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Guam (/ˈɡwɑːm/ ( listen); Chamorro: Guåhån [ˈɡʷɑhɑn]) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States
United States in Micronesia
Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean.[4][5] The capital city of Guam
Guam is Hagåtña
Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo. The inhabitants of Guam
Guam are called Guamanians, and they are American citizens by birth. Indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros, who are related to other Austronesian natives to the west in the Philippines
Philippines and Taiwan. In 2016, 162,742 people resided on Guam. Guam
Guam has an area of 210 square miles (540 km2) and a population density of 775 per square mile (299/km2). In Oceania, it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands
Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite
Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile (1,425/km2), whereas Inarajan
Inarajan and Umatac
Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile (46/km2). The highest point is Mount Lamlam
Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet (406 m) above sea level. Since the 1960s, the economy has been supported by two industries: tourism and the United States
United States Armed Forces.[6] The indigenous Chamorros
Chamorros settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, while in the service of Spain, was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam
Guam was colonized by Spain
Spain in 1668 with settlers, including Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Catholic Jesuit missionary. Between the 16th century and the 18th century, Guam
Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila
Manila Galleons. During the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam
Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain
Spain ceded Guam
Guam to the United States
United States on December 10, 1898. Guam
Guam is among the seventeen non-self-governing territories listed by the United Nations.[7] Before World War II, there were five American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean: Guam
Guam and Wake Island
Wake Island in Micronesia, American Samoa
American Samoa and Hawaii
Hawaii in Polynesia, and the Philippines
Philippines in the Malay Archipelago
Malay Archipelago of Southeast Asia. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam
Guam was captured by the Japanese, who occupied the island for two and a half years. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to beheadings, forced labor, rape, and torture.[8][9][10] American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day
.jpg/440px-1982_Liberation_Memorial_in_Stanley_(5612271774).jpg)
Liberation Day commemorates the victory.[11] An unofficial but frequently used territorial motto is "Where America's Day Begins", which refers to the island's close proximity to the international date line.[12][13]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Magellan's travel to Guam
1.2 Spanish colonization and the
Manila
Manila galleons
1.3 Internal conflicts
1.4 Expulsion of the Jesuits
1.5 Post-Napoleonic era
1.6
Spanish–American War
Spanish–American War and World War II
1.7 Post-war
1.8
Vietnam War
Vietnam War and later
2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Demographics
4.1 Ethnic groups 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion
5 Culture
5.1 Sports
5.1.1 Pacific Games 5.1.2 Soccer 5.1.3 Basketball 5.1.4 Swimming 5.1.5 Rugby union 5.1.6 Mixed martial arts
6 Economy 7 Government and politics
7.1 Political status
8 Villages 9 Military bases 10 Transportation and communications 11 Ecology
11.1 Brown tree snake
11.2
Coconut
Coconut rhinoceros beetle
11.3 Other invasive animal species
11.4 Threats to indigenous plants
11.5 Wildfires
11.6 Aquatic preserves
12 Education
12.1 Colleges and universities 12.2 Primary and secondary schools 12.3 Public libraries
13 Health care 14 Film-making 15 See also 16 References 17 External links
History[edit] Main article: History of Guam
Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese navigator who discovered
Guam
Guam (March 6,
1521) while commanding the fleet that circumnavigated the globe.
The original inhabitants of
Guam
Guam and the Northern
Mariana Islands
Mariana Islands were
the Chamorro people, who are believed to be descendants of
Austronesian people
Austronesian people originating from Southeast Asia as early as 2000
BC.[14]:16
The ancient Chamorro society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs),
matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower
class).[14]:20–21 The matua were located in the coastal villages,
which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds, whereas the
mana'chang were located in the interior of the island. Matua and
mana'chang rarely communicated with each other, and matua often used
achaot as intermediaries. There were also "makåhna" (similar to
shamans), skilled in healing and medicine. Belief in spirits of
ancient
Chamorros
Chamorros called "Taotao mo'na" still persists as a remnant of
pre-European culture. Their society was organized along matrilineal
clans.[14]:21
Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana
Islands; they are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamorro
society. The latte-stone was used as a foundation on which thatched
huts were built.[14]:26 Latte stones consist of a base shaped from
limestone called the haligi and with a capstone, or tåsa, made either
from a large brain coral or limestone, placed on top.[14]:27–28 A
possible source for these stones, the Rota Latte Stone Quarry, was
discovered in 1925 on Rota.[14]:28
Magellan's travel to Guam[edit]
The first European to travel to
Guam
Guam was Portuguese navigator
Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the
island on March 6, 1521, during his fleet's circumnavigation of the
globe.[14]:41–42 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by
hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the
water, due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were
called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming
Guam
Guam Islas de las Velas
Latinas ("Islands of the Lateen sails").
Antonio Pigafetta
Antonio Pigafetta (one of
Magellan's original 18) said that the name was "Island of Sails", but
he also writes that the inhabitants "entered the ships and stole
whatever they could lay their hands on", including "the small boat
that was fastened to the poop of the flagship."[15]:129 "Those people
are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we
called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones ("Islands of
thieves")."[15]:131
Spanish colonization and the
Manila
Manila galleons[edit]
Despite Magellan's visit,
Guam
Guam was not officially claimed by Spain
until January 26, 1565, by General Miguel López de Legazpi.[14]:46
From 1565 to 1815,
Guam
Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, the only
Spanish outposts in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, were an
important resting stop for the
Manila
Manila galleons, a fleet that covered
the Pacific trade route between
Acapulco
Acapulco and Manila.[14]:51 To protect
these Pacific fleets,
Spain
Spain built several defensive structures that
still stand today, such as Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in
Umatac.
Guam
Guam is the biggest single segment of Micronesia, the largest
islands between the island of
Kyushu
Kyushu (Japan), New Guinea, the
Philippines, and the Hawaiian Islands.
Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668, with the arrival of
Diego Luis de San Vitores
Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod, who established the
first Catholic church.[14]:64 The islands were part of the Spanish
East Indies
East Indies governed from the Philippines, which were in turn part of
the
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Viceroyalty of New Spain based in
Mexico
Mexico City. Other reminders of
colonial times include the old Governor's Palace in Plaza de España
and the Spanish Bridge, both in Hagatña. Guam's Cathedral Dulce
Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the
Royal College of San Juan de Letran.[14]:68 Guam, along with the rest
of the Mariana and Caroline Islands, were treated as part of Spain's
colony in the Philippines. While the island's Chamorro culture has
indigenous roots, the cultures of both
Guam
Guam and the Northern Marianas
have many similarities with Spanish culture due to three centuries of
Spanish rule.[6]
Internal conflicts[edit]
Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670, until July 1695, plus
the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic
of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000,
finally to less than 5,000.[14]:86 Precipitated by the death of
Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and
Pedro Calungsod
Pedro Calungsod by
local rebel chief Matapang, tensions led to a number of conflicts.
Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to conquer the island,
which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish
forces.[14]:68–74
After his arrival in 1674, Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the
arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns.
Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as
Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan and
Ninca.[14]:74–75 Starting in June 1676, the first Spanish Governor
of Guam, Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar, controlled internal
affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions.
He also ordered the construction of schools, roads and other
infrastructure.[14]:75–76 Later, Capt. Jose de Quiroga arrived in
1680 and continued some of the development projects started by his
predecessors. He also continued the search for the rebels who had
assassinated Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the
rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to
the death of Matapang, Hurao and Aguarin.[14]:77–78 Quiroga brought
some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the
population to live in a few large villages.[14]:78–79 These included
Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat and Inarajan, where he built a number of
churches.[14]:79 By July 1695, Quiroga had completed the conquest of
Guam, Rota, Tinian and Aguigan.[14]:85
Expulsion of the Jesuits[edit]
On February 26, 1767,
Charles III of Spain
Charles III of Spain issued a decree
confiscating the property of the
Jesuits
Jesuits and banishing them from Spain
and her possessions.[14]:101 As a consequence, the Jesuit fathers on
Guam
Guam departed on November 2, 1769, on the schooner Nuestra Señora de
Guadalupe, abandoning their churches, rectories and
ranches.[14]:102–103
The arrival of Governor Don Mariano Tobias, on September 15, 1771,
brought agricultural reforms, including making land available to the
islanders for cultivation, encouraged the development of cattle
raising, imported deer and water buffalo from Manila, donkeys and
mules from Acapulco, established cotton mills and salt pans, free
public schools, and the first
Guam
Guam militia.[14]:107–109 Later, he
was transferred to
Manila
Manila in June 1774.[14]:113
Post-Napoleonic era[edit]
Following the Napoleonic Wars, many Spanish colonies in the Western
Hemisphere had become independent, shifting the economic dependence of
Guam
Guam from
Mexico
Mexico to the Philippines.[14]:144 Don Francisco Ramon de
Villalobos, who became governor in 1831, improved economic conditions
including the promotion of rice cultivation and the establishment of a
leper hospital.[14]:148–149
Otto von Kotzebue
Otto von Kotzebue visited the island in November 1817,[14]:127 and
Louis de Freycinet in March 1819.[14]:134
Jules Dumont d'Urville
Jules Dumont d'Urville made
two visits, the first in May 1828.[14]:139 The island became a rest
stop for whalers starting in 1823.[14]:145
A devastating typhoon struck the island on August 10, 1848, followed
by a severe earthquake on January 25, 1849, which resulted in many
refugees from the Caroline Islands, victims of the resultant
tsunami.[14]:151 After a smallpox epidemic killed 3,644 Guamanians in
1856, Carolinians and Japanese were permitted to settle in the
Marianas.[14]:157
Guam
Guam received nineteen Filipino prisoners after
their failed 1872 Cavite mutiny.[14]:160
Spanish–American War
Spanish–American War and World War II[edit]
U.S. Marines laying machine gun fire on a Japanese sniper nest during the liberation battle on Guam, (July 28, 1944)
After almost four centuries as part of the Kingdom of Spain, the
United States
United States occupied the island following Spain's defeat in the 1898
Spanish–American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Guam
was transferred to the
United States Navy
United States Navy control on December 23,
1898, by Executive Order 108-A from 25th President William McKinley.
Guam
Guam came to serve as a station for American merchant and warships
traveling to and from the
Philippines
Philippines (another American acquisition
from Spain) while the Northern
Mariana Islands
Mariana Islands were sold by
Spain
Spain to
Germany for part of its rapidly expanding German Empire, then
following the German defeat in
World War I
World War I (1914-1918) became a League
of Nations Mandate in 1919 with the nearby
Empire of Japan
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Japan_(1870–1999).svg.png)
Empire of Japan as the
mandatory ("trustee") as a member nation of the victorious Allies in
the "Great War".[6] A
U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899,
and a
United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps barracks at Sumay in 1901.[16]:13
Following the
Philippine–American War
Philippine–American War (also known as the Philippine
Insurrection, 1899-1902), rebel nationalist leaders Emilio Aguinaldo
and
Apolinario Mabini
Apolinario Mabini were exiled on
Guam
Guam in 1901 after their
capture.[17]:vi
A marine seaplane unit was stationed in
Guam
Guam from 1921 to 1930, the
first in the Pacific.[16]:13
Pan American World Airways
Pan American World Airways established a
seaplane base on the island for its trans-Pacific San
Francisco-Manila-Hong Kong route, and the Commercial Pacific Cable
Company had earlier built a telegraph/telephone station in 1903 for
its trans-oceanic communication line.[16]:15 During World War II
(1939-1945),
Guam
Guam was attacked and invaded by
Japan
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Japan(bordered).svg.png)
Japan on Monday,
December 8, 1941, shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor's American
Pacific fleet and naval/air bases in Hawaii, hours before. In
addition,
Japan
Japan made major military moves into Southeast Asia and the
East Indies
East Indies islands of the South Pacific Ocean against the British and
Dutch colonies, opening a new wider Pacific phase in the Second World
War. The Japanese renamed
Guam
Guam Ōmiya-jima (ja.: 大宮島) or Great
Shrine Island.
Battle of Guam, July 1944.
The Northern
Mariana Islands
Mariana Islands had become a
League of Nations
League of Nations mandate
assigned to
Japan
Japan in 1919, pursuant to the
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles of
1919.
Chamorros
Chamorros indigenous island people from the Northern Marianas
were brought to
Guam
Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities
for the occupying Japanese force. The
Guamanian
Guamanian
Chamorros
Chamorros were treated
as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military. After the war, this
would cause resentment between the
Guamanian
Guamanian
Chamorros
Chamorros and the
Chamorros
Chamorros of the Northern Marianas. Guam's
Chamorros
Chamorros believed their
northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them, whereas
having been administered by
Japan
Japan for over 30 years, the Northern
Mariana
Chamorros
Chamorros were loyal to the Japanese government.
The Japanese occupation of
Guam
Guam lasted for approximately thirty-one
months. During this period, the indigenous people of
Guam
Guam were
subjected to forced labor, family separation, incarceration,
execution, concentration camps and forced prostitution. Approximately
one thousand people died during the occupation, according to later
Congressional committee testimony in 2004. Some historians estimate
that war violence killed 10% of Guam's then 20,000 population.[18]
The
United States
United States returned and fought the Battle of
Guam
Guam from July 21
to August 10, 1944, to recapture the island from Japanese military
occupation. More than 18,000 Japanese were killed as only 485
surrendered. Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi, who surrendered in January 1972,
appears to have been the last confirmed
Japanese holdout
Japanese holdout for 28 years
in the forested back country on Guam.[19] The
United States
United States also
captured and occupied the nearby Northern
Marianas
Marianas Islands.
North Field was established in 1944, and was renamed for Brigadier
General
James Roy Andersen (1904–1945) of the old U.S. Army Air
Forces as Andersen Air Force Base.
Post-war[edit]
B-52 at Andersen Air Force Base, during
Operation Linebacker II
Operation Linebacker II in
Vietnam War, 1972
After World War II, the
Guam Organic Act of 1950
Guam Organic Act of 1950 established
Guam
Guam as
an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided
for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the
people U.S. citizenship. The
Governor of Guam
Governor of Guam was federally appointed
until 1968, when the
Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the
office's popular election.[20]:242 Since
Guam
Guam is not a U.S. state,
U.S. citizens residing on
Guam
Guam are not allowed to vote for president
and their congressional representative is a non-voting member.[6] They
do, however, get to vote for party delegates in presidential
primaries.[21]
Vietnam War
Vietnam War and later[edit]
See also:
Operation Arc Light
Operation Arc Light and Operation Rolling Thunder
Andersen Air Force Base
Andersen Air Force Base played a major role in the Vietnam War. The
host unit was later designated the 36th Wing (36 WG), assigned to the
Pacific Air Forces
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)
Thirteenth Air Force
Thirteenth Air Force (13AF). In September
2012, 13 AF was inactivated and its functions merged into PACAF. The
multinational
Cope North military exercise is an annual event.[22]
On August 6, 1997,
Guam
Guam was the site of the Korean Air Flight 801
aircraft accident. The Boeing 747–300 jetliner was preparing to land
when it crashed into a hill, killing 228 of the 254 people on board.
Since 1974, about 124 historic sites in
Guam
Guam have been recognized
under the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Guam
Guam temporarily
hosted 100,000 Vietnamese refugees in 1975, and 6,600 Kurdish refugees
in 1996.[16]:17
In August 2017,
North Korea
North Korea warned that it might launch mid-range
ballistic missiles into waters within 18 to 24 miles (29 to
39 km) of Guam, following an exchange of threats[23][24] between
the governments of
North Korea
North Korea and the United States.
Geography[edit]
Guam
Guam from satellite
Aerial view of Apra Harbor
Sunset on Guam
Main article: Geography of Guam
Guam
Guam lies between 13.2°N and 13.7°N and between 144.6°E and
145.0°E, and has an area of 212 square miles (549 km2), making
it the 32nd largest island of the United States. It is the
southernmost and largest island in the Mariana island chain and is
also the largest island in Micronesia. This island chain was created
by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates.
Guam
Guam is
the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, a deep subduction zone,
that lies beside the island chain to the east. Challenger Deep, the
deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, is southwest of
Guam
Guam at 35,797
feet (10,911 meters) deep. The highest point in
Guam
Guam is Mount Lamlam
at an elevation of 1,334 feet (407 meters).[25]
The island of
Guam
Guam is 30 miles (50 km) long and 4 to 12 miles (6
to 19 km) wide, three-fourths the size of Singapore. The island
experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western
edge of the
Pacific Plate
Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate. In recent
years, earthquakes with epicenters near
Guam
Guam have had magnitudes
ranging from 5.0 to 8.7. Unlike the
Anatahan
Anatahan volcano in the Northern
Mariana Islands,
Guam
Guam is not volcanically active. However, due to its
proximity to Anatahan, vog (i.e. volcanic smog) does occasionally
affect Guam.[26]
A coral table reef surrounds most of Guam, and the limestone plateau
provides the source for most of the island's fresh water. Steep
coastal cliffs dominate the north, while the southern end of the
island is mountainous, with lower hills in between.[1]
Climate[edit]
Guam
Guam experiences a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) – though
its driest month of March almost averages dry enough to qualify as a
tropical monsoon climate – moderated by seasonal easterly trade
winds. However, due to its proximity to the equator, high sea surface
temperature and warm ocean current that transports moisture from the
east, the weather is generally very warm and humid throughout the year
with little seasonal temperature variation. Hence,
Guam
Guam is known to
have equable temperatures year round. The mean high temperature is
86 °F or 30 °C and mean low is 76 °F
(24.4 °C). Temperatures rarely exceed 90 °F
(32.2 °C) or fall below 70 °F (21.1 °C). The
relative humidity commonly exceeds 84 percent at night throughout the
year, but the average monthly humidity hovers near 66 percent. The dry
season runs from December to June. The remaining months (July to
November) constitute the wet season with an average annual rainfall
between 1981 and 2010 of around 98 inches or 2,490 millimeters. The
months of January and February are considered the coolest months of
the year with overnight low temperatures of 70 to 75 °F (21.1 to
23.9 °C) and generally less oppressive humidity levels. The
highest temperature ever recorded in
Guam
Guam was 96 °F
(35.6 °C) on April 18, 1971, and April 1, 1990, and the lowest
temperature ever recorded was 65 °F (18.3 °C) on February
8, 1973.[27]
Guam
Guam is located in
Typhoon
Typhoon Alley[28] and it is common for the island
to be threatened by tropical storms and possible typhoons during the
wet season. The highest risk of typhoons is during August through
October. They can, however, occur year-round. The most intense typhoon
to pass over
Guam
Guam recently was Super
Typhoon
Typhoon Pongsona, with sustained
winds of 144 miles per hour (232 km/h), gusts to 173 miles per
hour (278 km/h), which slammed
Guam
Guam on December 8, 2002, leaving
massive destruction. The wettest month on record at
Guam
Guam Airport has
been August 1997 with 38.49 inches (977.6 mm) and the driest
February 2015 with 0.15 inches (3.8 mm). The wettest calendar
year has been 1976 with 131.70 inches (3,345.2 mm) and the driest
1998 with 57.88 inches (1,470.2 mm). The most rainfall in a
single day occurred on 15 October 1953 when 15.48 inches or 393.2
millimeters fell.
Since Super
Typhoon
Typhoon Pamela in 1976, wooden structures have been
largely replaced by concrete structures.[29][30] During the 1980s
wooden utility poles began to be replaced by typhoon-resistant
concrete and steel poles. After the local Government enforced stricter
construction codes, many home and business owners built their
structures out of reinforced concrete with installed typhoon shutters.
Climate data for
Guam
Guam (
Guam
Guam International Airport) (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 94 (34) 93 (34) 93 (34) 96 (36) 94 (34) 95 (35) 95 (35) 94 (34) 93 (34) 93 (34) 92 (33) 91 (33) 96 (36)
Average high °F (°C) 84.9 (29.4) 84.9 (29.4) 85.8 (29.9) 87.3 (30.7) 87.9 (31.1) 87.9 (31.1) 87.1 (30.6) 86.5 (30.3) 86.7 (30.4) 86.8 (30.4) 86.5 (30.3) 85.6 (29.8) 86.5 (30.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 80.2 (26.8) 79.9 (26.6) 80.7 (27.1) 81.9 (27.7) 82.6 (28.1) 82.6 (28.1) 81.9 (27.7) 81.4 (27.4) 81.4 (27.4) 81.7 (27.6) 81.8 (27.7) 81.2 (27.3) 81.4 (27.4)
Average low °F (°C) 75.5 (24.2) 75.0 (23.9) 75.6 (24.2) 76.5 (24.7) 77.2 (25.1) 77.4 (25.2) 76.6 (24.8) 76.3 (24.6) 76.2 (24.6) 76.5 (24.7) 77.2 (25.1) 76.8 (24.9) 76.4 (24.7)
Record low °F (°C) 66 (19) 65 (18) 66 (19) 68 (20) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 67 (19) 68 (20) 68 (20) 65 (18)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 4.96 (126) 4.53 (115.1) 2.77 (70.4) 3.58 (90.9) 4.30 (109.2) 7.09 (180.1) 12.14 (308.4) 17.15 (435.6) 14.17 (359.9) 11.80 (299.7) 9.17 (232.9) 5.98 (151.9) 97.64 (2,480.1)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 18.8 15.7 16.8 17.0 19.3 22.6 24.7 25.3 24.3 25.1 23.4 22.1 255.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.7 186.0 217.0 213.0 220.1 195.0 155.0 142.6 132.0 133.3 135.0 142.6 2,048.3
Source #1: NOAA (normals)[31]
Source #2:
Hong Kong Observatory
Hong Kong Observatory (sun only 1961–1990)[32]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census Pop.
%±
1910 11,806
—
1920 13,275
12.4%
1930 18,509
39.4%
1940 22,290
20.4%
1950 59,498
166.9%
1960 67,044
12.7%
1970 84,996
26.8%
1980 105,979
24.7%
1990 133,152
25.6%
2000 154,805
16.3%
2010 159,358
2.9%
Est. 2016 162,742
2.1%
Main article: Demographics of Guam See also: List of U.S. states and territories by population
Chamorro people
Ethnic groups[edit] Based on a 2010 estimate, the largest ethnic group are the native Chamorros, accounting for 37.3% of the total population. Other significant ethnic groups include those of Filipino (26.3%), White (7.1%), and Chuukese (7%) ethnicities. The rest are from other Pacific Islands or of Asian ancestry.[1] Language[edit] The official languages of the island are English and Chamorro. Religion[edit]
Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica
Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica in Hagåtña
According to the Pew Research Center, 2010:[2]
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic 75%
Protestants
Protestants 17.7%
Unaffiliated 1.7%
Other religions 1.6%
Folk religions 1.5%
Other Christians 1.4%
Buddhists
.jpeg/476px-Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg)
Buddhists 1.1%
Eastern Orthodox
Eastern Orthodox <1%
Hindu
Hindu <1%
Muslim
Muslim <1%
Jews
.jpg/440px-A_map_of_Canaan_(8343807206).jpg)
Jews <1%
Culture[edit]
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See also: Music of Guam
See also: Culture of Guam
Post-European-contact Chamorro
Guamanian
Guamanian culture is a combination of
American, Spanish, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican
traditions. Few indigenous pre-Hispanic customs remained following
Spanish contact. Hispanic influences are manifested in the local
language, music, dance, sea navigation, cuisine, fishing, games (such
as batu, chonka, estuleks, and bayogu), songs and fashion.
During Spanish colonial rule (1668–1898) the majority of the
population was converted to
Roman Catholicism
Roman Catholicism and religious
festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread.
Post-contact Chamorro cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes
tortillas, tamales, atole and chilaquiles, which are a clear influence
from Mesoamerica, principally Mexico, from Spanish trade with Asia.
The modern
Chamorro language
_(small_islands_magnified).svg/440px-Northern_Mariana_Islands_on_the_globe_(Southeast_Asia_centered)_(small_islands_magnified).svg.png)
Chamorro language has many historical parallels to modern
Philippine languages
Philippine languages in that it is an
Austronesian language
Austronesian language which has
absorbed much Spanish vocabulary. It is a Malayo-Polynesian language,
along with such languages as Tagalog, Indonesian, Hawaiian, and even
Maori. Despite being spoken in the mid Pacific Ocean, which is
geographically closer to speakers of the Polynesian Islands, Chamorro
is actually an outlier of the
Sunda–Sulawesi languages
Sunda–Sulawesi languages subgroup.
Chamorro is thus more closely related to, and a part of, the languages
of the Malay Archipelago, rather than its neighbours in Polynesia.
Among the languages of Malay Archipelago, Chamorro is most closely
related to the languages in the south of the chain of islands, within
Indonesia, rather than the languages of the north, in the Philippines,
with which it shares linguistic Spanish colonial influence.
Also like Filipinos, many
Chamorros
Chamorros have Spanish surnames although few
of the inhabitants are descended from the Spanish colonizers. Spanish
names and surnames were adopted after their conversion to Roman
Catholic Christianity in a phenomenon prompted by the imposition of
the
Catálogo alfabético de apellidos in
Guam
Guam and other territories
of the Spanish East Indies, most notably the Philippines.
Due to foreign cultural influence from Spain, most aspects of the
early indigenous culture have been lost, though there has been a
resurgence in preserving any remaining pre-Hispanic culture in the
last few decades. Some scholars have traveled throughout the Pacific
Islands conducting research to study what the original Chamorro
cultural practices such as dance, language, and canoe building may
have been like.
Puntan Dos Amantes ("Two Lovers Point"), a National Natural Landmark,[33] well known for its romantic associations
Two aspects of indigenous pre-Hispanic culture that withstood time are
chenchule' and inafa'maolek. Chenchule' is the intricate system of
reciprocity at the heart of Chamorro society. It is rooted in the core
value of inafa'maolek. Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote,
"In a Chamorro sense, the land and its produce belong to everyone.
Inafa'maolek, or interdependence, is the key, or central value, in
Chamorro culture ...
Inafa'maolek depends on a spirit of
cooperation and sharing. This is the armature, or core, that
everything in Chamorro culture revolves around. It is a powerful
concern for mutuality rather than individualism and private property
rights."
The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social
protocol centered upon respect: from sniffing over the hands of the
elders (called mangnginge in Chamorro), the passing down of legends,
chants, and courtship rituals, to a person asking for permission from
spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle
grounds. Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide'
canoe-making, making of the belembaotuyan (a string musical instrument
made from a gourd), fashioning of åcho' atupat slings and
slingstones, tool manufacture, Måtan Guma' burial rituals, and
preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu.
Master craftsmen and women specialize in weavings, including plaited
work (niyok- and åkgak-leaf baskets, mats, bags, hats, and food
containments), loom-woven material (kalachucha-hibiscus and banana
fiber skirts, belts and burial shrouds), and body ornamentation (bead
and shell necklaces, bracelets, earrings, belts and combs made from
tortoise shells and Spondylus).
The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern
Guam
Guam poses
challenges for
Chamorros
Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and
identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of
Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland
has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro
identity.[citation needed] While only a few masters exist to continue
traditional art forms, the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros
to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number
of young
Chamorros
Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the
Chamorro people.
Sports[edit]
Pacific Games[edit]
Guam
Guam hosted the
Pacific Games
Pacific Games in 1975 and 1999. At the 2007 Games,
Guam
Guam finished 7th of 22 countries and 14th at the 2011 Games.
Soccer[edit]
The
Guam national football team
Guam national football team was founded in 1975 and joined
FIFA
FIFA in
1996.
Guam
Guam was once considered one of FIFA's weakest teams, and
experienced their first victory over a FIFA-registered side in 2009,
when they defeated Mongolia in the East Asian Cup.
Guam
Guam entered the 2018
FIFA
FIFA World Cup qualification Group D. Guam
hosted qualifying games on the island for the first time in 2015.
During the qualifying round,
Guam
Guam clinched their first
FIFA
FIFA World Cup
Qualifying win by defeating Turkmenistan. Since then, the team has
experienced moderate success in the Qualifying Round with a record of
2–1–1.[34]
The national team plays at the
Guam
Guam National Football Stadium, which
has a capacity of 1,000. The men's national football team are known as
the "matao" team. Matao is the definition of highest level or "noble"
class; the matao team have done exceptionally well under the head
coach Gary White. As of 2016, the Matao is led by Darren Sawatzky, the
current head coach.
The top football division in
Guam
Guam is the
Guam
Guam Men's Soccer League.
Rovers FC and
Guam Shipyard are the league's most competitive and
successful clubs, both have won nine championships in the past years.
Basketball[edit]
The
Guam national basketball team
Guam national basketball team is traditionally one of the top
teams in the
Oceania
Oceania region behind
Australia
Australia and New Zealand.
As of 2015, it is the reigning champion of the Pacific Games
Basketball Tournament.
Guam
Guam is home to various basketball organizations, including the
GBA.[35]
Swimming[edit]
In the
2012 Summer Olympics
2012 Summer Olympics in London,
Pilar Shimizu competed for Guam
and placed 42nd in the breaststroke competition.
Rugby union[edit]
Guam
Guam is represented in rugby union by the
Guam
Guam national rugby union
team. The team has never qualified for a Rugby World Cup.
Guam
Guam played
their first match in 2005, an 8–8 draw with India. Guam's biggest
win was a 74–0 defeat of Brunei in June 2008.
Mixed martial arts[edit]
UFC fighter Jon Tuck, who boasts a professional record of 10 wins and
4 losses, three of those wins while with the UFC, fights out of Guam.
Economy[edit]
2009
Guam
Guam quarter
See also: Energy in Guam
Guam's economy depends primarily on tourism, Department of Defense
installations and locally owned businesses. Despite paying no income
or excise tax, it receives large transfer payments from the general
revenues of the U.S. federal treasury. Under the provisions of a
special law by Congress, it is Guam's treasury rather than the U.S.
treasury that receives the federal income taxes paid by local
taxpayers (including military and civilian federal employees assigned
to Guam).
Lying in the western Pacific,
Guam
Guam is a popular destination for
Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large
hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district,
indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows and other
shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight
from Asia or
Australia
Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven
public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year.
Although 75% of the tourists are Japanese,
Guam
Guam receives a sizable
number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and
Taiwan.[36] Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer
shopping outlets, and the American-style malls:
Micronesia
Micronesia Mall, Guam
Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest
Kmart.[37]
Terminal at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport. The airport hosts a hub of United Airlines, Guam's largest private-sector employer.
The economy had been stable since 2000 due to increased tourism. It is
expected to stabilize with the transfer of U.S. Marine Corps' 3rd
Marine Expeditionary Force, currently in Okinawa, Japan,
(approximately 8,000 Marines, along with their 10,000 dependents), to
Guam
Guam between 2010 and 2015. In 2003,
Guam
Guam had a 14% unemployment rate,
and the government suffered a $314 million shortfall.[38]
The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the
Federated States of Micronesia, the
Republic
Republic of the Marshall Islands
and the
Republic
Republic of
Palau
Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust
Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of "free
association" with the United States. The Compacts give citizens of
these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United
States (also its territories), and many were attracted to
Guam
Guam due to
its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the
years, it was claimed by some in
Guam
Guam that the territory has had to
bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance
programs and public education for those from the regions involved, and
the federal government should compensate the states and territories
affected by this type of migration.[citation needed] Over the years,
Congress had appropriated "Compact Impact" aids to Guam, the Northern
Mariana Islands
Mariana Islands and Hawaii, and eventually this appropriation was
written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim
the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of actual
compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[citation
needed]
As of 2008[update] Guam's largest single private sector employer, with
about 1,400 jobs, was Continental Micronesia, a subsidiary of
Continental Airlines;[39] it is now a part of United Airlines, a
subsidiary of Chicago-based United Continental Holdings, Inc.[40] As
of 2008[update] the Continental
Micronesia
Micronesia annual payroll in
Guam
Guam was
$90 million.[41]
Government and politics[edit]
See also: Politics of Guam, Voting in Guam, and Political party
strength in Guam
The
War in the Pacific National Historical Park
War in the Pacific National Historical Park at Asan
Guam
Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral
15-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Its
judiciary is overseen by the Supreme Court of Guam.
The
District Court of Guam
District Court of Guam is the court of
United States
United States federal
jurisdiction in the territory.
Guam
Guam elects one delegate to the United
States House of Representatives, currently Democrat Madeleine Z.
Bordallo. The delegate does not have a vote on the final passage of
legislation, but is accorded a vote in committee, and the privilege to
speak to the House. U.S. citizens in
Guam
Guam vote in a straw poll for
their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election, but since Guam
has no votes in the Electoral College, the poll has no real effect.
However, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic
national conventions,
Guam
Guam does have influence in the national
presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party
conventions.[6]
Political status[edit]
In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in
favor of this U.S. territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give
it a level of self-government similar to
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico and the Northern
Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version
of a commonwealth that the government of
Guam
Guam proposed, because its
clauses were incompatible with the
Territorial Clause
Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec.
3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S.
statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, or union with the
Northern
Mariana Islands
Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.[42]
In a 1982 plebiscite, voters indicated interest in seeking
commonwealth status.[citation needed] The island has been considering
another non-binding plebiscite on decolonization since 1998. Governor
Eddie Baza Calvo
Eddie Baza Calvo intended to include one during the island's November
2016 elections but it was delayed again.[43]
Eddie Baza Calvo, Governor of Guam
A Commission on Decolonization was established in 1997 to educate the
people of
Guam
Guam about the various political status options in its
relationship with the U.S.: statehood, free association and
independence. The group was dormant for some years. In 2013, the
Commission began seeking funding to start a public education campaign.
There were few subsequent developments until late 2016. In early
December 2016, the Commission scheduled a series of education sessions
in various villages about the current status of Guam's relationship
with the U.S. and the self-determination options that might be
considered.[43] The Commission's current Executive Director is Edward
Alvarez and there are ten members. The group is also expected to
release position papers on independence and statehood but the contents
have not yet been completed.[44]
The
United Nations
United Nations is in favor of greater self-determination for Guam
and other such territories. The UN's
Special
Special Committee on
Decolonization has agreed to endorse the Governor's education plan.
The commission's May 2016 report states: "With academics from the
University of Guam, [the Commission] was working to create and approve
educational materials. The Office of the Governor was collaborating
closely with the Commission" in developing educational materials for
the public.[45]
The
United States
United States
Department of the Interior had approved a $300,000
grant for decolonization education, Edward Alvarez told the United
Nations Pacific Regional Seminar in May 2016. "We are hopeful that
this might indicate a shift in [United States] policy to its
Non-Self-Governing Territories such as Guam, where they will be more
willing to engage in discussions about our future and offer true
support to help push us towards true self-governances and
self-determination."[46]
Villages[edit]
Hagåtña
Hagåtña as seen from Fort Santa Agueda
Main article: Villages of Guam
Guam
Guam is divided into nineteen municipalities called villages:
Agana Heights
Agat
Asan‑Maina
Barrigada
Chalan‑Pago‑Ordot
Dededo
Hagåtña
Hagåtña (capital)
Inarajan
Mangilao
Merizo
Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite
Piti
Santa Rita
Sinajana
Talofofo
Tamuning
Umatac
Yigo
Yona
Military bases[edit]
The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) enters
Apra Harbor
Apra Harbor for
a scheduled port visit.
Note:
Naval Air Station Agana
Naval Air Station Agana has been deactivated. [47]
The
U.S. military
U.S. military maintains jurisdiction over its bases, which cover
approximately 39,000 acres (16,000 ha), or 29% of the island's
total land area:
U.S. Naval Base Guam,
U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy – Sumay
U.S. Coast Guard Sector Guam, – Sumay
Andersen Air Force Base,
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Air Force – Yigo
Apra Harbor
Apra Harbor – Orote peninsula
Ordnance Annex,
U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy – South Central Highlands (formerly known
as Naval Magazine)
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station,
U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy – Barrigada
and Finegayan
Joint Force Headquarters-Guam,
Guam National Guard
Guam National Guard – Radio Barrigada
and Fort Juan Muna
In addition to on-shore military installations, Guam, along with the
rest of the Mariana Islands, is being prepared to be the westernmost
military training range for the U.S.
Guam
Guam is currently viewed as a key
military hub that will further allow
U.S. military
U.S. military power to be
projected via sea and sky.
The
U.S. military
U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth
on
Guam
Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to
Guam
Guam from Okinawa, Japan. Including the required construction workers,
this buildup would increase Guam's population by 45%. In a February
2010 letter, the
United States Environmental Protection Agency
United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply
criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems
and the impact on coral reefs.[48] By 2012, these plans had been cut
to have only a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island, two
thirds of whom would be there on a rotational basis without their
dependents.[49]
With the proposed increased military presence stemming from the
upcoming preparation efforts and relocation efforts of U.S. Marines
from Okinawa,
Japan
Japan to
Guam
Guam slated to begin in 2010 and last for the
next several years thereafter, the amount of total land that the
military will control or tenant may grow to or surpass 40% of the
entire landmass of Guam.
In January 2011, the Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act
for FY2011 indicated that recent significant events will delay the
deadline for realigning U.S. Marine Corps service members and their
families from
Okinawa
Okinawa to Guam. The transfer may be as late as 2020. In
addition, the Defense Authorization Act cut approximately $320 million
from the 2011 budget request.
Villagers and the military community are interconnected in many ways.
Many villagers serve in the military or are retired. Many active duty
personnel and Defense Department civilians also live in the villages
outside of the military installation areas. The military and village
communities have "adoption" programs where Guam's population and
military personnel stationed on
Guam
Guam perform community service
projects.
Transportation and communications[edit]
Main articles:
Communications in Guam and Transportation in Guam
Guam
Guam Highway 8 route marker
Most of the island has state-of-the-art mobile phone services and
high-speed internet widely available through either cable or DSL. Guam
was added to the
North American Numbering Plan
North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in 1997 (country
code 671 became NANP area code 671),[50] removing the barrier of
high-cost international long-distance calls to the U.S. mainland.
Guam
Guam is also a major hub for submarine cables between the Western
U.S., Hawaii,
Australia
Australia and Asia.
Guam
Guam currently serves twelve
submarine cables, with most continuing to China.
Cover carried both directions on the first commercial flights between
Guam
Guam and the United States, October 5–24, 1935.
In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done
for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued
shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever
since. Because
Guam
Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal
abbreviation: GU,
ZIP code
ZIP code range: 96910–96932), mail to
Guam
Guam from
the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are
required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL,
however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard
Guam
Guam as
domestic.
The speed of mail traveling between
Guam
Guam and the states varies
depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally
take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class
or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as
magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most
residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although
residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail
not from the Americas should be addressed to "Guam" instead of "USA"
to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and
possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia).
The Commercial Port of
Guam
Guam is the island's lifeline because most
products must be shipped into
Guam
Guam for consumers. It receives the
weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line
Matson, Inc.
Matson, Inc. whose
container ships connect
Guam
Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles,
California, Oakland,
California
California and Seattle, Washington. The port is
also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers
throughout the Micronesian region. The port is the shipping and
receiving point for containers designated for the island's U.S.
Department of Defense installations,
Andersen Air Force Base
Andersen Air Force Base and
Commander, Naval Forces
Marianas
Marianas and eventually the Third Marine
Expeditionary Force.
Guam
Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, which
is a hub for United Airlines. The island is outside the United States
customs zone so
Guam
Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its
own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction. Therefore, the
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries immigration (but not
customs) functions. Since
Guam
Guam is under federal immigration
jurisdiction, passengers arriving directly from the
United States
United States skip
immigration and proceed directly to
Guam
Guam Customs and Quarantine.
However, due to the
Guam
Guam and CNMI visa waiver program for certain
countries, an eligibility pre-clearance check is carried on
Guam
Guam for
flights to the States. For travel from the Northern
Mariana Islands
Mariana Islands to
Guam, a pre-flight passport and visa check is performed before
boarding the flight to Guam. On flights from
Guam
Guam to the Northern
Mariana Islands, no immigration check is performed. Traveling between
Guam
Guam and the States through a foreign point, however, does require a
passport.
Most residents travel within
Guam
Guam using personally owned vehicles. The
local government currently outsources the only public bus system (Guam
Regional Transit Authority), and some commercial companies operate
buses between tourist-frequented locations.
Ecology[edit]
Brown tree snake[edit]
Brown tree snake
Believed to be a stowaway on a
U.S. military
U.S. military transport near the end of
World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was
accidentally introduced to Guam, which previously had no native
species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The
problem was exacerbated because the snake has no natural predators on
the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is
native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea,
and the Solomon Islands. It is slightly venomous, but relatively
harmless to human beings; it is nocturnal. Although some studies have
suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely
see them. The
United States Department of Agriculture
United States Department of Agriculture has trained
detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The
United States Geological Survey
United States Geological Survey also has dogs that can detect snakes
in forested environments around the region's islands.[51][52]
Before the introduction of the brown tree snake,
Guam
Guam was home to
several endemic bird species. Among them were the
Guam rail
Guam rail (or ko'ko'
bird in Chamorro) and the
Guam
Guam flycatcher, both common throughout the
island. Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct and the
Guam rail
Guam rail is
extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic
and Wildlife Resources. The devastation caused by the snake has been
significant over the past several decades. As many as twelve bird
species are believed to have been driven to extinction.[53] According
to many elders, ko'ko' birds were common in
Guam
Guam before World War
II.[54]
Other bird species threatened by the brown tree snake include the
Mariana crow, the Mariana swiftlet, and the Micronesian starling,
though populations are present on other islands, including Rota.[53]
Guam
Guam is said to have many more insects and 40 times more spiders than
neighboring islands, because their natural predators birds are
severely diminished, and the forests are almost completely silent due
to lack of birdsong.[55][56]
[1] [2] Forest on
Guam
Guam swathed in spider webs.
Coconut
Coconut rhinoceros beetle[edit]
Coconut
Coconut rhinoceros beetle
An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes
rhinoceros, was detected on
Guam
Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not
known to occur in the
United States
United States except in American Samoa.
Delimiting surveys performed September 13–25, 2007, indicated that
the infestation was limited to
Tumon
.jpg/440px-Beach_of_Tumon_Bay,_Guam,_USA_(8532198983).jpg)
Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of
approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2).
Guam
Guam Department of Agriculture
(GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the
Tumon
Tumon area on
October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres
(10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m)
radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation.
CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the
Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa,
Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus
Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and
Reunion.
Other invasive animal species[edit]
Adult female carabao and calf
From the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries, the Spanish
introduced pigs, dogs, chickens, the
Philippine deer
Philippine deer (Rusa mariannus),
black francolins, and carabao (a subspecies of water buffalo), which
have cultural significance. Herds of carabao obstruct military base
operations and harm native ecosystems. After birth control and
adoption efforts were ineffective, the
U.S. military
U.S. military began culling the
herds in 2002 leading to organized protests from island residents.[57]
Other introduced species include cane toads imported in 1937, the
giant African snail (an agricultural pest introduced during World
War II by Japanese occupation troops) and more recently frog
species which could threaten crops in addition to providing additional
food for the brown tree snake population. Reports of loud chirping
frogs native to
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico and known as coquí, that may have arrived
from Hawaii, have led to fears that the noise could threaten Guam's
tourism.[58]
Guam
Guam has no native amphibian species, but now a total of eight
amphibian species has been established in Guam.
Litoria fallax
Litoria fallax (native
to the eastern coast of Australia) has been present in
Guam
Guam since
1968, and
Rhinella marina
Rhinella marina (the cane toad) was brought to the island in
1937. The other 6 amphibian species, namely
Hylarana guentheri
Hylarana guentheri (native
to mainland Asia),
Microhyla pulchra
Microhyla pulchra (native to mainland Asia),
Polypedates braueri
Polypedates braueri (endemic to Taiwan), Eleutherodactylus
planirostris (native to the Caribbean),
Fejervarya cancrivora
Fejervarya cancrivora (the
Guam
Guam variety being most closely related to F. cancrivora found in
Taiwan), and
Fejervarya limnocharis
Fejervarya limnocharis (native to Southeast Asia), have
been in
Guam
Guam since 2003.[59] Many species were likely inadvertently
introduced via shipping cargo, especially from Taiwan, mainland China,
and Southeast Asia.
Introduced feral pigs and deer, over-hunting, and habitat loss from
human development are also major factors in the decline and loss of
Guam's native plants and animals.
Threats to indigenous plants[edit]
Invading animal species are not the only threat to Guam's native
flora. Tinangaja, a virus affecting coconut palms, was first observed
on the island in 1917 when copra production was still a major part of
Guam's economy. Though coconut plantations no longer exist on the
island, the dead and infected trees that have resulted from the
epidemic are seen throughout the forests of Guam.[60]
During the past century, the dense forests of northern
Guam
Guam have been
largely replaced by thick tangan-tangan brush (Leucaena leucocephala).
Much of Guam's foliage was lost during World War II. In 1947, the U.S.
military is thought to have planted tangan-tangan by seeding the
island from the air to prevent erosion. Tangan-tangan was present on
the island before 1905.[61]
In southern Guam, non-native grass species dominate much of the
landscape. Although the colorful and impressive flame tree (Delonix
regia) is found throughout the Marianas, the tree on
Guam
Guam has been
largely decimated.
Wildfires[edit]
Guam's grassland
Wildfires plague the forested areas of
Guam
Guam every dry season despite
the island's humid climate. Most fires are caused by humans with 80%
resulting from arson.[62] Poachers often start fires to attract deer
to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of
their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas.
Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas
leading to greater soil erosion. During the rainy season, sediment is
carried by the heavy rains into the
Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum
River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded
silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil
stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting
trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.[63]
Aquatic preserves[edit]
Having previously experienced extensive dredging,
Tumon
Tumon Bay is now a
marine wildlife preserve.
Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from
pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to
decreased fish populations. (Since
Guam
Guam is a significant vacation spot
for scuba divers, this is important.) In recent years, the Department
of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has
established several new marine preserves where fish populations are
monitored by biologists.[64] Before adopting U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency standards, portions of
Tumon
Tumon Bay were dredged by the
hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests.[65][66]
Tumon
Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal
Guam
Guam National
Wildlife Refuge in northern
Guam
Guam protects the decimated sea turtle
population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.[67]
Harvest of sea turtle eggs was a common occurrence on
Guam
Guam before
World War II. The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was harvested
legally on
Guam
Guam before August 1978, when it was listed as threatened
under the Endangered Species Act. The hawksbill sea turtle
(Eretmochelys imbricata) has been on the endangered list since 1970.
In an effort to ensure protection of sea turtles on Guam, routine
sightings are counted during aerial surveys and nest sites are
recorded and monitored for hatchlings.
Whitespotted boxfish
Whitespotted boxfish (Ostracion meleagris)
Reef fish of Guam
Education[edit] Colleges and universities[edit]
The central campus at the University of Guam
The
University of Guam
University of Guam (UOG) and
Guam
Guam Community College, both fully
accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer
courses in higher education.[68] UOG is a member of the exclusive
group of only 76 land-grant institutions in the entire United States.
Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts
institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of
Christian Colleges and Schools. They offer courses at both the
undergraduate and graduate levels.
Primary and secondary schools[edit]
See also: List of schools in Guam
The
Guam Department of Education
Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In
2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools.
Guam
Guam Public
Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and
poor test scores.[69][70] Guam's educational system has always faced
unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles
(9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student
body including many students who come from backgrounds without
traditional American education.[71] An economic downturn in
Guam
Guam since
the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools.[72]
Before September 1997, the
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Department of Defense partnered with
Guam
Guam Board of Education.[73] In September 1997, the DoDEA opened its
own schools for children of military personnel.[74] DoDEA schools,
which also serve children of some federal civilian employees, had an
attendance of 2,500 in 2000. DoDEA
Guam
Guam operates three
elementary/middle schools and one high school.[75]
Public libraries[edit]
Guam Public Library System
Guam Public Library System Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library,
Hagåtña
Guam Public Library System
Guam Public Library System operates the Nieves M. Flores Memorial
Library in
Hagåtña
Hagåtña and five branch libraries.[76]
Health care[edit]
The Government of
Guam
Guam maintains the island's main health care
facility,
Guam
Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning.[77] U.S. board
certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. In
addition, the U.S. Naval Hospital in
Agana Heights
Agana Heights serves active-duty
members and dependents of the military community.[78] There is one
subscriber-based air ambulance located on the island, CareJet, which
provides emergency patient transportation across
Guam
Guam and surrounding
islands.[79] A private hospital, the
Guam
Guam Regional Medical City opened
its doors in early 2016.[80]
Film-making[edit]
Over the years, a number of films have been shot on Guam, including
Shiro's Head (directed by the Muna brothers) and the government-funded
Max Havoc: Curse of the Dragon (2004). Although set on Guam, No Man Is
an Island (1962) was not shot there, but in the
Republic
Republic of the
Philippines.
See also[edit]
History portal
New
Spain
Spain portal
Islands portal
Oceania
Oceania portal
Micronesia
Micronesia portal
United States
United States portal
Index of Guam-related articles
List of
National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Guam
List of people from Guam
Mariana Islands
Mariana Trench
Micronesia
Outline of Guam
Voting in Guam
51st State
Special
Special Committee on Decolonization
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Manila galleon
Spanish treasure fleet
Casa de Contratación
Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
Barcelona Trading Company
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
Military
Armies
Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Legión
Strategists
Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Bernardo de Gálvez
Sailors
Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo
Conquistadors
Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
Battles
Old World
Won
Bicocca Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas
Lost
Capo d'Orso Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual
New World
Won
Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island San Juan Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Pensacola
Lost
La Noche Triste
Tucapel
Chacabuco
Carabobo
Ayacucho
Guam
Santiago de Cuba
Manila
Manila Bay
Asomante
Spanish colonizations
Canary Islands Aztec Maya
Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén
El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Peru Chile
Other civil topics
Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire British and American slaves granted their freedom by Spain
Authority control
WorldCat Identities VIAF: 138321683 LCCN: n50000810 GND: 4094188-7 NDL: 00628452
Coordinates: 13°30′N 144°48′E / 13.500°N 144.800°E / 13.