the R101, the Brazilian government built one in Rio de Janeiro, the for the German Zeppelins, and the U.S. government constructed Moffett Field, Mountain View, California and Lakehurst Naval Air Station, Lakehurst, New Jersey.

Hangars aboard ships

Many warships carry aircraft and will often have hangars for storage and maintenance. Such hangars may be situated adjacent to the flight deck on cruisers, destroyers and frigates or underneath the flight deck with elevators to lift the aircraft on aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships. On some vessels where space is short the hangar and flight deck share the same space, with the hangar stowing away for flight operations.

Gallery

File:Helicopter hangar.jpg, Hangars can hold fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft (helicopters), and lighter-than-air ships.
File:Tustin Blimp Hangar No 2.jpg, ''Hangar No. 2'' at the former Marine Corps Air Station Tustin is long, wide and tall.
File:Airbus Hangar.JPG, An Airbus A319 undergoing maintenance in a hangar.
File:Tallinna vesilennukite angaarid, 1916-1917.a*.jpg, Hangars for seaplanes of the Imperial Russian Air Force in Tallinn harbor - some of the first reinforced concrete structures
File:F16-Hangar.jpg, A General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon in front of a Hardened Aircraft Shelter, a special type of hangar
File:Polarstern_helihangar_hg.jpg, Helicopter hangar of the German research vessel ''Polarstern''
File:delta jet hangar at kemble england arp.jpg, A medium-sized aircraft hangar at Kemble Airport, England
File:ASTECA000.jpg, Hangar of Iberia Airlines (XXL-150m span) Barcelona Airport, Spain
File:VliegtuigloodsenGrimbergen.jpg, Round concrete hangars at Grimbergen Airfield, Belgium.
File:Private Hangar, Farm in Namibia (2017).jpg, Private Hangar on a farm in Namibia (2017)

See also

* Bellman hangar (temporary hangar designed in the United Kingdom in 1936)
* Bessonneau hangar (portable timber and canvas hangar used during World War I)
* Blister hangar (arched portable hangar patented in 1939)
* Archerfield Second World War Igloos Hangar Complex (from February 1943 by the Allied Works Council)
* Double cantilever hangar
* Hangar 18
* Hangar-7
* Loring Air Force Base Arch Hangar, a large hangar constructed for multiple B-36 Peacemaker aircraft
* Military building
* Tee hangar (primarily used for private aircraft at general aviation airports)
* Type-C hangar, built by the Royal Air Force during its Expansion Period (1934 to 1939)
* Underground hangar
* Vehicle Assembly Building, the largest spacecraft hangar ever to exist

References

Further reading

Francis, Paul (1996) ‘British Military Airfield Architecture – From Airships to the Jet Age’ (Patrick Stephens Ltd, Sparkford, Somerset, )

External links

Marine Corps Air Station, Tustin
at th
California Military Museum
website



Type T2 Hangar Functional Standards


Bellman Hangar Functional Standards


German Hangar

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Hangars