Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. The primary branch H1 (H-M69) and its subclades is one of the most predominant haplogroups amongst populations in

South Asia South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth descr ...

, particularly its descendant H1a1 (M52). A primary branch of H-M52, H1a1a (H-M82), is found commonly among the

Romani people The Romani (also spelled Romany or Rromani , ), colloquially known as the Roma, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, traditionally nomadic itinerants. They live in Europe and Anatolia, and have diaspora populations located worldwide, with sig ...

, who originated in South Asia and migrated into the Middle East and Europe, around the beginning of the 2nd millennium CE and the Khmer people who got under influence from Indian populations. The much rarer primary branch H3 (Z5857) is also concentrated in South Asia. However, the primary branch H2 (P96) seems to have been found in sparse levels primarily in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

and

West Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes Ana ...

since prehistory. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the

Pre-Pottery Neolithic The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) represents the early Neolithic in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile Crescent, dating to years ago, (10000 – 6500 BCE).Richard, Suzanne ''Near Eastern archaeology'' Eisenbrauns; il ...

, a

Neolithic The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...

culture centered in

upper Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia is the name used for the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East. Since the early Muslim conquests of the mid-7th century, the region has been ...

and the

Levant The Levant () is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is ...

, dating to years ago has been found in remains also the later Linear Pottery culture and Neolithic Iberia. H2 likely entered Europe during the

with the spread of agriculture. Its present distribution is made up of various individual cases spread out throughout Europe and West Asia today.

Structure

H-L901/M2939 is a direct descendant of

Haplogroup GHIJK Haplogroup GHIJK, defined by the SNPs M3658, F1329, PF2622, and YSC0001299, * ''H-M69'' (H1) (M69, M370) ** H-M52 (H1a) (M52) *** ''H-M82'' (H1a1) (M82) **** H-M36 (H1a1a1) (M36, M197) **** H-M97 (H1a1b) (M97) **** H-M39 (H1a1c) (M39, M138) **** H-M2914/Z4382 H1a1d ***** H-Z5871 H1a1d1 ***** H-Z4361 H1a1d2 *** ''H-Z4469'' (H1a2) **** H-Z4487 H1a2a ***** H-Z4417 H1a2a1 ** H-L588 (H1b) *** ''H-APT'' (H1b1) (APT) *** H-P80 (H1b1a) (P80, P314) *** H-P266 (H1b1b) (P266) *** ''H-Z14258'' (H1b2) **** H-Z5868 H1b2a ** H-P254 (H1c) (P254) * ''H-P96'' (H2) (P96, M282; formerly known as Haplogroup F3 and H-M282.) * ''H-Z5857'' (H3) ** H-Z5866 (H3a) *** ''H-Z5864'' (H3a1) *** ''H-Z5863 '' (H3a2) **** H-Z5865 (H3a2a) ***** H-Z5860 (H3a2a1) ***** H-Z5862 (H3a2a2) **** H-Z5858 (H3a2b) ** H-Z13871 (H3b) *** ''H-Z5859'' (H3b1) -->

Ancient distribution

H-L901/M2939 is believed to have split from HIJK 48,500 years before present. Its probable site of introduction is South Asia, since it is highly concentrated there.

H1a

With limited ancient DNA testing in

, accordingly there is a limited amount of ancient samples for H1a, despite it being a populous and well distributed haplogroup today. The first set of ancient DNA from South Asia was published in March 2018. 65 samples were collected from the

Swat Valley Swat District (, ps, سوات ولسوالۍ, ) is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. With a population of 2,309,570 per the 2017 national census, Swat is the 15th-largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa pro ...

of northern

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-lar ...

, 2 of which belonged to H1a.

H2

The earliest sample of H2 is found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture of the Levant 10,000 years ago. From ancient samples, it is clear that H2 also has a strong association with the spread of agriculture from Anatolia into Europe, and is commonly found with haplogroup

G2a G2A.COM Limited (commonly referred to as G2A) is a digital marketplace headquartered in the Netherlands, with offices in Poland and Hong Kong. The site specializes in the resale of gaming products by the use of redemption keys. Other product ...

. H2 was found in Neolithic Anatolia, as well as in multiple later

Neolithic cultures of Europe The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several par ...

, such as the

Vinča culture The Vinča culture (), also known as Turdaș culture or Turdaș–Vinča culture, is a Neolithic archaeological culture of Southeast Europe, dated to the period 5700–4500 BC or 5300–4700/4500 BC.. Named for its type site, Vinča-Belo Brdo, ...

in Serbia, and the Megalith culture of Western Europe. The 2021 study "Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe" found that while H2 is less than 0.2% in modern-day western European populations it was more common during the Neolithic, between 1.5 and 9%. They identified two major clades H2m and H2d. With respect to the current ISOGG nomenclature, H2m appears to be defined by a mix of H2, H2a, H2a1 and H2c1a SNPs while H2d appears to be defined by two H2b1 SNPs, and four additional SNPs which were previously undetected. They estimated TMRCA for H2d and H2m was ~15.4 kya with H2m and H2d estimated TMRCAs of ~11.8 and ~11.9 kya respectively. H2 diversity probably existed in Near-Eastern hunter-gatherers and early farmers, and subsequently spread via the Neolithic expansion into Central and Western Europe. H2d was found along the inland/Danubian route into central Europe, but most H2m individuals are found along the Mediterranean route into Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula and ultimately, Ireland. There were also two occurrences of H2a found in the Neolithic Linkardstown burials in the southeast Ireland. More Neolithic H2 samples have been found in Germany and France.

Modern distribution

H1a

South Asia

H-M69 is common among populations of Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, with lower frequency in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The highest frequency of Halpogroup H found in tribal groups such as 87% among Koraga, 70% among Koya and 62% among Gond. The high frequencies of H-M69 are in India, in both Dravidian and Indo Aryan castes (32.9%)., in Bangladesh (35.71%), and H-M52 among Kalash (20.5%) in Pakistan. Haplogroup H is typically found among Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Tribal (Indian as well as Pakistani Kalash) populations in the Indian subcontinent. In Europe it is mostly found among

Romani Romani may refer to: Ethnicities * Romani people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living dispersed in Europe, the Americas and Asia ** Romani genocide, under Nazi rule * Romani language, any of several Indo-Aryan languages of the Roma ...

, who belong predominantly (between 7% and 50%) to the H1a (M82) subclade. Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in: *

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...

- 35.71% (15/42). *

South India South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, consists of the peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union territ ...

– 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition. Halpogroup H found among Dravidian tribal groups in highest frequency.

Koraga people The Koraga are a tribal community found mainly in the Dakshina Kannada, Udupi districts of Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala, south India. These areas in Karnataka, are altogether often referred to as Tulunaad, which roughly correspo ...

carry 87% and Koya tribe have 70% halpogroup H.

Gondi people The Gondi (Gōndi) or Gond or Koitur are a Dravidian ethno-linguistic group. They are one of the largest tribal groups in India. They are spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Prad ...

carry around 62% of halpogroup H. Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India. * Maharashtra - 33.3% of a sample of (68/204). *

Gujarat Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the ninth ...

- 20.69% (12/58)among Gujaratis in USA. 13.8% (4/29) among unspesified Gujaratis in India. 26% (13/50)among Dawoodi Bohra. 27.27 (6/22) among Bhils. *

North India North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central ...

- According to a study(Trivedi2007) it is found 24.5% (44/180) in both Caste and tribal population of North India. Most frequently found : 20.7% (6/29) among Rajputs, 44.4% (8/18) among Chamar, 16.13% (5/31) among UP Brahmins, 10.53% (2/19) among Himachal Brahmin, 10.2% (5/49) in J&K Kashmiri Gujars, 9.8% (5/51) in J&K Kashmiri Pandits, 18.3% (9/49) among New Delhi Hindus, 14.81% (4/27) among Bihar Paswan. * Sri Lanka – in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of

Sinhalese Sinhala may refer to: * Something of or related to the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka * Sinhalese people * Sinhala language, one of the three official languages used in Sri Lanka * Sinhala script, a writing system for the Sinhala language ** Sinha ...

. *

Nepal Nepal (; ne, :ne:नेपाल, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in S ...

– one study has found Haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of

Kathmandu , pushpin_map = Nepal Bagmati Province#Nepal#Asia , coordinates = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = , subdivision_type1 = Province , subdivision_name1 = Bagmati Prov ...

(including 4/77 H-M82, 4/77 H-M52(xM82), and 1/77 H-M69(xM52, APT)) and 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H-M82). In another study, Y-DNA that belongs to Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.7% (5/37 = 13.5% H-M69 from a village in

Morang District Morang District ( ne, मोरङ जिल्ला ) is located in Province No. 1 in eastern Nepal. It is an Outer Terai district. It borders with Bihar, India to the South, Jhapa to the East, Dhankuta and Panchthar to the North, and Sunsa ...

, 9/57 = 15.8% H-M69 from a village in Chitwan District, and 30/77 = 39.0% H-M69 from another village in Chitwan District) of Tharus in Nepal. *

– in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2%

Pashtun Pashtuns (, , ; ps, پښتانه, ), also known as Pakhtuns or Pathans, are an Iranian ethnic group who are native to the geographic region of Pashtunistan in the present-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were historically re ...

, and 6.3% in other Pakistanis. Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as

Hunza Hunza may refer to: * Hunza, Iran * Hunza Valley, an area in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan ** Hunza (princely state), a former principality ** Hunza District, a recently established district ** Hunza River, a waterway ** Hunza Peak, a mou ...

), including 5% (2/38) H-M82(xM36, M97, M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H-M36. *

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...

– in 6.1%

, in 7.1% Tajik.

Roma people

Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Roma, especially

Balkan Roma Balkan Romani, Balkaniko Romanes, or Balkan Gypsy is a specific non- Vlax dialect of the Romani language, spoken by groups within the Balkans, which include countries such as Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, ...

, among whom it accounts for approximately as high as 60% of males. A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Roma populations living in

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

, and Lithuania. High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H-M82 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001). Important studies show a limited introgression of the typical Roma Y-chromosome haplogroup H1 in several European groups, including approximately 0.61% in Gheg Albanians, 2.48% in Tosk Albanians and 0.9% in Serbians.

Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia & Middle East

Haplogroup H1a is found at much lower levels outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations but is still present in other populations: *

- 0.9% (1/113) H-M82 in a sample of

Serbians The term Serbians in English is a polysemic word, with two distinctive meanings, derived from morphological differences: * Morphology 1: Serb- ian- s, derived from the noun ''Serb'' and used interchangeably to refer to ethnic Serbs, thus havi ...

, 2% (1/57) H-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks, 1% (1/92 H-M82) to 2% (1/50 H-M69) of

Ukrainians Ukrainians ( uk, Українці, Ukraintsi, ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. They are the seventh-largest nation in Europe. The native language of the Ukrainians is Ukrainian. The majority of Ukrainians are Eastern Ort ...

, H1a2a in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of

Greeks The Greeks or Hellenes (; el, Έλληνες, ''Éllines'' ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, namely Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and, to a lesser extent, oth ...

. *

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...

- 2.6% (1/38) H-M82 in a sample of Balkarians, *

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...

- 12.5% (2/16) H-M52 in a sample of

Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Taj ...

from

Dushanbe Dushanbe ( tg, Душанбе, ; ; russian: Душанбе) is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. , Dushanbe had a population of 863,400 and that population was largely Tajik. Until 1929, the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe (ru ...

, 5.19% (7/135) H-M69 in a sample of Salar from Qinghai,Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.) 5.13% (2/39) H (including 1/39 H(xH1,H2) and 1/39 H1) in a sample of Uyghurs from Darya Boyi Village, Yutian (Keriya) County, Xinjiang, 4.65% (6/129) H-M69 in a sample of Mongols from Qinghai, 4.44% (2/45) H-M52 in a sample of

Uzbeks The Uzbeks ( uz, , , , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak mino ...

from Samarkand, 3.56% (17/478) H-M69 and 0.84% (4/478) F-M89(xG-M201, H-M69, I-M258, J-M304, L-M20, N-M231, O-M175, P-M45, T-M272) in a sample of Uyghurs from the Hotan area, Xinjiang, 2.86% (2/70) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Xorazm, 2.44% (1/41) H-M52 in a sample of

Uyghurs The Uyghurs; ; ; ; zh, s=, t=, p=Wéiwú'ěr, IPA: ( ), alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central and East Asia. The Uyghur ...

from

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

, 1.79% (1/56) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara, 1.71% (3/175) H-M69 in a sample of Hui from the Changji area, Xinjiang, 1.59% (1/63) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the

Fergana Valley The Fergana Valley (; ; ) in Central Asia lies mainly in eastern Uzbekistan, but also extends into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan. Divided into three republics of the former Soviet Union, the valley is ethnically diverse and in the ...

, 1.56% (1/64) H1 in a sample of Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village, Yuli (Lopnur) County, Xinjiang, 1.32% (1/76) H2 in a sample of Uyghurs from Horiqol Township, Awat County, Xinjiang,LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." ''Acta Anthropologica Sinica'', 2018, 37(1): 146-156. 0.99% (1/101) H-M69 in a sample of Kazakhs from the Hami area, Xinjiang. *

- 6% (1/17) H-M52 in a sample of

Turks Turk or Turks may refer to: Communities and ethnic groups * Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups who speak Turkic languages * Turkish people, or the Turks, a Turkic ethnic group and nation * Turkish citizen, a citizen of the Republic ...

, 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians, 4% (2/53) H-M52 in a sample of

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

ians from Samarkand, 2.6% (3/117) H-M82 in a sample from

southern Iran Southern Iran consists of the southern mountain ranges of Zagros and Central Iranian Range, Khuzestan Plain and the northern coasts of Persian Gulf and Straight of Hormuz. It includes the provinces of Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Buyer Ahmad, Hormo ...

, 4.3% (7/164) of males from the

United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE; ar, اَلْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَة الْمُتَحِدَة ), or simply the Emirates ( ar, الِْإمَارَات ), is a country in Western Asia ( The Middle East). It is located at t ...

, 2% of males from

Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and spans the mouth of ...

, 1.9% (3/157) of males from

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the A ...

, 1.4% (1/72 H-M82) of males from

Qatar Qatar (, ; ar, قطر, Qaṭar ; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar,) is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it ...

, and 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in another sample of

East & South-East Asia

At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in Thais from Thailand (1/17 = 5.9% H-M69

Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailan ...

; 2/290 = 0.7% H-M52

Northern Thai Kam Mueang ( nod, , กำเมือง) or Northern Thai language ( th, ภาษาไทยถิ่นเหนือ) is the language of the Northern Thai people of Lanna, Thailand. It is a Southwestern Tai language that is closely rela ...

; 2/75 = 2.7% H-M69(xM52) and 1/75 = 1.3% H-M52(xM82) general population of Thailand), Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69),

Tibetans The Tibetan people (; ) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 6.7 million. In addition to the majority living in Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans liv ...

(3/156 = 1.9% H-M69(xM52, APT)),

Filipinos Filipinos ( tl, Mga Pilipino) are the people who are citizens of or native to the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian ethnolinguistic groups, all typically speaking either Filipino, English and/or othe ...

from southern

Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...

(1/55 = 1.8% H-M69(xM52)), Bamars from

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

(1/59 = 1.7% H-M82, with the relevant individual having been sampled in Bago Region),

Chams The Cham ( Cham: ''Čaṃ'') or Champa people ( Cham: , ''Urang Campa''; vi, Người Chăm or ; km, ជនជាតិចាម, ) are an Austronesian ethnic group. From the 2nd century to 1832 the Cham populated Champa, a contiguous territ ...

from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (1/59 = 1.7% H-M69), and

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

ns (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69). The subclade H-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailan ...

, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos. A genome study about Khmer people resulted in an average amount of 16,5% of Khmer belonging to y-DNA H.

H1b

H1b is defined by the SNPs - B108, Z34961, Z34962, Z34963, and Z34964. Only discovered in 2015, H1b was detected in a single sample from an individual in Myanmar. Due to only being classified recently, there are currently no studies recording H1b in modern populations.

H2

H2 (H-P96), which is defined by seven SNPs – P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286 – is the only primary branch found mainly outside South Asia. Formerly named F3, H2 was reclassified as belonging to haplogroup H due to sharing the marker M3035 with H1. While being found in numerous ancient samples, H2 has only been found scarcely in modern populations across West Eurasia.

H3

H3 (Z5857) like H1, is also mostly centered in South Asia. albeit at much lower frequencies. Like other branches of H, due to it being newly classified it is not explicitly found in modern population studies. Samples belonging to H3 were likely labeled under F*. In consumer testing, it has been found principally among South Indians and Sri Lankans, and other areas of Asia such as Arabia as well. ----The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for the subclades H1a1a (H-M82) and H2 (H-P96), formerly F3, showing its distribution in different part of the world.

References

External links

{{Commons category, Haplogroup H of Y-DNA
The India Genealogical Project
H-M69