Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I (Ge'ez: ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ, qädamawi
haylä səllasé,[nb 1]
Amharic

Amharic pronunciation: [ˈhaɪlə
sɨlˈlase] ( listen);[nb 2] 23 July 1892 – 27 August
1975), born Tafari Makonnen Woldemikael,[4] was Ethiopia's regent from
1916 to 1930 and emperor from 1930 to 1974. He also served as
Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity from 25 May 1963 to
17 July 1964 and 5 November 1966 to 11 September 1967. He was a member
of the Solomonic Dynasty.
At the
League of Nations

League of Nations in 1936, the emperor condemned the use of
chemical weapons by
Italy

Italy against his people during the Second
Italo–Ethiopian War.[5] His internationalist views led to Ethiopia
becoming a charter member of the United Nations, and his political
thought and experience in promoting multilateralism and collective
security have proved seminal and enduring.[6] His suppression of
rebellions among the landed aristocracy (the mesafint), which
consistently opposed his reforms, as well as what some critics
perceived to be Ethiopia's failure to modernize rapidly enough,[7]
earned him criticism among some contemporaries and historians.[8]
During his rule the
Harari people

Harari people were ethnically cleansed from the
Harari Region.[9][10] His regime was also criticized by human rights
groups, such as Human Rights Watch, as autocratic and
illiberal.[8][11]
Among the
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari movement, whose followers are estimated to number
between 700,000 and one million,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie is revered as the
returned messiah of the Bible, God incarnate.[12][13] Beginning in
Jamaica

Jamaica in the 1930s, the
Rastafari movement
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari movement perceives Haile Selassie
as a messianic figure who will lead a future golden age of eternal
peace, righteousness, and prosperity.[14]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was an
Ethiopian Orthodox Christian
.jpg/400px-Holy_Eucharist_Table,_New_Church_of_St._Mary_of_Zion_(3344597228).jpg)
Ethiopian Orthodox Christian throughout his life. He is a defining
figure in Ethiopian history.[15][16]
The 1973 famine in
Ethiopia

Ethiopia led to Haile Selassie's eventual removal
from the throne.[17] He died on 27 August 1975 at the age of 83,
following a coup d'état.[18]
Contents
1 Name
2 Biography
2.1 Early life
2.2 Governorship
2.3 Regency
2.3.1 Travel abroad
2.4 King and emperor
2.5 Conflict with Italy
2.5.1 Mobilization
2.5.2 Progress of the war
2.5.3 Exile debate
2.5.4
Collective security and the League of Nations, 1936
2.5.5 Exile
2.6 1940s and 1950s
2.7 Charitable gesture
2.8 1960s
2.9 1970s
2.9.1
Wollo

Wollo famine
2.9.2 Revolution
2.9.3 Imprisonment
2.9.4 Death and interment
3 Descendants
4
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari messiah
4.1 Selassie's position
5 Titles and styles
6 Honours
6.1 National orders
6.2 Foreign orders
7 Ancestry
8 Military ranks
9 Popular culture
10 See also
11 Notes
11.1 Footnotes
11.2 Citations
12 Bibliography
13 Further reading
14 External links
Name[edit]
Lij Tafari Makonnen at age 3
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was known as a child as Lij Tafari Makonnen (Amharic
ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን; lij teferī mekōnnin). Lij is
translated as "child", and serves to indicate that a youth is of noble
blood. His given name, Tafari, means "one who is respected or feared".
Like most Ethiopians, his personal name Tafari is followed by that of
his father Makonnen and rarely that of his grandfather Woldemikael.
His Ge'ez name
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was given to him at his infant baptism
and adopted again as part of his regnal name in 1930.
As Governor of Harar, he became known as Ras Tafari Makonnen
listen (help·info). Ras is translated as "head"[19] and is
a rank of nobility equivalent to Duke;[20] though it is often rendered
in translation as "prince". In 1916, Empress
Zewditu

Zewditu I appointed him
to the position of Balemulu Silt'an
Enderase

Enderase (
Regent
.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg.png)
Regent Plenipotentiary).
In 1928, she granted him the throne of Shewa, elevating his title to
Negus

Negus or "King".[21]
On 2 November 1930, after the death of Empress Zewditu, Tafari was
crowned Negusa Nagast, literally King of Kings, rendered in English as
"Emperor".[22] Upon his ascension, he took as his regnal name Haile
Selassie I. Haile means in Ge'ez "Power of" and Selassie means
trinity—therefore
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie roughly translates to "Power of the
Trinity".[23] Haile Selassie's full title in office was "By the
Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah,
His Imperial Majesty Haile
Selassie I,
King of Kings
.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg.png)
King of Kings of Ethiopia, Elect of God".[24][nb 3] This
title reflects Ethiopian dynastic traditions, which hold that all
monarchs must trace their lineage to Menelik I, who was the offspring
of
King Solomon

King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.[25]
To Ethiopians,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie has been known by many names, including
Janhoy, Talaqu Meri, and Abba Tekel.[26] The
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari movement
employs many of these appellations, also referring to him as Jah, Jah
Jah,
Jah
.svg/200px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Jah Rastafari, and HIM (the abbreviation of "His Imperial
Majesty").[26]
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Ras
Makonnen Woldemikael
_(1852-1906).jpg/500px-Ras_Mäkonnen_(Wäldä-Mika'él)_(1852-1906).jpg)
Makonnen Woldemikael and his son Lij Tafari Makonnen
Haile Selassie's royal line (through his father's mother) originated
from the Amhara people,[27] He was born on 23 July 1892, in the
village of Ejersa Goro, in the
Harar

Harar province of Ethiopia. His mother
was Woizero ("Lady")
Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, daughter of the
renowned Oromo ruler of
Wollo

Wollo province
Dejazmach

Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.[28]
His maternal grandmother was of Gurage heritage.[29] Tafari's father
was Ras
Makonnen Woldemikael
_(1852-1906).jpg/500px-Ras_Mäkonnen_(Wäldä-Mika'él)_(1852-1906).jpg)
Makonnen Woldemikael Gudessa, the governor of Harar. Ras
Makonnen served as a general in the First Italo–Ethiopian War,
playing a key role at the Battle of Adwa;[28] he too was paternally
Oromo but maternally Amhara.[29]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was thus able to
ascend to the imperial throne through his paternal grandmother,
Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, who was an aunt of
Emperor

Emperor Menelik
II and daughter of
Negus

Negus
Sahle Selassie

Sahle Selassie of Shewa. As such, Haile
Selassie claimed direct descent from Makeda, the Queen of Sheba, and
King Solomon

King Solomon of ancient Israel.[30]
Ras Makonnen arranged for Tafari as well as his first cousin, Imru
Haile Selassie, to receive instruction in
Harar

Harar from Abba Samuel Wolde
Kahin, an Ethiopian capuchin monk, and from Dr. Vitalien, a surgeon
from Guadeloupe. Tafari was named
Dejazmach

Dejazmach (literally "commander of
the gate", roughly equivalent to "count")[31] at the age of 13, on 1
November 1905.[32] Shortly thereafter, his father Ras Makonnen died at
Kulibi, in 1906.[33]
Governorship[edit]
Dejazmatch Tafari, as governor of Harar
Tafari assumed the titular governorship of Selale in 1906, a realm of
marginal importance,[34] but one that enabled him to continue his
studies.[32] In 1907, he was appointed governor over part of the
province of Sidamo. It is alleged that during his late teens, Haile
Selassie was married to Woizero Altayech, and that from this union,
his daughter
Princess Romanework was born.[35]
Following the death of his brother Yelma in 1907, the governorate of
Harar

Harar was left vacant,[34] and its administration was left to
Menelik's loyal general,
Dejazmach

Dejazmach Balcha Safo. Balcha Safo's
administration of
Harar

Harar was ineffective, and so during the last
illness of Menelik II, and the brief reign of Empress Taitu Bitul,
Tafari was made governor of
Harar

Harar in 1910[33] or 1911.[36]
On 3 August, he married
Menen Asfaw

Menen Asfaw of Ambassel, niece of the heir to
the throne Lij Iyasu.
Regency[edit]
The extent to which Tafari Makonnen contributed to the movement that
would come to depose
Iyasu V

Iyasu V has been discussed extensively,
particularly in Haile Selassie's own detailed account of the matter.
Iyasu V, or Lij Iyasu, was the designated but uncrowned emperor of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. Iyasu's reputation for scandalous behavior
and a disrespectful attitude towards the nobles at the court of his
grandfather, Menelik II,[37] damaged his reputation. Iyasu's
flirtation with Islam was considered treasonous among the Ethiopian
Orthodox Christian leadership of the empire. On 27 September 1916,
Iyasu was deposed.[38]
Contributing to the movement that deposed Iyasu were conservatives
such as
Fitawrari

Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, Menelik II's longtime Minister of
War. The movement to depose Iyasu preferred Tafari, as he attracted
support from both progressive and conservative factions. Ultimately,
Iyasu was deposed on the grounds of conversion to Islam.[19][38] In
his place, the daughter of
Menelik II

Menelik II (the aunt of Iyasu) was named
Empress Zewditu, while Tafari was elevated to the rank of Ras and was
made heir apparent and Crown Prince. In the power arrangement that
followed, Tafari accepted the role of
Regent
.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg.png)
Regent
Plenipotentiary (Balemulu
'Inderase)[nb 4] and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire
(Mangista Ityop'p'ya).
Zewditu

Zewditu would govern while Tafari would
administer.[39]
Empress
Zewditu

Zewditu with one of her trusted priests
While Iyasu had been deposed on 27 September 1916, on 8 October he
managed to escape into the
Ogaden Desert
.svg/200px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front(2).svg.png)
Ogaden Desert and his father,
Negus

Negus Mikael
of Wollo, had time to come to his aid.[40] On 27 October,
Negus

Negus Mikael
and his army met an army under
Fitawrari

Fitawrari
Habte Giyorgis

Habte Giyorgis loyal to
Zewditu

Zewditu and Tafari. During the Battle of Segale,
Negus

Negus Mikael was
defeated and captured. Any chance that Iyasu would regain the throne
was ended and he went into hiding. On 11 January 1921, after avoiding
capture for about five years, Iyasu was taken into custody by Gugsa
Araya Selassie.
On 11 February 1917, the coronation for
Zewditu

Zewditu took place. She
pledged to rule justly through her Regent, Tafari. While Tafari was
the more visible of the two,
Zewditu

Zewditu was far from an honorary ruler.
Her position required that she arbitrate the claims of competing
factions. In other words, she had the last word. Tafari carried the
burden of daily administration but, because his position was
relatively weak, this was often an exercise in futility for him.
Initially his personal army was poorly equipped, his finances were
limited, and he had little leverage to withstand the combined
influence of the Empress, the Minister of War, or the provincial
governors.[40]
During his Regency, the new
Crown Prince

Crown Prince developed the policy of
cautious modernization initiated by Menelik II. Also, during this
time, he survived the 1918 flu pandemic, having come down with the
illness.[41] He secured Ethiopia's admission to the League of Nations
in 1923 by promising to eradicate slavery; each emperor since Tewodros
II had issued proclamations to halt slavery,[42] but without effect:
the internationally scorned practice persisted well into Haile
Selassie's reign with an estimated 2 million slaves in
Ethiopia

Ethiopia in the
early 1930s.[43][44]
Travel abroad[edit]
In 1924, Ras Tafari toured Europe and the Middle East visiting
Jerusalem, Alexandria, Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, London,
Geneva, and Athens. With him on his tour was a group that included Ras
Seyum Mangasha

Seyum Mangasha of western Tigray Province; Ras
Hailu Tekle Haymanot of
Gojjam

Gojjam province; Ras
Mulugeta Yeggazu

Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province; Ras
Makonnen Endelkachew; and Blattengeta Heruy Welde Sellase. The primary
goal of the trip to Europe was for
Ethiopia

Ethiopia to gain access to the sea.
In Paris, Tafari was to find out from the French Foreign Ministry
(Quai d'Orsay) that this goal would not be realized.[45] However,
failing this, he and his retinue inspected schools, hospitals,
factories, and churches. Although patterning many reforms after
European models, Tafari remained wary of European pressure. To guard
against economic imperialism, Tafari required that all enterprises
have at least partial local ownership.[46] Of his modernization
campaign, he remarked, "We need European progress only because we are
surrounded by it. That is at once a benefit and a misfortune."[47]
Throughout Tafari's travels in Europe, the Levant, and Egypt, he and
his entourage were greeted with enthusiasm and fascination. He was
accompanied by
Seyum Mangasha

Seyum Mangasha and
Hailu Tekle Haymanot who, like
Tafari, were sons of generals who contributed to the victorious war
against
Italy

Italy a quarter-century earlier at the Battle of Adwa.[48]
Another member of his entourage, Mulugeta Yeggazu, actually fought at
Adwa as a young man. The "Oriental Dignity" of the Ethiopians[49] and
their "rich, picturesque court dress"[50] were sensationalized in the
media; among his entourage he even included a pride of lions, which he
distributed as gifts to President
Alexandre Millerand

Alexandre Millerand and Prime
Minister
Raymond Poincaré

Raymond Poincaré of France, to King George V of the United
Kingdom, and to the Zoological Garden (Jardin Zoologique) of
Paris.[48] As one historian noted, "Rarely can a tour have inspired so
many anecdotes".[48] In return for two lions, the United Kingdom
presented Tafari with the imperial crown of
Emperor

Emperor
Tewodros II

Tewodros II for
its safe return to Empress Zewditu. The crown had been taken by Robert
Napier during the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia.[51]
In this period, the
Crown Prince

Crown Prince visited the Armenian monastery of
Jerusalem. There, he adopted 40 Armenian orphans (አርባ ልጆች
Arba Lijoch, "forty children"), who had lost their parents in Ottoman
massacres. Tafari arranged for the musical education of the youths,
and they came to form the imperial brass band.[52]
King and emperor[edit]
See also: Modernisation of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia under
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I
Emperor

Emperor
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie standing in front of throne c.1965
Tafari's authority was challenged in 1928 when Dejazmatch Balcha Safo
went to
Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa with a sizeable armed force. When Tafari
consolidated his hold over the provinces, many of Menelik's appointees
refused to abide by the new regulations. Balcha Safo, the governor
(Shum) of coffee-rich Sidamo Province, was particularly troublesome.
The revenues he remitted to the central government did not reflect the
accrued profits and Tafari recalled him to Addis Ababa. The old man
came in high dudgeon and, insultingly, with a large army.[nb 5] The
Dejazmatch paid homage to Empress Zewditu, but snubbed Tafari.[53][54]
On 18 February, while
Balcha Safo

Balcha Safo and his personal bodyguard[nb 6]
were in Addis Ababa, Tafari had Ras
Kassa Haile Darge

Kassa Haile Darge buy off his army
and arranged to have him displaced as the Shum of Sidamo Province[55]
by Birru Wolde Gabriel who himself was replaced by Desta Damtew.[40]
Even so, the gesture of
Balcha Safo

Balcha Safo empowered Empress Zewditu
politically and she attempted to have Tafari tried for treason. He was
tried for his benevolent dealings with
Italy

Italy including a 20-year peace
accord which was signed on 2 August.[32] In September, a group of
palace reactionaries including some courtiers of the empress, made a
final bid to get rid of Tafari. The attempted coup d'état was tragic
in its origins and comic in its end. When confronted by Tafari and a
company of his troops, the ringleaders of the coup took refuge on the
palace grounds in Menelik's mausoleum. Tafari and his men surrounded
them only to be surrounded themselves by the personal guard of
Zewditu. More of Tafari's khaki clad soldiers arrived and, with
superiority of arms, decided the outcome in his favor.[56] Popular
support, as well as the support of the police,[53] remained with
Tafari. Ultimately, the Empress relented and, on 7 October 1928, she
crowned Tafari as
Negus

Negus (Amharic: "King").
The crowning of Tafari as King was controversial. He occupied the same
territory as the empress rather than going off to a regional kingdom
of the empire. Two monarchs, even with one being the vassal and the
other the emperor (in this case empress), had never occupied the same
location as their seat in Ethiopian history. Conservatives agitated to
redress this perceived insult to the dignity of the crown, leading to
the rebellion of Ras Gugsa Welle.
Gugsa Welle was the husband of the
empress and the Shum of
Begemder

Begemder Province. In early 1930, he raised an
army and marched it from his governorate at
Gondar

Gondar towards Addis
Ababa. On 31 March 1930,
Gugsa Welle was met by forces loyal to Negus
Tafari and was defeated at the Battle of Anchem.
Gugsa Welle was
killed in action.[57] News of Gugsa Welle's defeat and death had
hardly spread through
Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa when the empress died suddenly on 2
April 1930. Although it was long rumored that the empress was poisoned
upon the defeat of her husband,[58] or alternately that she died from
shock upon hearing of the death of her estranged yet beloved
husband,[59] it has since been documented that the Empress succumbed
to a flu-like fever and complications from diabetes.[60]
Cover of Time magazine, 3 November 1930
With the passing of Zewditu, Tafari himself rose to emperor and was
proclaimed Neguse Negest ze-'Ityopp'ya, "
King of Kings
.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg.png)
King of Kings of Ethiopia".
He was crowned on 2 November 1930, at Addis Ababa's Cathedral of St.
George. The coronation was by all accounts "a most splendid
affair",[61] and it was attended by royals and dignitaries from all
over the world. Among those in attendance were George V's son the Duke
of Gloucester, Marshal
Franchet d'Esperey of France, and the Prince of
Udine

Udine representing the King of Italy. Emissaries from the United
States,[62] Egypt, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and
Japan
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Japan(bordered).svg.png)
Japan were also
present.[61] British author
Evelyn Waugh

Evelyn Waugh was also present, penning a
contemporary report on the event, and American travel lecturer Burton
Holmes shot the only known film footage of the event.[63] One
newspaper report suggested that the celebration may have incurred a
cost in excess of $3,000,000.[64] Many of those in attendance received
lavish gifts;[65] in one instance, the Christian emperor even sent a
gold-encased
Bible

Bible to an American bishop who had not attended the
coronation, but who had dedicated a prayer to the emperor on the day
of the coronation.[66]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie introduced Ethiopia's first written constitution on 16
July 1931,[67] providing for a bicameral legislature.[68] The
constitution kept power in the hands of the nobility, but it did
establish democratic standards among the nobility, envisaging a
transition to democratic rule: it would prevail "until the people are
in a position to elect themselves."[69] The constitution limited the
succession to the throne to the descendants of Haile Selassie, a point
that met with the disapprobation of other dynastic princes, including
the princes of Tigrai and even the emperor's loyal cousin, Ras Kassa
Haile Darge.
In 1932, the Sultanate of
Jimma

Jimma was formally absorbed into Ethiopia
following the death of Sultan
Abba Jifar II of Jimma.
Conflict with Italy[edit]
See also:
Abyssinia Crisis and Second Italo-Abyssinian War
Ethiopia

Ethiopia became the target of renewed Italian imperialist designs in
the 1930s. Benito Mussolini's
Fascist

Fascist regime was keen to avenge the
military defeats
Italy

Italy had suffered to
Ethiopia

Ethiopia in the First
Italo-Abyssinian War, and to efface the failed attempt by "liberal"
Italy

Italy to conquer the country, as epitomised by the defeat at
Adwa.[70][71][72] A conquest of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia could also empower the cause
of fascism and embolden its rhetoric of empire.[72]
Ethiopia

Ethiopia would
also provide a bridge between Italy's Eritrean and Italian Somaliland
possessions. Ethiopia's position in the
League of Nations

League of Nations did not
dissuade the Italians from invading in 1935; the "collective security"
envisaged by the League proved useless, and a scandal erupted when the
Hoare-Laval Pact revealed that Ethiopia's League allies were scheming
to appease Italy.[73]
Mobilization[edit]
Following the 5 December 1934 Italian invasion of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia at Walwal,
Ogeden Province,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie joined his northern armies and set up
headquarters at Desse in
Wollo

Wollo province. He issued his mobilization
order on 3 October 1935:
If you withhold from your country
Ethiopia

Ethiopia the death from cough or
head-cold of which you would otherwise die, refusing to resist (in
your district, in your patrimony, and in your home) our enemy who is
coming from a distant country to attack us, and if you persist in not
shedding your blood, you will be rebuked for it by your Creator and
will be cursed by your offspring. Hence, without cooling your heart of
accustomed valour, there emerges your decision to fight fiercely,
mindful of your history that will last far into the future… If on
your march you touch any property inside houses or cattle and crops
outside, not even grass, straw, and dung excluded, it is like killing
your brother who is dying with you… You, countryman, living at the
various access routes, set up a market for the army at the places
where it is camping and on the day your district-governor will
indicate to you, lest the soldiers campaigning for Ethiopia's liberty
should experience difficulty. You will not be charged excise duty,
until the end of the campaign, for anything you are marketing at the
military camps: I have granted you remission… After you have been
ordered to go to war, but are then idly missing from the campaign, and
when you are seized by the local chief or by an accuser, you will have
punishment inflicted upon your inherited land, your property, and your
body; to the accuser I shall grant a third of your property…
On 19 October 1935,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie gave more precise orders for his
army to his Commander-in-Chief, Ras Kassa:
When you set up tents, it is to be in caves and by trees and in a
wood, if the place happens to be adjoining to these―and separated in
the various platoons. Tents are to be set up at a distance of 30
cubits from each other.
When an aeroplane is sighted, one should leave large open roads and
wide meadows and march in valleys and trenches and by zigzag routes,
along places which have trees and woods.
When an aeroplane comes to drop bombs, it will not suit it to do so
unless it comes down to about 100 metres; hence when it flies low for
such action, one should fire a volley with a good and very long gun
and then quickly disperse. When three or four bullets have hit it, the
aeroplane is bound to fall down. But let only those fire who have been
ordered to shoot with a weapon that has been selected for such firing,
for if everyone shoots who possesses a gun, there is no advantage in
this except to waste bullets and to disclose the men's whereabouts.
Lest the aeroplane, when rising again, should detect the whereabouts
of those who are dispersed, it is well to remain cautiously scattered
as long as it is still fairly close. In time of war it suits the enemy
to aim his guns at adorned shields, ornaments, silver and gold cloaks,
silk shirts and all similar things. Whether one possesses a jacket or
not, it is best to wear a narrow-sleeved shirt with faded colours.
When we return, with God's help, you can wear your gold and silver
decorations then. Now it is time to go and fight. We offer you all
these words of advice in the hope that no great harm should befall you
through lack of caution. At the same time, We are glad to assure you
that in time of war We are ready to shed Our blood in your midst for
the sake of Ethiopia's freedom…"[74]
Compared to the Ethiopians, the Italians had an advanced, modern
military which included a large air force. The Italians would also
come to employ chemical weapons extensively throughout the conflict,
even targeting
Red Cross

Red Cross field hospitals in violation of the Geneva
Conventions.[75]
Progress of the war[edit]
Starting in early October 1935, the Italians invaded Ethiopia. But, by
November, the pace of invasion had slowed appreciably and Haile
Selassie's northern armies were able to launch what was known as the
"Christmas Offensive". During this offensive, the Italians were forced
back in places and put on the defensive. In early 1936, the First
Battle of Tembien stopped the progress of the Ethiopian offensive and
the Italians were ready to continue their offensive. Following the
defeat and destruction of the northern Ethiopian armies at the Battle
of Amba Aradam, the Second Battle of Tembien, and the Battle of Shire,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie took the field with the last Ethiopian army on the
northern front. On 31 March 1936, he launched a counterattack against
the Italians himself at the
Battle of Maychew in southern Tigray. The
emperor's army was defeated and retreated in disarray. As Haile
Selassie's army withdrew, the Italians attacked from the air along
with rebellious Raya and Azebo tribesmen on the ground, who were armed
and paid by the Italians.[76]
When the struggle to resist
Italy

Italy appeared doomed, Haile Selassie
traveled to the rock-hewn churches of
Lalibela

Lalibela for fasting and
prayer.[77]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie made a solitary pilgrimage to the churches at Lalibela,
at considerable risk of capture, before returning to his capital.[78]
After a stormy session of the council of state, it was agreed that
because
Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa could not be defended, the government would
relocate to the southern town of Gore, and that in the interest of
preserving the Imperial house, the emperor's wife
Menen Asfaw

Menen Asfaw and the
rest of the imperial family should immediately depart for French
Somaliland, and from there continue on to Jerusalem.
Exile debate[edit]
The emperor arrives in Jerusalem. May 1936
After further debate as to whether
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie should go to Gore or
accompany his family into exile, it was agreed that he should leave
Ethiopia

Ethiopia with his family and present the case of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia to the
League of Nations

League of Nations at Geneva. The decision was not unanimous and
several participants, including the nobleman Blatta Tekle Wolde
Hawariat, strenuously objected to the idea of an Ethiopian monarch
fleeing before an invading force.[79]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie appointed his
cousin Ras
Imru Haile Selassie

Imru Haile Selassie as Prince
Regent
.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg.png)
Regent in his absence,
departing with his family for
French Somaliland

French Somaliland on 2 May 1936.
On 5 May, Marshal
Pietro Badoglio

Pietro Badoglio led Italian troops into Addis Ababa,
and Mussolini declared
Ethiopia

Ethiopia an Italian province. Victor Emanuel
III was proclaimed as the new
Emperor

Emperor of Ethiopia. On the previous
day, the Ethiopian exiles had left
French Somaliland

French Somaliland aboard the
British cruiser HMS Enterprise. They were bound for
Jerusalem

Jerusalem in the
British Mandate of Palestine, where the Ethiopian royal family
maintained a residence. The Imperial family disembarked at
Haifa

Haifa and
then went on to Jerusalem. Once there,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie and his retinue
prepared to make their case at Geneva. The choice of
Jerusalem

Jerusalem was
highly symbolic, since the Solomonic
Dynasty

Dynasty claimed descent from the
House of David. Leaving the Holy Land,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie and his
entourage sailed aboard the British cruiser HMS Capetown for
Gibraltar, where he stayed at the Rock Hotel. From Gibraltar, the
exiles were transferred to an ordinary liner. By doing this, the
government of the
United Kingdom

United Kingdom was spared the expense of a state
reception.[80]
Collective security and the League of Nations, 1936[edit]
Mussolini, upon invading Ethiopia, had promptly declared his own
"Italian Empire." Because the
League of Nations

League of Nations afforded Haile
Selassie the opportunity to address the assembly,
Italy

Italy even withdrew
its League delegation, on 12 May 1936.[81] It was in this context that
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie walked into the hall of the League of Nations,
introduced by the President of the Assembly as "His Imperial Majesty,
the
Emperor

Emperor of Ethiopia" (Sa Majesté Imperiale, l'Empereur
d'Ethiopie). The introduction caused a great many Italian journalists
in the galleries to erupt into jeering, heckling, and whistling. As it
turned out, they had earlier been issued whistles by Mussolini's
son-in-law,
Count

Count Galeazzo Ciano.[82] The Romanian delegate, Nicolae
Titulescu, famously jumped to his feet in response and cried "To the
door with the savages!", and the offending journalists were removed
from the hall.
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie waited calmly for the hall to be
cleared, and responded "majestically"[83] with a speech sometimes
considered[by whom?] among the most stirring of the 20th century.[5]
Although fluent in French, the working language of the League, Haile
Selassie chose to deliver his historic speech in his native Amharic.
He asserted that, because his "confidence in the League was absolute",
his people were now being slaughtered. He pointed out that the same
European states that found in Ethiopia's favor at the League of
Nations were refusing
Ethiopia

Ethiopia credit and matériel while aiding
Italy, which was employing chemical weapons on military and civilian
targets alike.
It was at the time when the operations for the encircling of Makale
were taking place that the Italian command, fearing a rout, followed
the procedure which it is now my duty to denounce to the world.
Special

Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so that they could
vaporize, over vast areas of territory, a fine, death-dealing rain.
Groups of nine, fifteen, eighteen aircraft followed one another so
that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus
that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women, children,
cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with
this deadly rain. In order to kill off systematically all living
creatures, in order to more surely poison waters and pastures, the
Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. That was
its chief method of warfare.[84]
Noting that his own "small people of 12 million inhabitants, without
arms, without resources" could never withstand an attack by a large
power such as Italy, with its 42 million people and "unlimited
quantities of the most death-dealing weapons", he contended that all
small states were threatened by the aggression, and that all small
states were in effect reduced to vassal states in the absence of
collective action. He admonished the League that "God and history will
remember your judgment."[85]
It is collective security: it is the very existence of the League of
Nations. It is the confidence that each State is to place in
international treaties… In a word, it is international morality that
is at stake. Have the signatures appended to a Treaty value only in so
far as the signatory Powers have a personal, direct and immediate
interest involved?
The speech made the emperor an icon for anti-fascists around the
world, and Time named him "Man of the Year".[86] He failed, however,
to get what he most needed: the League agreed to only partial and
ineffective sanctions on Italy. Only six nations in 1937 did not
recognize Italy's occupation: China, New Zealand, the Soviet Union,
the Republic of Spain,
Mexico

Mexico and the United States.[71]
Exile[edit]
A plate from the dinner service sold by
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie in England in
1937
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie in 1942
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie spent his exile years (1936–41) in Bath, England, in
Fairfield House, which he bought. The emperor and Kassa Haile Darge
took morning walks together behind the high walls of the 14-room
Georgian house. Haile Selassie's favorite reading was "diplomatic
history." But most of his serious hours were occupied with the
90,000-word story of his life that he was laboriously writing in
Amharic.[87]
Prior to Fairfield House, he briefly stayed at Warne's Hotel in
Worthing[88] and in Parkside, Wimbledon.[89] A bust of Haile Selassie
is in nearby
Cannizaro Park

Cannizaro Park to commemorate this time and is a popular
place of pilgrimage for London's
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari community. Haile Selassie
stayed at the Abbey Hotel in Malvern in the 1930s and his
granddaughters and daughters of court officials were educated at
Clarendon School in North Malvern. During his time in Malvern he
attended services at Holy
Trinity

Trinity Church, in Link Top. A blue plaque,
commemorating his stay in Malvern, was unveiled on Saturday, 25 June
2011. As part of the ceremony, a delegation from the Rastafari
movement gave a short address and a drum recital.[90][91][92][93][94]
Haile Selassie's activity in this period was focused on countering
Italian propaganda as to the state of Ethiopian resistance and the
legality of the occupation.[95] He spoke out against the desecration
of houses of worship and historical artifacts (including the theft of
a 1,600-year-old imperial obelisk), and condemned the atrocities
suffered by the Ethiopian civilian population.[96] He continued to
plead for League intervention and to voice his certainty that "God's
judgment will eventually visit the weak and the mighty alike",[97]
though his attempts to gain support for the struggle against Italy
were largely unsuccessful until
Italy

Italy entered World War II on the
German side in June 1940.[98]
The emperor's pleas for international support did take root in the
United States, particularly among African-American organizations
sympathetic to the Ethiopian cause.[99] In 1937,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was to
give a Christmas Day radio address to the American people to thank his
supporters when his taxi was involved in a traffic accident, leaving
him with a fractured knee.[100] Rather than canceling the radio
broadcast, he proceeded in much pain to complete the address, in which
he linked Christianity and goodwill with the Covenant of the League of
Nations, and asserted that "War is not the only means to stop
war":[100]
With the birth of the Son of God, an unprecedented, an unrepeatable,
and a long-anticipated phenomenon occurred. He was born in a stable
instead of a palace, in a manger instead of a crib. The hearts of the
Wise men were struck by fear and wonder due to His Majestic
Humbleness. The kings prostrated themselves before Him and worshipped
Him. 'Peace be to those who have good will'. This became the first
message.
...Although the toils of wise people may earn them respect, it is a
fact of life that the spirit of the wicked continues to cast its
shadow on this world. The arrogant are seen visibly leading their
people into crime and destruction. The laws of the League of Nations
are constantly violated and wars and acts of aggression repeatedly
take place… So that the spirit of the cursed will not gain
predominance over the human race whom Christ redeemed with his blood,
all peace-loving people should cooperate to stand firm in order to
preserve and promote lawfulness and peace.[100]
During this period,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie suffered several personal
tragedies. His two sons-in-law, Ras
Desta Damtew and
Dejazmach

Dejazmach Beyene
Merid, were both executed by the Italians.[97] The emperor's daughter,
Princess Romanework, wife of
Dejazmach

Dejazmach Beyene Merid, was herself taken
into captivity with her children, and she died in
Italy

Italy in 1941.[101]
His daughter Tsehai died during childbirth shortly after the
restoration in 1942.[102]
After his return to Ethiopia, he donated Fairfield House to the city
of Bath as a residence for the aged, until modified in the 1990s where
it is now used as a day care centre.[103] Advanced negotiations are
progressing for a community group to run the House to preserve and
develop the House.
1940s and 1950s[edit]
Newspaper illustration drawn by Charles H. Alston for the U.S. Office
of War Information Domestic Operations Branch News Bureau, 1943
Meeting with
Crown Prince

Crown Prince
Akihito

Akihito in 1955
Plaque commemorating the visit of
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I to Mexico, 1954 –
Etiopía Station, line 3 of the
Mexico

Mexico City Metro
British forces, which consisted primarily of Ethiopian-backed African
and South African colonial troops under the "Gideon Force" of Colonel
Orde Wingate, coordinated the military effort to liberate Ethiopia.
The emperor himself issued several imperial proclamations in this
period, demonstrating that, while authority was not divided up in any
formal way, British military might and the emperor's populist appeal
could be joined in the concerted effort to liberate Ethiopia.[98]
On 18 January 1941, during the East African Campaign, Haile Selassie
crossed the border between
Sudan

Sudan and
Ethiopia

Ethiopia near the village of Um
Iddla. The standard of the
Lion of Judah
.svg/440px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_(Haile_Selassie).svg.png)
Lion of Judah was raised again. Two days
later, he and a force of Ethiopian patriots joined
Gideon Force

Gideon Force which
was already in
Ethiopia

Ethiopia and preparing the way.[104]
Italy

Italy was defeated
by a force of the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Nations, Free
France, Free Belgium, and Ethiopian patriots. On 5 May 1941, Haile
Selassie entered
Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa and personally addressed the Ethiopian
people, five years to the day since his 1936 exile:
Today is the day on which we defeated our enemy. Therefore, when we
say let us rejoice with our hearts, let not our rejoicing be in any
other way but in the spirit of Christ. Do not return evil for evil. Do
not indulge in the atrocities which the enemy has been practicing in
his usual way, even to the last.
Take care not to spoil the good name of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia by acts which are
worthy of the enemy. We shall see that our enemies are disarmed and
sent out the same way they came. As Saint George who killed the dragon
is the Patron Saint of our army as well as of our allies, let us unite
with our allies in everlasting friendship and amity in order to be
able to stand against the godless and cruel dragon which has newly
risen and which is oppressing mankind.[105]
On 27 August 1942,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie confirmed the legal basis for the
abolition of slavery that had been enacted by
Italy

Italy throughout the
empire and imposed severe penalties, including death, for slave
trading.[106] After World War II,
Ethiopia

Ethiopia became a charter member of
the United Nations. In 1948, the Ogaden, a region disputed with
Somalia, was granted to Ethiopia.[107] On 2 December 1950, the UN
General Assembly adopted Resolution 390 (V), establishing the
federation of
Eritrea

Eritrea (the former Italian colony) into Ethiopia.[108]
Eritrea

Eritrea was to have its own constitution, which would provide for
ethnic, linguistic, and cultural balance, while
Ethiopia

Ethiopia was to manage
its finances, defense, and foreign policy.[108]
Despite his centralization policies that had been made before World
War II,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie still found himself unable to push for all the
programs he wanted. In 1942, he attempted to institute a progressive
tax scheme, but this failed due to opposition from the nobility, and
only a flat tax was passed; in 1951, he agreed to reduce this as
well.[109]
Ethiopia

Ethiopia was still "semi-feudal",[110] and the emperor's
attempts to alter its social and economic form by reforming its modes
of taxation met with resistance from the nobility and clergy, which
were eager to resume their privileges in the postwar era.[109] Where
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie actually did succeed in effecting new land taxes, the
burdens were often passed by the landowners to the peasants.[109]
Despite his wishes, the tax burden remained primarily on the peasants.
Between 1941 and 1959,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie worked to establish the
autocephaly of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[111] The
Ethiopian Orthodox Church had been headed by the abuna, a bishop who
answered to the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. In
1942 and 1945
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie applied to the Holy Synod of the Coptic
Orthodox Church to establish the independence of Ethiopian bishops,
and when his appeals were denied he threatened to sever relations with
the Coptic Church of Alexandria.[111] Finally, in 1959, Pope Kyrillos
VI elevated the
Abuna to Patriarch-Catholicos.[111] The Ethiopian
Church remained affiliated with the Alexandrian Church.[109] In
addition to these efforts,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie changed the Ethiopian
church-state relationship by introducing taxation of church lands, and
by restricting the legal privileges of the clergy, who had formerly
been tried in their own courts for civil offenses.[109]
In keeping with the principle of collective security, for which he was
an outspoken proponent, he sent a contingent under General Mulugueta
Bulli, known as the Kagnew Battalion, to take part in the Korean War
by supporting the
United Nations

United Nations Command. It was attached to the
American 7th Infantry Division, and fought in a number of engagements
including the Battle of Pork Chop Hill.[112] In a 1954 speech, the
emperor spoke of Ethiopian participation in the
Korean War

Korean War as a
redemption of the principles of collective security:
Nearly two decades ago, I personally assumed before history the
responsibility of placing the fate of my beloved people on the issue
of collective security, for surely, at that time and for the first
time in world history, that issue was posed in all its clarity. My
searching of conscience convinced me of the rightness of my course and
if, after untold sufferings and, indeed, unaided resistance at the
time of aggression, we now see the final vindication of that principle
in our joint action in Korea, I can only be thankful that God gave me
strength to persist in our faith until the moment of its recent
glorious vindication.[113]
Haile Selassie,
Emperor

Emperor of Ethiopia, photographed during a radio
broadcast
During the celebrations of his Silver Jubilee in November 1955, Haile
Selassie introduced a revised constitution,[114] whereby he retained
effective power, while extending political participation to the people
by allowing the lower house of parliament to become an elected body.
Party politics were not provided for. Modern educational methods were
more widely spread throughout the Empire, and the country embarked on
a development scheme and plans for modernization, tempered by
Ethiopian traditions, and within the framework of the ancient
monarchical structure of the state.
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie compromised when practical with the traditionalists in
the nobility and church. He also tried to improve relations between
the state and ethnic groups, and granted autonomy to Afar lands that
were difficult to control. Still, his reforms to end feudalism were
slow and weakened by the compromises he made with the entrenched
aristocracy. The Revised Constitution of 1955 has been criticized for
reasserting "the indisputable power of the monarch" and maintaining
the relative powerlessness of the peasants.[115]
Charitable gesture[edit]
He sent aid to the British government in 1947 when Britain was
affected by heavy flooding. His letter to Lord Meork, National
Distress Fund, London said, "even though We are busy of helping our
people who didn't recover from the crises of the war, We heard that
your fertile and beautiful country is devastated by the unusually
heavy rain, and your request for aid. Therefore, We are sending small
amount of money, about one thousand pounds through our embassy to show
our sympathy and cooperation."[116]
He also left his home in exile, Fairfield House, Bath, to the City of
Bath for the use of the Aged in 1959.
1960s[edit]
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Haile Selassie
1st & 5th Chairman of the Organization of African Unity
In office
25 May 1963 – 17 July 1964
Succeeded by
Gamal Abdel Nasser
In office
5 November 1966 – 11 September 1967
Preceded by
Joseph Arthur Ankrah
Succeeded by
Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the United Nations
Operation in the Congo peacekeeping force during the 1960 Congo
Crisis, to preserve Congolese integrity, per
United Nations

United Nations Security
Council Resolution 143. On 13 December 1960, while
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was
on a state visit to Brazil, his Imperial Guard forces staged an
unsuccessful coup, briefly proclaiming Haile Selassie's eldest son
Asfa Wossen as emperor. The coup d'état was crushed by the regular
army and police forces. The coup attempt lacked broad popular support,
was denounced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and was unpopular with
the army, air force and police. Nonetheless, the effort to depose the
emperor had support among students and the educated classes.[117] The
coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian
history, the point at which Ethiopians "for the first time questioned
the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".[118]
Student populations began to empathize with the peasantry and poor,
and to advocate on their behalf.[118] The coup spurred Haile Selassie
to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants
to military and police officials.
The emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West, while pursuing
a firm policy of decolonization in Africa, which was still largely
under European colonial rule. The
United Nations

United Nations conducted a lengthy
inquiry regarding the status of Eritrea, with the superpowers each
vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the administrator at
the time, suggested the partition of
Eritrea

Eritrea between
Sudan

Sudan and
Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly
rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the UN.
A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have
Eritrea

Eritrea be federated with
Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution
390 (V).
Eritrea

Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and
would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and
would become the federal parliament.[119]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie would have
none of European attempts to draft a separate Constitution under which
Eritrea

Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 Constitution
protecting families to apply in both
Ethiopia

Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961 the
30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, followed by Haile
Selassie's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of
Eritrea's parliament.
Emperor

Emperor
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie with President
Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser of
Egypt

Egypt in
Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa for the
Organisation of African Unity

Organisation of African Unity summit, 1963.
In September 1961,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie attended the Conference of Heads of
State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, FPR
Yugoslavia. This is considered to be the founding conference of the
Non-Aligned Movement.
In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian
forces culminated in the Eritrean War of Independence. The emperor
declared
Eritrea

Eritrea the fourteenth province of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia in 1962.[120] The
war would continue for 30 years, as first Haile Selassie, then the
Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him, attempted to retain
Eritrea

Eritrea by
force.
In 1963,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the
Organisation of African Unity

Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the
continent-wide
African Union

African Union (AU). The new organization would
establish its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In May of that year, Haile
Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a
rotating seat. Along with
Modibo Keïta

Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader
would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which
brought an end to the border conflict between
Morocco

Morocco and Algeria. In
1964,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States
of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi.[121]
On 4 October 1963,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of
the United Nations[122][123] referring in his address to his earlier
speech to the League of Nations:
Twenty-seven years ago, as
Emperor

Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum
in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the
League of Nations

League of Nations and to appeal
for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my
defenceless nation, by the fascist invader. I spoke then both to and
for the conscience of the world. My words went unheeded, but history
testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936. Today, I
stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle
discarded by its discredited predecessor. In this body is enshrined
the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at
Geneva. Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best – perhaps the last
– hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.[124]
On 25 November 1963, the emperor was among other heads of state,
including France's President Charles de Gaulle, who traveled to
Washington D.C. and attended the funeral of assassinated President
John F. Kennedy.
In 1966,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie attempted to create a modern, progressive
tax[citation needed] that included registration of land, which would
significantly weaken the nobility. Even with alterations, this law led
to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the
tax was abandoned. The revolt, having achieved its design in
undermining the tax, encouraged other landowners to defy Haile
Selassie.
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie on a state visit to Washington, 1963
While he had fully approved of, and assured Ethiopia's participation
in, UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and
Congo,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie drew a distinction with the non-UN approved
foreign intervention in Indochina, and consistently deplored it as
needless suffering, calling for the Vietnam War to end on several
occasions. At the same time he remained open toward the United States
and commended it for making progress with African Americans' Civil
Rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s, while visiting the US
several times during these years.
In 1967, he visited Montreal, Canada to open the Ethiopian Pavilion at
the Expo '67 World's Fair where he received great acclaim amongst
other World leaders there for the occasion.
Student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life in the 1960s
and 1970s.
Marxism

Marxism took root in large segments of the Ethiopian
intelligentsia, particularly among those who had studied abroad and
had thus been exposed to radical and left-wing sentiments that were
becoming popular in other parts of the globe.[117] Resistance by
conservative elements at the Imperial Court and Parliament, and by the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made Haile Selassie's land reform proposals
difficult to implement, and also damaged the standing of the
government, costing
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie much of the goodwill he had once
enjoyed. This bred resentment among the peasant population. Efforts to
weaken unions also hurt his image. As these issues began to pile up,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie left much of domestic governance to his Prime Minister,
Aklilu Habte Wold, and concentrated more on foreign affairs.
1970s[edit]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I in Toledo (Spain) in April 1971. Picture by Eduardo
Butragueño.
Outside of Ethiopia,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie continued to enjoy enormous
prestige and respect. As the longest-serving head of state in power,
he was often given precedence over other leaders at state events, such
as the state funerals of
John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle, the
summits of the Non-Aligned Movement, and the 1971 celebration of the
2,500 years of the Persian Empire. In 1970 he visited
Italy

Italy as a guest
of President Giuseppe Saragat, and in
Milan

Milan he met Giordano
Dell'Amore, President of Italian Savings Banks Association. He visited
China in October 1971, and was the first foreign head of state to meet
Mao Zedong
.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_1963_(cropped).jpg)
Mao Zedong following the death of Mao's designated successor Lin Biao
in a plane crash in Mongolia.
Human rights in
Ethiopia

Ethiopia under Selassie's regime were poor. Civil
liberties and political rights were low with
Freedom House

Freedom House giving
Ethiopia

Ethiopia a "Not Free" score for both civil liberties and political
rights in the last years of Selassie's rule.[125] Common human right
abuses included imprisonment and torture of political prisoners and
very poor prison conditions.[11] The Ethiopian army also carried out a
number of these atrocities while fighting the Eritrean separatists.
This was due to a policy of destroying Eritrean villages that
supported the rebels. There were a number of mass killings of hundreds
of civilians during the war in the late 1960s and early
'70s.[126][127][128][129]
Wollo

Wollo famine[edit]
Famine—mostly in Wollo, north-eastern Ethiopia, as well as in some
parts of Tigray—is estimated to have killed 40,000 to 80,000
Ethiopians[8][130] between 1972 and 1974. A BBC News report[131] has
cited a 1973 estimate that 200,000 deaths occurred, based on a
contemporaneous estimate from the Ethiopian Nutrition Institute. While
this figure is still repeated in some texts and media sources, it was
an estimate that was later found to be "over-pessimistic".[133]
Although the region is infamous for recurrent crop failures and
continuous food shortage and starvation risk, this episode was
remarkably severe. A 1973 production of the ITV programme The Unknown
Famine

Famine by Jonathan Dimbleby[134][135] relied on the unverified
estimate of 200,000 dead,[131][136] stimulating a massive influx of
aid while at the same time destabilizing Haile Selassie's regime.[130]
Against that background, a group of dissident army officers instigated
a creeping coup against the emperor's faltering regime. To guard
against a public backlash in favour of
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie (who was still
widely revered), they contrived to obtain a copy of The Unknown Famine
which they intercut with images of Africa's grand old man presiding at
a wedding feast in the grounds of his palace. Retitled The Hidden
Hunger, this film noir was shown round the clock on Ethiopian
television to coincide with the day that they finally summoned the
nerve to seize the emperor himself.
— Jonathan Dimbleby, "Feeding on Ethiopia's famine"[137]
The 1973 oil crisis, the severity of which is demonstrated by this
graph, hit
Ethiopia

Ethiopia amidst a devastating famine, compounding its
effect and undermining support for the emperor.[115]
Some reports suggest that the emperor was unaware of the extent of the
famine,[131] while others assert that he was well aware of
it.[138][139] In addition to the exposure of attempts by corrupt local
officials to cover up the famine from the imperial government, the
Kremlin's depiction of Haile Selassie's
Ethiopia

Ethiopia as backwards and
inept (relative to the purported utopia of Marxism-Leninism)
contributed to the popular uprising that led to its downfall and the
rise of Mengistu Haile Mariam.[140] The famine and its image in the
media undermined popular support of the government, and Haile
Selassie's once unassailable personal popularity fell.[141]
The crisis was exacerbated by military mutinies and high oil prices,
the latter a result of the 1973 oil crisis. The international economic
crisis triggered by the oil crisis caused the costs of imported goods,
gasoline, and food to skyrocket, while unemployment spiked.[115]
Revolution[edit]
In February 1974, four days of serious riots in
Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa against a
sudden economic inflation left five dead. The emperor responded by
announcing on national television a reduction in petrol prices and a
freeze on the cost of basic commodities. This calmed the public, but
the promised 33% military wage hike was not substantial enough to
pacify the army, which then mutinied, beginning in Asmara and
spreading throughout the empire. This mutiny led to the resignation of
Prime Minister
Aklilu Habte-Wold on 27 February 1974.[142] Haile
Selassie again went on television to agree to the army's demands for
still greater pay, and named
Endelkachew Makonnen

Endelkachew Makonnen as his new Prime
Minister. Despite Endalkatchew's many concessions, discontent
continued in March with a four-day general strike that paralyzed the
nation.
Imprisonment[edit]
The deposition of
Emperor

Emperor
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I (above rear window) from
the Jubilee Palace on 12 September 1974, marking the coup d'état's
action on that day and the assumption of power by the Derg.
The Derg, a committee of low-ranking military officers and enlisted
men, set up in June to investigate the military's demands, took
advantage of the government's disarray to depose
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie on 12
September 1974. General Aman Mikael Andom, a Protestant of Eritrean
origin,[142] served briefly as provisional head of state pending the
return of
Crown Prince

Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, who was then receiving medical
treatment abroad.
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was placed under house arrest briefly
at the 4th Army Division in Addis Ababa,[142] while most of his family
was detained at the late
Duke

Duke of Harar's residence in the north of the
capital. The last months of the emperor's life were spent in
imprisonment, in the Grand Palace.[143] Reportedly, his mental
condition was such that he believed he was still
Emperor

Emperor of
Ethiopia.[144]
Later, most of the imperial family was imprisoned in the Addis Ababa
prison Kerchele, also known as "Alem Bekagne", or "I've had Enough of
This World". On 23 November 1974, sixty former high officials of the
imperial government were executed without trial.[145] The executed
included Haile Selassie's grandson and two former Prime
Ministers.[143] These killings, known to Ethiopians as "Bloody
Saturday", were condemned by
Crown Prince

Crown Prince Asfa Wossen; the Derg
responded to his rebuke by revoking its acknowledgment of his imperial
legitimacy, and announcing the end of the Solomonic dynasty.[145]
Death and interment[edit]
On 28 August 1975, the state media reported that the "ex-monarch"
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie had died on 27 August of "respiratory failure"
following complications from a prostate examination followed up by a
prostate operation.[146] His doctor, Asrat Woldeyes, denied that
complications had occurred and rejected the government version of his
death.[citation needed] Some imperial loyalists believed that the
emperor had in fact been assassinated, and this belief remains widely
held to this day.[147] One western correspondent in
Ethiopia

Ethiopia at the
time commented, "While it is not known what actually happened, there
are strong indications that no efforts were made to save him. It is
unlikely that he was actually killed. Such rumors were bound to arise
no matter what happened, given the atmosphere of suspicion and
distrust prevailing in
Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa at the time."[148]
The Soviet-backed
Derg
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1975–1987).svg.png)
Derg fell in 1991. In 1992, the emperor's bones were
found under a concrete slab on the palace grounds;[147] some reports
suggest that his remains were discovered beneath a latrine.[149] For
almost a decade thereafter, as Ethiopian courts attempted to sort out
the circumstances of his death, his coffin rested in Bhata Church,
near his great-uncle Menelik II's resting place.[150] On 5 November
2000,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie was given an imperial-style funeral by the
Ethiopian Orthodox church. The post-communist government refused calls
to declare the ceremony an official imperial funeral.[150]
Although such prominent
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari figures as
Rita Marley

Rita Marley and others
participated in the grand funeral, most
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari rejected the event
and refused to accept that the bones were the remains of Haile
Selassie. There remains some debate within the
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari movement
whether
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie actually died in 1975.[151]
Descendants[edit]
Prince Makonnen, son of
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I.
By Menen Asfaw,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie had six children: Princess Tenagnework,
Crown Prince

Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen, Princess Zenebework, Princess Tsehai,
Prince Makonnen, and Prince Sahle Selassie.
There is some controversy as to the motherhood of Haile Selassie's
eldest daughter, Princess Romanework. While the living members of the
royal family state that
Romanework is the eldest daughter of Empress
Menen,[152] it has been asserted that
Princess Romanework is actually
the daughter of a previous union of the emperor with Woizero
Altayech.[153] This may be a nickname she used, as nobleman Blata
Merse Hazen Wolde Kirkos, a contemporary source prominent in both the
Imperial Court and the
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
.jpg/400px-Holy_Eucharist_Table,_New_Church_of_St._Mary_of_Zion_(3344597228).jpg)
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church names her as
Woizero Woinetu Amede. The emperor's own autobiography makes no
mention of this previous marriage or having fathered children with
anyone other than Empress Menen, although he mentions the death of
this daughter in captivity at Turin. Other sources such as Blata Merse
Hazen Wolde Kirkos mentions Princess Romanework's mother Woizero
Woinetu Amede as attending the wedding of her daughter to Dejazmatch
Beyene Merid in a first hand account in his book about the years
before the Italian occupation.
Prince Asfaw Wossen was first married to Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum
and then following their divorce to Princess Medferiashwork Abebe.
Prince Makonnen

Prince Makonnen was married to Princess Sara Gizaw. Prince Sahle
Selassie was married to Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam. Princess
Romanework married Dejazmatch Beyene Merid.
Princess Tenagnework

Princess Tenagnework first
married Ras Desta Damtew, and after she was widowed later married Ras
Andargachew Messai.
Princess Zenebework

Princess Zenebework married Dejazmatch Haile
Selassie Gugsa.
Princess Tsehai

Princess Tsehai married Lt. General Abiye Abebe.
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari messiah[edit]
“
…
Ethiopia

Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God.
”
—
Psalms

Psalms 68:31
Rastafari
Main doctrines
Jah
Ital
Zion
Cannabis use
Central figures
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I
Jesus
Menen Asfaw
Marcus Garvey
Key scriptures
Bible
Kebra Nagast
My Life and Ethiopia's Progress
The Promise Key
Holy Piby
Royal Parchment Scroll
of Black Supremacy
Branches
Mansions
in the U.S.
Bobo Ashanti
Nyabinghi
Twelve Tribes of Israel
Festivals
Shashamane
Grounation Day
Reasoning
Notable individuals
Leonard Howell
Joseph Hibbert
Archibald Dunkley
Mortimer Planno
Vernon Carrington
Charles Edwards
Bob Marley
Peter Tosh
See also
Vocabulary
Persecution
Dreadlocks
Reggae
Roots reggae
Lion of Judah
Ethiopian Christianity
Chalice
Index of
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari articles
v
t
e
Today,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie is worshipped as God incarnate[154] among
followers of the
Rastafari movement
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari movement (taken from Haile Selassie's
pre-imperial name Ras—meaning Head, a title equivalent to
Duke—Tafari Makonnen), which emerged in
Jamaica

Jamaica during the 1930s
under the influence of Marcus Garvey's "Pan Africanism" movement. He
is viewed as the messiah who will lead the peoples of Africa and the
African diaspora

African diaspora to freedom.[155] His official titles are Conquering
Lion of the Tribe of Judah

Lion of the Tribe of Judah and
King of Kings
.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg.png)
King of Kings of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia and Elect of
God, and his traditional lineage is thought to be from Solomon and
Sheba.[156] These notions are perceived by
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari as confirmation
of the return of the messiah in the prophetic
Book of Revelation

Book of Revelation in
the New Testament: King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of
the Tribe of Judah, and Root of David.
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari faith in the
incarnate divinity of Haile Selassie[157] began after news reports of
his coronation reached Jamaica,[158] particularly via the two Time
magazine articles on the coronation the week before and the week after
the event. Haile Selassie's own perspectives permeate the philosophy
of the movement.[158][159]
In 1961, the Jamaican government sent a delegation composed of both
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari and non-
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari leaders to
Ethiopia

Ethiopia to discuss the matter
of repatriation, among other issues, with the emperor. He reportedly
told the
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari delegation (which included Mortimer Planno), "Tell
the Brethren to be not dismayed, I personally will give my assistance
in the matter of repatriation."[160]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie visited
Jamaica

Jamaica on 21 April 1966, and approximately one
hundred thousand
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari from all over
Jamaica

Jamaica descended on
Palisadoes Airport

Palisadoes Airport in Kingston,[158] having heard that the man whom
they considered to be their messiah was coming to visit them.
Spliffs[161] and chalices[162] were openly[163] smoked, causing "a
haze of ganja smoke" to drift through the air.[164][165][166] Haile
Selassie arrived at the airport but was unable to come down the mobile
steps of the airplane, as the crowd rushed the tarmac. He then
returned into the plane, disappearing for several more minutes.
Finally, Jamaican authorities were obliged to request Ras Mortimer
Planno, a well-known Rasta leader, to climb the steps, enter the
plane, and negotiate the emperor's descent.[167] Planno re-emerged and
announced to the crowd: "The
Emperor

Emperor has instructed me to tell you to
be calm. Step back and let the
Emperor

Emperor land".[168] This day is widely
held by scholars to be a major turning point for the
movement,[169][170][171] and it is still commemorated by
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari as
Grounation Day, the anniversary of which is celebrated as the second
holiest holiday after 2 November, the emperor's
Coronation

Coronation Day.
From then on, as a result of Planno's actions, the Jamaican
authorities were asked to ensure that
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari representatives were
present at all state functions attended by the emperor,[170][171] and
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari elders also ensured that they obtained a private audience
with the emperor,[170] where he reportedly told them that they should
not emigrate to
Ethiopia

Ethiopia until they had first liberated the people of
Jamaica. This dictum came to be known as "liberation before
repatriation".
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie defied expectations of the Jamaican authorities[172]
and never rebuked the
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari for their belief in him as the
returned Jesus. Instead, he presented the movement's faithful elders
with gold medallions – the only recipients of such an honor on this
visit.[173][174] During PNP leader (later Jamaican Prime Minister)
Michael Manley's visit to
Ethiopia

Ethiopia in October 1969, the emperor
allegedly still recalled his 1966 reception with amazement, and stated
that he felt that he had to be respectful of their beliefs.[175] This
was the visit when Manley received the Rod of Correction or Rod of
Joshua as a present from the emperor, which is thought to have helped
him to win the 1972 election in Jamaica.
Rita Marley, Bob Marley's wife, converted to the
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari faith after
seeing
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie on his Jamaican trip. She claimed in interviews
(and in her book No Woman, No Cry) that she saw a stigmata print on
the palm of Haile Selassie's hand as he waved to the crowd which
resembled the markings on Christ's hands from being nailed to the
cross—a claim that was not supported by other sources, but was used
as evidence for her and other
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari to suggest that Haile Selassie
I was indeed their messiah.[176] She was also influential in the
conversion of Bob Marley, who then became internationally recognized.
As a result,
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari became much better known throughout much of the
world.[177] Bob Marley's posthumously released song "Iron Lion Zion"
refers to Haile Selassie.
Selassie's position[edit]
In a 1967 recorded interview
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie appeared to deny his
alleged divinity. In the interview Bill McNeil says: "there are
millions of Christians throughout the world, your Imperial Majesty,
who regard you as the reincarnation of
Jesus

Jesus Christ." Selassie replied
in his native language:
I have heard of that idea. I also met certain Rastafarians. I told
them clearly that I am a man, that I am mortal, and that I will be
replaced by the oncoming generation, and that they should never make a
mistake in assuming or pretending that a human being is emanated from
a deity.[178]
For many
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari the CBC interview is not interpreted as a denial of
his divinity, and according to Robert Earl Hood, Haile Selassie
neither denied nor affirmed his divinity either way.[179] In Reggae
Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music, Kevin Chang and Wayne Chen note
It's often said, though no definite date is ever cited, that Haile
Selassie himself denied his divinity. Former senator and Gleaner
editor, Hector Wynter, tells of asking him, during his visit to
Jamaica

Jamaica in 1966, when he was going to tell
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari he was not God.
"Who am I to disturb their belief?" replied the emperor.[172]
After his return to Ethiopia, he dispatched Archbishop
Abuna Yesehaq
Mandefro to the
Caribbean
.svg/400px-Antillas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Caribbean to help draw
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari and other West
Indians to the Ethiopian church and, according to some sources, denied
his divinity.[180][181][182][183]
In 1948,
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie donated a piece of land at Shashamane,
250 km south of Addis Ababa, for the use of people of African
descent from the West Indies. Numerous
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari families settled
there and still live as a community to this day.[184]
Titles and styles[edit]
23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen
1 November 1905 – 8 September 1911:
Dejazmach

Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen
8 September 1911 – 7 October 1928: Ras Tafari Makonnen
7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930:
Negus

Negus Tafari Makonnen
2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974:
His Imperial Majesty the King
of Kings of Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of
God.
Honours[edit]
National orders[edit]
Chief Commander of the Order of the Star of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia (1909)[185]
Grand Cordon of the
Order of Solomon

Order of Solomon (1930)[186]
Grand Collar of the Order of the Seal of Solomon[185]
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Queen of Sheba[185]
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Holy
Trinity

Trinity (Ethiopia)[185]
Grand Cordon of the Order of Menelik II[185]
Foreign orders[edit]
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
(GCMG) (United Kingdom, 1917)
Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Crown of Italy

Order of the Crown of Italy (Kingdom of
Italy, 1917)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
(Kingdom of Italy, 1924)
Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Redeemer (Kingdom of Greece,
19 August 1924)
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium, 1924)
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the
Royal Victorian Order

Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
(United Kingdom, 1924)
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Bath

Order of the Bath (GCB) (United
Kingdom, 1924)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of
Nassau (Luxembourg, 25 May 1924)
Grand Cross of the
Legion d'Honneur

Legion d'Honneur (France, 1924)
Grand Cross of the
Order of the Tower and Sword

Order of the Tower and Sword (Portugal, 1925)
Knight of the
Order of the Most Holy Annunciation

Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Kingdom of Italy,
1928)
Recipient of the
Royal Victorian Chain
.jpg)
Royal Victorian Chain (United Kingdom, 1930)
Collar of the
Order of the Chrysanthemum

Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan,
1930)[187][better source needed]
Collar of the
Order of Muhammad Ali
.jpg/440px-The_Republic_exhibition_-_NM_Prague_65_(cropped1).jpg)
Order of Muhammad Ali (Kingdom of Egypt, 1930)
Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Netherlands Lion

Order of the Netherlands Lion (Netherlands,
1930)
Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland, 1930)
Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with a bronze palm (France, 1945)
Chief Commander of the
Legion of Merit

Legion of Merit (USA, 1945)
Grand Cross with Collar of the
Order of St. Olav

Order of St. Olav (Norway, 1949)
Yugoslav Great Star (Yugoslavia, 1954)
Medal of Military Merit 1st Class (Kingdom of Greece, 28 October
1954)
Grand Cross
Special

Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal
Republic of
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany (Germany, 1954)
Military Medal (France, 1954)
Knight Grand Cross of the
Military William Order

Military William Order (Netherlands, 3
November 1954)[188]
Stranger Knight of the
Order of the Garter

Order of the Garter (KG) (United Kingdom,
1954)
Knight of the
Order of the Elephant
.svg/400px-Badge_of_the_Order_of_the_Elephant_(heraldry).svg.png)
Order of the Elephant (RE) (Denmark, 1954)
Knight of the
Order of the Seraphim

Order of the Seraphim (RSerafO) (Sweden, 1954)
Collar of the
Order of the Aztec Eagle

Order of the Aztec Eagle (Mexico, 1954)
Grand Star of the
Order of Merit of the Austrian Republic

Order of Merit of the Austrian Republic (Austria,
1954)
Honorary Citizen of
Belgrade

Belgrade (Yugoslavia, 1954)[189]
Member of the Order of Merit for National Foundation, the "Order of
the Republic of Korea" grade (South Korea, 1955)
Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian
Republic (Italy, 1955)
Collar of the
Order of the Chrysanthemum

Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan, 1956)
Grand Cross of the
National Order of Vietnam

National Order of Vietnam (South Vietnam, 1958)
Grand Commander of the Order of Truth (Burma, 1958)
Grand Collar of the
Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil, 1958)
Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 1st Class (Indonesia, 1958)
Hilal-i-Pakistan, 1st Class (Pakistan, 1958)
Knight of the
Order of the Royal House of Chakri

Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand, 1958)
Riband of the Three Military Orders (Order Of Christ, Order of Saint
Benedict of Aviz, and Order of St. James of the Sword) (Portugal,
1959)
Korean War

Korean War Service Medal (South Korea, 1959)
1st Class of the
Order of Suvorov

Order of Suvorov (USSR, 1959)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Somali Star (Somalia)
Grand Cordon of the
Order of the Nile

Order of the Nile (Egypt, 22 May 1963)
Commander of the Order of the Shield and Spears (Buganda, 1964)
Grand Collar of the
Order of Pahlavi
.gif/200px-Order_of_Pahlavi_(Iran).gif)
Order of Pahlavi (Iran, 1964)
Star of the People's Republic of
Romania

Romania (Romania, 1964)
Member 1st Class with Diamonds of the Order of the Flag of the
Republic of
Hungary

Hungary (Hungary, 1964)
Jamaica

Jamaica Kings House Honouree (Jamaica, 1966)
Collar of the
National Order of Honour and Merit

National Order of Honour and Merit (Haiti, 1966)
Necklace of the Order of Jean-Jacques Dessalines the Great (Haiti,
1966)[190]
Grand Cross of the
Order of Polonia Restituta

Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland, 1967)
Honorary Recipient of the
Order of the Crown of the Realm
_-_DMN.svg/230px-MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_(Crown_of_the_Realm)_-_DMN.svg.png)
Order of the Crown of the Realm (D.M.N.)
(Malaysia, 21 May 1968)
Companion of the
Order of the Star of Ghana

Order of the Star of Ghana (CSG) (Ghana, 1970)
Collar of the
Order of Pius IX

Order of Pius IX (Holy See, 1970)
Knight Collar of the
Order of Charles III

Order of Charles III (Spain, 27 April 1971)[191]
Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the
Persian Empire (Iran, 14 October 1971)[192]
Honorary Citizen of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(Yugoslavia, 1972)[193]
Collar of the
Order of the Liberator General San Martín

Order of the Liberator General San Martín (Argentina)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Dahomey (Benin)
Grand Cross of the
Order of the Condor of the Andes

Order of the Condor of the Andes (Bolivia)
Order of Valour
_-_Tallinn_Museum_of_Orders.jpg/440px-Order_of_Valour_commander_badge_(Cameroon_1961-1972)_-_Tallinn_Museum_of_Orders.jpg)
Order of Valour (Cameroon)
Order of Central African Merit
_-_Tallinn_Museum_of_Orders.jpg/440px-Order_of_Merit_star_(Central_African_Republic)_-_Tallinn_Museum_of_Orders.jpg)
Order of Central African Merit (Central African Republic)
Grand Cross of the
National Order of Chad

National Order of Chad (Republic of Chad)
Collar of the Order of Merit (Chile)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Congo)
Order of the White Lion

Order of the White Lion 1st Class with Collar (Czechoslovakia)
Collar of the
Order of the White Rose

Order of the White Rose (Finland)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Equatorial Star (Gabon)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (Guinea)
Grand Order of the Hashemites (Kingdom of Iraq)
Order of al-Hussein bin Ali

Order of al-Hussein bin Ali (Jordan)
Grand Chief of the
Order of the Golden Heart

Order of the Golden Heart (Kenya)
Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit (Lebanon)
Grand Cordon of the
Order of the Pioneers of Liberia

Order of the Pioneers of Liberia (Liberia)
Order of Idris I (Libya)
Grand Cordon of the National Order of
Madagascar

Madagascar (Madagascar)
Order of the Lion (Malawi)
Grand Cross of the
National Order of Mali

National Order of Mali (Mali)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (Mauritania)
Order of Muhammad (Morocco)
Grand Cross of the National Order (Niger)
Order of the Federal Republic

Order of the Federal Republic (Nigeria)
Grand Cross of the
Order of the Sun of Peru

Order of the Sun of Peru (Peru)
Raja of the
Order of Sikatuna

Order of Sikatuna (Philippines)
Order of Abdulaziz al Saud, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion (Senegal)
Cordon of Honour (Sudan)
Order of Umayyad
_-_ribbon_bar.gif/200px-Order_Of_Ummayad_(Syria)_-_ribbon_bar.gif)
Order of Umayyad (Syria)
Special

Special Grade of the
Order of Propitious Clouds (Taiwan)
Grand Cross of the
Order of Mono

Order of Mono (Togo)
Order of Independence (Tunisia)
Order of the Source of the Nile (Uganda)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Upper Volta (Republic of Upper
Volta)
Collar of the
Order of the Liberator
_-_Memorial_JK_-_Brasilia_-_DSC00421.JPG/500px-Grand_Cordon_of_the_Order_of_of_the_Liberator_Simon_Bolivar_(Venezuela)_-_Memorial_JK_-_Brasilia_-_DSC00421.JPG)
Order of the Liberator (Venezuela)
Collar of the
National Order of the Leopard
_-_ribbon_bar.png/200px-National_Order_of_the_Leopard_(DR_Congo)_-_ribbon_bar.png)
National Order of the Leopard (Zaire)
Collar of the
Order of the Eagle of Zambia (Zambia)
Ancestry[edit]
Ancestors of Haile Selassie
8.
Dejazmach

Dejazmach Wolde Malakot Yamana Krestos
4.
Dejazmach

Dejazmach Wolde Mikael Gudessa
9. Woizero Kalama Worq
2. Ras Mäkonnen Wäldä-Mika'él Guddisa
20. Meridazmach Wossen Seged
10. Meridazmach Sahle Selassie
21. Woizero Zenebework
5. Immabet Tenagnework Sahle Selassie
22.
11. Woizero Yimegnushal Ayele
23. Etalemahu
1.
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
6.
Dejazmach

Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar of Woreilu
3. Woizero
Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar
14. Ato Yimeru of Gurage
7. Immabet-Hoy Walatta Ihata Giyorgis Yimeru
15. Woizero Araza-Aregai
Military ranks[edit]
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie held the following ranks:[194]
Field Marshal, Imperial Ethiopian Army
Admiral of the Fleet, Imperial Ethiopian Navy
Marshal of the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force
Field Marshal, British Army, 20 January 1965[195]
Popular culture[edit]
William Saroyan

William Saroyan wrote a short story about him entitled The Lion of
Judah in his 1971 book,
Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But
If You Must Say Hello To Everybody.
His name is often called out in vain by Hermes Conrad, a Rastafarian
Accountant from the show Futurama
Featured as a playable leader in the computer strategy game
Civilization V: Brave New World
Rex Stewart, a jazz cornetist, thought about
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie when he
was creating a tune named Menelik (The Lion of Juda) which was
recorded in 1941.
Propagandhi’s 1993 debut album, How to Clean Everything, features a
song called “Haille Sellasse, Up Your Ass”, a bitter attack on
religious conflicts in the Middle East and the
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari movement.
Band
Zabranjeno pusenje

Zabranjeno pusenje wrote a song about him entitled "Hajle
Selasije" featuring on their album "Fildzan viska" from 1997.
The band Bright Eyes feature a song on their album The People's Key
entitled "Haile Selassie."
In 2008 a full-length feature film dedicated to Haile Selassie, Man of
the Millennium, was produced by an Ethiopian film-maker Tikher Teferra
Kidane of Exodus Films, in collaboration with an Alaskan TV station
Tanana Valley TV and 4th Avenue Films.[196]
In paying homage to the late emperor,
Lupe Fiasco
.jpg/400px-Lupe_Fiasco_(7080358707).jpg)
Lupe Fiasco released a track
titled 'Haile Selassie' on the 24th of October 2014. The song's theme
centres on equality and justice.[197]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Black Lions
Desta Damtew
List of people who have been considered deities
Notes[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
^ Translates to "Power of the Trinity".[1]
^ Pronounced in English as /ˈhaɪli səˈlæsi/ or
/səˈlɑːsi/.[2][3]
^ Ge'ez ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ
አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት
ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; girmāwī
ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā
ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume
'igzī'a'bihēr.[citation needed]
^ Bālemulu literally means "fully empowered" or "wholly authorised",
thus distinguishing it from the general use of Enderase, that being a
representative or lieutenant of the
Emperor

Emperor to fiefs or vassals,
essentially a
Governor-General

Governor-General or Viceroy, by which term provincial
governors in the contemporary Imperial period, during Haile Selassie's
reign, were referred.[citation needed]
^
Balcha Safo

Balcha Safo brought an army of ten thousand with him from
Sidamo.[40]
^ Balcha Safo's personal bodyguard numbered about five hundred.[40]
Citations[edit]
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Famine

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Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern
World. Published by Defense & Foreign Affairs, part of the
International Strategic Studies Association, 1998.
ISBN 1892998009. p.17
^ Religious, Traditional & Ceremonial. The Official Website of The
Crown Council of Ethiopia. The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 13
August 2014.
^ Order of the Chrysanthemum#Foreign recipients of the Order of the
Chrysanthemum
^ "
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I",
Military William Order

Military William Order (in Dutch), Defence,
retrieved 9 March 2016 .
^ "Đilas podržao predlog". RS: Blic. Archived from the original on
21 December 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
^ Abbott, Elizabeth (1988), Haiti: An insider's history of the rise
and fall of the Duvaliers. Simon & Schuster.
ISBN 0-67168620-8, p. 139.
^ Boletín Oficial del Estado
^ Badraie Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on
24 April 2014.
^ Odluka o proglašenju Njegovog Carskog Veličanstva Cara Etiopije
Haila Selasija Prvog za počasnog građanina SFRJ ("Službeni list
SFRJ"), br. 33/72 Archived 14 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
319–655
^ "Shoa 6". Royal ark. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
^ The London Gazette, Issue: 43567 Page: 1235. Retrieved op 17 January
2017.
^ "'Man of the Millennium' – Message from the Director". Archived
from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
^ Fiasco, Lupe. "
Lupe Fiasco
.jpg/400px-Lupe_Fiasco_(7080358707).jpg)
Lupe Fiasco -
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie ft. Nikki Jean [Produced
by Soundtrakk]". Youtube. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
Marcus, Harold G. (1994). A History of Ethiopia. London: University of
California Press. p. 316. ISBN 0-520-22479-5.
Mockler, Anthony (2003). Haile Selassie's War. Signal Books.
ISBN 1-90266953-3.
Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel; Spencer, William David; McFarlane, Adrian
Anthony (1998). Chanting Down Babylon: The
Rastafari
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari Reader. Temple
University Press. ISBN 1-56639584-4.
Roberts, Andrew Dunlop (1986). The Cambridge History of Africa: From
1905 to 1940. 7. Cambridge: Press Sindicate of the University of
Cambridge. ISBN 0-52122505-1.
Safire, William (1997), Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History,
W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-39304005-4 .
Selassie, Haile I (1999), My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The
Autobiography of
Emperor

Emperor
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I, translated from
Amharic

Amharic by
Edward Ullendorff, New York: Frontline Books,
ISBN 0-948390-40-9 .
Shinn, David Hamilton; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004). Historical
Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-81086566-1.
"Distressed Negus". Time Magazine. 15 November 1937. Retrieved 19
January 2010.
De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine
in
Ethiopia

Ethiopia (PDF). Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432038-3.
White, Timothy (2006). Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley. Henry
Holt & Co. ISBN 0-80508086-4.
Further reading[edit]
Henze, Paul B (2000), ""The Rise of Haile Selassie: Time of Troubles,
Regent, Emperor, Exile" and "
Ethiopia

Ethiopia in the Modern World: Haile
Selassie from Triumph to Tragedy"", Layers of Time: A History of
Ethiopia, New York: Palgrave, ISBN 0-312-22719-1 .
Kapuściński, Ryszard (1978), The Emperor: Downfall of an Autocrat,
ISBN 0-679-72203-3 .
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I: Ethiopia's Lion of Judah, 1979,
ISBN 0-88229-342-7
Haile Selassie's war: the Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941,
1984, ISBN 0-394-54222-3
Haile Selassie, western education, and political revolution in
Ethiopia, 2006, ISBN 978-1-934043-20-2
King of Kings: the triumph and tragedy of
Emperor

Emperor
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I of
Ethiopia, 2015, ISBN 978-1-910376-14-0
Mosley, Leonard, Haile Selassie: The Conquering Lion. Prentice Hall
1965 LCCN 65-11882
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I.
Wikisource

Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Haile Selassie
Ethiopian Treasures –
Emperor

Emperor
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I
Imperial Crown Council of Ethiopia
Speech to the League of Nations, June 1936 (full text)
Rare and Unseen:
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie – slideshow by Life magazine
Marcus Garvey's prophecy of
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I as the returned messiah
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I and the Italo-Ethiopian war
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I, the Later Years
A critical look at the reign of
Emperor

Emperor
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
BBC article, memories of his personal servant
"His Imperial Majesty,
Emperor

Emperor
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia visits
Jamaica", Watch News Reel (video), Google, 21 April 1966
Ba Beta Kristiyan
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I – The Church of Haile
Selassie I
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I Speaks -Text & Audio-
Collection by Martin Rikli in 1935–1936, including photos of Haile
Selassie, open access through the University of Florida Digital
Collections
The Emperor's Clothes
A History of Ethiopia
Newspaper clippings about
Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie in the 20th Century Press
Archives of the
German National Library of Economics

German National Library of Economics (ZBW).
Haile Selassie
House of Solomon
Born: 23 July 1892 Died: 27 August 1975
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Zewditu

Zewditu I
Emperor

Emperor of Ethiopia
2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974
Monarchy abolished
Titles in pretence
Loss of title
Communist take-over
— TITULAR —
Emperor

Emperor of Ethiopia
12 September 1974 – 27 August 1975
Succeeded by
Crown Prince

Crown Prince Amha Selassie
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Emperors of
Ethiopia

Ethiopia (1270–1974)
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 66475642
LCCN: n79043431
ISNI: 0000 0001 0910 2298
GND: 118700758
SELIBR: 319456
SUDOC: 027764656
BNF: cb11973730w (data)
NLA: 35677375
NDL: 00620780
NKC: jo2007416169
BNE: XX1117917
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