Green Line Extension
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The Green Line Extension (GLX) was a construction project to extend the
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (abbreviated MBTA and known colloquially as "the T") is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. The MBTA transit network in ...
(MBTA) Green Line light rail system northwest into
Somerville Somerville may refer to: *Somerville College, Oxford, a constituent college of the University of Oxford Places *Somerville, Victoria, Australia * Somerville, Western Australia, a suburb of Kalgoorlie, Australia * Somerville, New Zealand, a subur ...
and Medford, two inner suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. The project opened in two phases in 2022 at a total cost of $2.28 billion. Total ridership on the extension is estimated to reach 45,000 one-way trips per day in 2030. The project begins at the north end of the
Lechmere Viaduct The Lechmere Viaduct is a concrete arch bridge connecting the West End neighborhood of Boston to East Cambridge, Massachusetts. Opened in 1912, the viaduct carries the MBTA's Green Line over the Charles River. It is adjacent to the Charles Ri ...
, where the former ground-level
Lechmere station Lechmere station is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line light rail station in Lechmere Square in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is located on the east side of Monsignor O'Brien Highway near First Street, adjacen ...
was replaced by an elevated station on an extended viaduct. The two branches split north of Lechmere, with the Union Square Branch following the
MBTA Commuter Rail The MBTA Commuter Rail system serves as the commuter rail arm of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's transportation coverage of Greater Boston in the United States. Trains run over of track to 141 different stations, with 58 statio ...
Fitchburg Line The Fitchburg Line is a branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail system which runs from Boston's North Station to Wachusett station in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The line is along the tracks of the former Fitchburg Railroad, which was built across norther ...
right of way to Union Square station in Somerville. The Medford Branch follows the
Lowell Line The Lowell Line is a railroad line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, running north from Boston to Lowell, Massachusetts. Originally built as the New Hampshire Main Line of the Boston & Lowell Railroad and later operated as part of the Boston & M ...
right-of-way to
Medford/Tufts station Medford/Tufts station is a light rail station on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line located off Boston Avenue near College Avenue in Medford, Massachusetts, adjacent to Tufts University. The accessible station h ...
with four intermediate stations. A new vehicle maintenance facility and storage yard is located in the
Inner Belt District The Inner Belt District is a industrial district located in the southeastern portion of Somerville, Massachusetts. Along with nearby Brickbottom, the Inner Belt is a historically industrial zone of Somerville, with factories, warehouses, distri ...
. The project includes a extension of the
Somerville Community Path The Somerville Community Path is a paved rail trail in Somerville, Massachusetts, running from Massachusetts Avenue to Lowell Street via Davis Square. Opened in segments between 1985 and 2015, it follows part of the former Fitchburg Cutoff rail ...
to
North Point North Point is a mixed-use urban area in the Eastern District, Hong Kong, Eastern District of Hong Kong. Located in the northeastern part of Hong Kong Island, the area is named after a cape between Tin Hau, Hong Kong, Causeway Bay and Tsat Ts ...
, which is expected to open in early 2023. An extension of service beyond Lechmere was considered as early as 1922, with the first formal proposal in 1926. Despite appearing in other regional plans throughout the 20th century, the state did not commit to the project until 1990. Planning began in 2006 with a projected completion date of 2014; this was delayed to 2015, then to 2018. A groundbreaking was held in 2012, with several early construction elements over the next two years. The federal government committed $996 million of the $2.2 billion cost in 2014. In 2015, with projected costs increased to $3.3 billion, the project was placed on hold. A revised plan, with more modest stations and other
value engineering Value engineering (VE) is a systematic analysis of the functions of various components and materials to lower the cost of goods, products and services with a tolerable loss of performance or functionality. Value, as defined, ...
, was submitted in 2016 and approved in 2017. The main $1.08 billion design-build contract was issued in November 2017, with several optional items like platform canopies and a larger vehicle maintenance facility included. Construction began in 2018, with the old Lechmere station closed in May 2020. The new Lechmere station and Union Square Branch opened on March 21, 2022, while the Medford Branch opened on December 12, 2022.


Route and design

The GLX is primarily located in
Somerville Somerville may refer to: *Somerville College, Oxford, a constituent college of the University of Oxford Places *Somerville, Victoria, Australia * Somerville, Western Australia, a suburb of Kalgoorlie, Australia * Somerville, New Zealand, a subur ...
, northwest of downtown Boston, with its northernmost portion in Medford and its southernmost portion in the
East Cambridge East Cambridge is a neighborhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Referred to in modern times as Area 1, East Cambridge is bounded by the Charles River and the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston on the east, the Somerville border on the north, Bro ...
section of
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
. The GLX begins at the north end of the
Lechmere Viaduct The Lechmere Viaduct is a concrete arch bridge connecting the West End neighborhood of Boston to East Cambridge, Massachusetts. Opened in 1912, the viaduct carries the MBTA's Green Line over the Charles River. It is adjacent to the Charles Ri ...
in East Cambridge, where a short elevated section formerly led to the surface-level
Lechmere station Lechmere station is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line light rail station in Lechmere Square in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is located on the east side of Monsignor O'Brien Highway near First Street, adjacen ...
at
Lechmere Square Lechmere Square ( ) is located at the intersection of Cambridge Street and First Street in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was originally named for the Colonial-era landowner Richard Lechmere, a Loyalist who returned to England at the beginnin ...
. The new elevated GLX viaduct continues northwest for about , paralleling the
O'Brien Highway Route 28 is a nominally south–north state highway in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, running from the town of Eastham via Boston to the New Hampshire state line in Methuen. Following the route from its nominally southern end, Route 28 ...
. A new elevated Lechmere station is located on the viaduct on the east side of Lechmere Square. Two branches split at an aerial flying junction on the Red Bridge viaduct in the Inner Belt area: * The Medford Branch continues northwest to , with intermediate stations at , , , and . It runs in a below-grade
cut Cut may refer to: Common uses * The act of cutting, the separation of an object into two through acutely-directed force ** A type of wound ** Cut (archaeology), a hole dug in the past ** Cut (clothing), the style or shape of a garment ** Cut (ea ...
along with the two-track
Lowell Line The Lowell Line is a railroad line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, running north from Boston to Lowell, Massachusetts. Originally built as the New Hampshire Main Line of the Boston & Lowell Railroad and later operated as part of the Boston & M ...
and will be operated as part of the E branch. An extension of the
Somerville Community Path The Somerville Community Path is a paved rail trail in Somerville, Massachusetts, running from Massachusetts Avenue to Lowell Street via Davis Square. Opened in segments between 1985 and 2015, it follows part of the former Fitchburg Cutoff rail ...
runs along the west side of the Medford Branch south of Lowell Street, with a high bridge carrying it above the Red Bridge viaduct to a new terminus in the Northpoint development. An additional extension from Medford/Tufts to is proposed, but it is not being constructed as part of the main GLX. * The Union Square Branch continues west to , with no intermediate stations. It runs at grade next to the two-track
Fitchburg Line The Fitchburg Line is a branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail system which runs from Boston's North Station to Wachusett station in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The line is along the tracks of the former Fitchburg Railroad, which was built across norther ...
and will be operated as part of the D branch. The Vehicle Maintenance Facility (VMF) is located in the Inner Belt area adjacent to the
MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility The MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility (signed as, and often known by, its former name of Boston Engine Terminal) is the primary train maintenance repair facility for the MBTA Commuter Rail system. It is located in the Inner Belt area of S ...
. It includes a four-track shop building, ten storage tracks with capacity for about 43 light rail vehicles (LRVs), a loop track, and a building for operator reporting and breaks. Yard leads connect the VMF to both branches near the Red Bridge flyover. The GLX is fully
grade separated In civil engineering (more specifically highway engineering), grade separation is a method of aligning a junction of two or more surface transport axes at different heights (grades) so that they will not disrupt the traffic flow on other tra ...
, with no road
grade crossings A level crossing is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road, path, or (in rare situations) airport runway, at the same level, as opposed to the railway line crossing over or under using an overpass or tunnel. The term also ...
, though there are level crossings for passengers at East Somerville and Ball Square stations. Construction of the project included the replacement or modification of three rail bridges and seven road bridges. Maximum speed on the extension is , except for limits for the Union Square Branch at Red Bridge. As with the existing Green Line subway and D branch, the GLX has
automatic block signaling Automatic block signaling (ABS), spelled automatic block signalling or called track circuit block (TCB ) in the UK, is a railroad communications system that consists of a series of signals that divide a railway line into a series of sections, ...
with color light signals. The signal system is designed for 5-minute
headway Headway is the distance or duration between vehicles in a transit system measured in space or time. The ''minimum headway'' is the shortest such distance or time achievable by a system without a reduction in the speed of vehicles. The precise defi ...
s on each branch, with 2-minute headways through Lechmere.


Stations

The seven GLX stations are
accessible Accessibility is the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments so as to be usable by people with disabilities. The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible development ensures both "direct access" (i.e ...
; all have elevators between street level and platform level except East Somerville, which has a ramp from street level. The stations have fare vending machines, but not faregates. Most of the stations have
island platforms An island platform (also center platform, centre platform) is a station layout arrangement where a single platform is positioned between two tracks within a railway station, tram stop or transitway interchange. Island platforms are popular on ...
wide and long – enough to fit three current LRVs or two future Type 10 LRVswith provision to extend them to in the future. The platform at Lechmere is wide and long – enough to fit two current two-car trains – as it would be difficult to later extend the elevated platform. The platforms are high for accessible boarding on current LRVs, and can be raised to for future level boarding with Type 9 and Type 10 LRVs. Stations will have validators on the fare vending machines, with
proof of payment Proof-of-payment (POP) or proof-of-fare (POF) is an honor system, honor-based fare collection system used on many public transportation systems. Instead of checking each passenger as they enter a fare control zone, passengers are required to carr ...
enforcement in effect. When the station designs were simplified in 2016–17, faregates were removed from the plans. The MBTA expected AFC 2.0 (the
Charliecard The CharlieCard is a contactless smart card used for fare payment for transportation in the Boston area. It is the primary payment method for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) and several regional public transport systems in ...
replacement system) to be fully in place by the time the GLX opened, with passengers able to board and tap their farecards at any door on trains. However, delays to the AFC 2.0 system means the GLX opened prior to all-door boarding being implemented.


Prior proposals


Early transit services

The
Boston and Lowell Railroad The Boston and Lowell Railroad was a railroad that operated in Massachusetts in the United States. It was one of the first railroads in North America and the first major one in the state. The line later operated as part of the Boston and Maine R ...
(B&L) opened through South Medford, Somerville, and East Cambridge in 1835. Local stops were gradually added, beginning with Milk Row in Somerville later that year. The
Charlestown Branch Railroad The Fitchburg Railroad is a former railroad company, which built a railroad line across northern Massachusetts, United States, leading to and through the Hoosac Tunnel. The Fitchburg was leased to the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1900. The main li ...
opened through Somerville and Charlestown in 1842; it was soon extended as the
Fitchburg Railroad The Fitchburg Railroad is a former railroad company, which built a railroad line across northern Massachusetts, United States, leading to and through the Hoosac Tunnel. The Fitchburg was leased to the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1900. The main li ...
. In 1870, the B&L built a cutoff from to
Somerville Junction Magoun Square station is a light rail station on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line located at Lowell Street south of Magoun Square in Somerville, Massachusetts. The accessible station has a single island platform ...
, which allowed
Lexington Branch Lexington may refer to: Places England * Laxton, Nottinghamshire, formerly Lexington Canada * Lexington, a district in Waterloo, Ontario United States * Lexington, Kentucky, the largest city with this name * Lexington, Massachusetts, the oldes ...
trains to enter Boston on the B&L. The
Massachusetts Central Railroad The Massachusetts Central Railroad is a short line railroad in western Massachusetts, United States. It was established in 1975 to provide railroad transportation services on portions of the Boston & Maine Wheelwright Branch in and around their ...
began service in 1881; it used most of the 1870-built cutoff to reach Boston. It was leased in 1886 by the B&L, which was in turn leased by the
Boston and Maine Railroad The Boston and Maine Railroad was a U.S. Class I railroad in northern New England. Originally chartered in 1835, it became part of what was the Pan Am Railways network in 1983 (most of which was purchased by CSX in 2022). At the end of 1970, B ...
(B&M) in 1887 as its Southern Division. The Fitchburg was leased by the B&M in 1900 as the Fitchburg Division. By the early 20th century, the Southern Division had stations at Medford Hillside and
Tufts College Tufts University is a private research university on the border of Medford and Somerville, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1852 as Tufts College by Christian universalists who sought to provide a nonsectarian institution of higher learning. ...
in South Medford; North Somerville, Somerville Junction, Winter Hill, and Prospect Hill in Somerville; and
East Cambridge East Cambridge is a neighborhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Referred to in modern times as Area 1, East Cambridge is bounded by the Charles River and the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston on the east, the Somerville border on the north, Bro ...
. Stations were located on the Lexington Branch at North Cambridge, West Somerville, and Somerville Highlands. The Fitchburg Division had stations at
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
,
Somerville Somerville may refer to: *Somerville College, Oxford, a constituent college of the University of Oxford Places *Somerville, Victoria, Australia * Somerville, Western Australia, a suburb of Kalgoorlie, Australia * Somerville, New Zealand, a subur ...
, and
Union Square Union commonly refers to: * Trade union, an organization of workers * Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets Union may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Union (band), an American rock group ** ''Un ...
.
Horsecar A horsecar, horse-drawn tram, horse-drawn streetcar (U.S.), or horse-drawn railway (historical), is an animal-powered (usually horse) tram or streetcar. Summary The horse-drawn tram (horsecar) was an early form of public rail transport, wh ...
service by the
Cambridge Railroad The Cambridge Railroad (also known as the Cambridge Horse Railroad) was the first street railway in the Boston, Massachusetts area, linking Harvard Square in Cambridge to Cambridge Street and Grove Street in Boston's West End, via Massachusett ...
in Somerville began in 1858 with lines from
Union Square Union commonly refers to: * Trade union, an organization of workers * Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets Union may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Union (band), an American rock group ** ''Un ...
to
Sullivan Square Sullivan Square is a traffic circle located at the north end of the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is named after James Sullivan, an early 19th-century Governor of Massachusetts. Sullivan Square station on the MBTA Orange ...
and to Elm Street (now
Davis Square Davis Square is a major intersection in the northwestern section of Somerville, Massachusetts where several streets meet: Holland Street, Dover Street, Day Street, Elm Street, Highland Avenue, and College Avenue. The name is often used to refer ...
) via Somerville Avenue. The Cambridge Railroad was granted permission in 1860 to run tracks over the Craigie Bridge from East Cambridge to Boston, joining with its existing line on Cambridge Street from
Harvard Square Harvard Square is a triangular plaza at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street and John F. Kennedy Street near the center of Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The term "Harvard Square" is also used to delineate the busin ...
, though service did not begin until around 1862. The Somerville Avenue line was extended from Union Square to Boston in 1864, joining the existing line at
Lechmere Square Lechmere Square ( ) is located at the intersection of Cambridge Street and First Street in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was originally named for the Colonial-era landowner Richard Lechmere, a Loyalist who returned to England at the beginnin ...
in East Cambridge. The Cambridge Street line was converted to electric streetcar service by Cambridge Railroad successor
West End Street Railway The West End Street Railway was a streetcar company that operated in Boston, Massachusetts and several surrounding communities in the late nineteenth century. Originally an offshoot of a land development venture, the West End rose to prominence ...
in 1891; the Somerville Avenue line and an 1888-built line to Davis Square via Highland Avenue were electrified and extended to Clarendon Hill in 1893–1895. The West End was leased to the
Boston Elevated Railway The Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) was a streetcar and rapid transit railroad operated on, above, and below, the streets of Boston, Massachusetts and surrounding communities. Founded in 1894, it eventually acquired the West End Street Railwa ...
(BERy) in 1897. The three streetcar lines running through Lechmere Square began running into the
Tremont Street subway The Tremont Street subway in Boston's MBTA subway system is the oldest subway tunnel in North America and the third oldest still in use worldwide to exclusively use electric traction (after the City and South London Railway in 1890, and the Bud ...
upon its September 3, 1898, opening. Slow and unreliable service on the surface streetcar lines resulted in congestion in the subway. The
Lechmere Viaduct The Lechmere Viaduct is a concrete arch bridge connecting the West End neighborhood of Boston to East Cambridge, Massachusetts. Opened in 1912, the viaduct carries the MBTA's Green Line over the Charles River. It is adjacent to the Charles Ri ...
and Causeway Street elevated opened on July 1, 1912, creating a grade-separated route from Lechmere Square to the subway and bypassing the Cragie Bridge. However, the surface lines through Somerville continued to be unreliable, and multiple-car trains were needed to increase subway capacity. On July 10, 1922, the BERy opened
Lechmere station Lechmere station is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line light rail station in Lechmere Square in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is located on the east side of Monsignor O'Brien Highway near First Street, adjacen ...
as a transfer point. Passengers on the Harvard Square and Clarendon Hill surface lines transferred to two-and-three-car subway trains, bringing
rapid transit Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail or metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. A rapid transit system that primarily or traditionally runs below the surface may be c ...
-style service to Lechmere.


Early proposals

In 1907, the BERy proposed a branch of the
Charlestown Elevated The Charlestown Elevated was a segment of the MBTA Orange Line rapid transit line that ran from the Canal Street Incline in downtown Boston, Massachusetts through Charlestown to a terminal in Everett, Massachusetts. It opened in June 1901 and ...
following Mystic Avenue from Sullivan Square to Medford Square. In 1922, with the downtown subway network and several radial lines in service, the BERy indicated plans to build three additional radial subways: one paralleling the Midland Branch through Dorchester, a second branching from the Boylston Street subway to run under
Huntington Avenue Huntington Avenue is a secondary thoroughfare in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, beginning at Copley Square, and continuing west through the Back Bay, Fenway, Longwood, and Mission Hill neighborhoods. Huntington Avenue is signed as Route 9 ...
, and a third extending from Lechmere Square northwest through Somerville. (The Dorchester line was eventually built as an extension of the Cambridge–Dorchester Tunnel later that decade, while a shorter
Huntington Avenue subway The E branch (also referred to as the Huntington Avenue branch, or formerly as the Arborway Line) is a light rail line in Boston, Cambridge, Medford, and Somerville, Massachusetts, operating as part of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Auth ...
opened in 1941.) The ''Report on Improved Transportation Facilities'', published by the Boston Division of Metropolitan Planning in 1926, was the first comprehensive transit plan for the Boston area since the 1890s. The core recommendation of the report was a conversion of the Tremont Street subway to
Maverick Square Maverick Square is a section of the neighborhood of East Boston in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is East Boston's oldest commercial center. At the heart of the square is Maverick Station, which is part of the Blue Line of the MBTA. In ...
Warren Street, Brighton and Lechmere Square– Brigham Circle, Roxbury rapid transit routes. Several suburban rapid transit extensions were proposed as secondary priorities; one would run in a dedicated median in the Northern Artery from Lechmere to Winter Hill, alongside the B&M Southern Division tracks to Somerville Junction, then follow the cutoff (by then called the Fitchburg Cutoff) to North Cambridge. Several branches of that line were listed as possible extensions: North Cambridge to via the Lexington Branch, North Cambridge to via the Fitchburg mainline, and Somerville Junction to via the Southern Division and
Woburn Branch The Woburn Branch Railroad (known as the Woburn Loop) was a branch line of the Boston and Lowell Railroad ("B&L") and later of the MBTA Commuter Rail system that connected the Lowell Line with the city square in Woburn, Massachusetts. History Wh ...
. Variations on this plan were proposed several times during the 1930s. A 1935 proposal by a citizen's group called for a subway extension from or surfacing in the North Station rail yards, then following the Southern Division and the Fitchburg Cutoff to
Alewife Brook Parkway Alewife Brook Parkway is a short parkway in Cambridge and Somerville, Massachusetts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It begins at Fresh Pond in Cambridge (linking to Fresh Pond Parkway via Concord Avenue), and heads nor ...
in North Cambridge. "High-speed trolley connections" would run to Arlington Heights and Belmont. A new expressway would have taken over the Causeway Street elevated and Lechmere Viaduct, then largely paralleled the new transit line to connect with the existing
Mohawk Trail The Mohawk Trail began as a Native American trade route which connected Atlantic tribes with tribes in Upstate New York and beyond. It followed the Millers River, Deerfield River and crossed the Hoosac Range, in the area that is now northwestern ...
expressway at Alewife Brook Parkway. A 1938 proposal by Somerville mayor John M. Lynch called for an extension of the
East Boston Tunnel The Blue Line is a rapid transit line in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, one of four rapid transit lines operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). It runs from Bowdoin station in downtown Boston under Boston Harbo ...
from Bowdoin to the Lechmere Viaduct, a subway from Lechmere to Washington Street, and use of the Southern Division, Fitchburg Cutoff, and Lexington Branch to reach Arlington Center. A 1939 state resolve directed the Metropolitan District Commission to study that proposal. Transit service in Somerville declined during this period due to the Great Depression and competition from autos, many using the 1927-completed Northern Artery. East Cambridge, Prospect Hill, and the three Fitchburg Cutoff stations closed in 1927. Winter Hill closed in the 1930s, Union Square and Somerville in 1938, and Somerville Junction in the 1940s. The Harvard Square–Lechmere route (now route ) was converted to
trackless trolley A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tramin the 1910s and 1920sJoyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). ''British Trolleybus Systems'', pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing. .or troll ...
in 1936. By 1940, six streetcar routes remained in Somerville: route Clarendon Hill–Lechmere via Somerville Avenue, route , Clarendon Hill–Lechmere via Highland Avenue, routes Clarendon Hill–Sullivan Square and Salem Street–Sullivan Square on Broadway, and two routes on the
Fellsway The Fells Connector Parkways are a group of historic parkways in the cities of Malden and Medford, Massachusetts, suburbs north of the city of Boston. The three parkways, The Fellsway, Fellsway West, and Fellsway East serve to provide access fr ...
running through East Somerville. Routes 87 and 88 were converted to trackless trolley in 1941; following heavy wartime ridership, routes 89 and 101 were converted in 1947. Service on the Fellsway, which included
Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway The Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway (Eastern Mass) was a streetcar and later bus company in eastern Massachusetts, serving northern and southern suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. Its precursor company was the Bay State Street Railway, which ...
service to Stoneham until 1946, lasted until 1955. In 1943, the state legislature appointed a commission headed by Arthur W. Coolidge to plan for the future of transit in the Boston region. In 1945, a preliminary report from the Coolidge Commission recommended nine suburban rapid transit extensions – most similar to the 1926 plan – along existing railroad lines. The proposed extension from Lechmere to Woburn followed the same alignment as the 1926 plan, albeit using an extended elevated structure rather than a subway north of Lechmere. A short subway segment was to be built to avoid the grade crossings at . Annual ridership on the extension was estimated to be 11.8 million based on B&M and BERy ridership. The 1947 final report modified some routes; the Woburn route was to be extended an additional to North Woburn. Cost was estimated at $3.627 million in 1941 dollars (equivalent to $ million in ). The Coolidge Commission also laid the groundwork for the 1947 transition of the BERy to public ownership as the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA). In 1958, the B&M ended service to Medford Hillside, Tufts College, and North Somerville – the last three local stops south of – due to declining ridership. Route 101 was converted from trackless trolley to diesel bus in 1959; routes 69, (not a former streetcar line), 87, 88, and 89 were all converted in 1963, leaving buses as the only remaining transit in Somerville and South Medford. The 1962 ''North Terminal Area Study'', claiming that the 1959 Highland branch conversion showed that
PCC streetcar The PCC (Presidents' Conference Committee) is a streetcar (tram) design that was first built in the United States in the 1930s. The design proved successful in its native country, and after World War II it was licensed for use elsewhere in the ...
s were inadequate for suburban rapid transit service, recommended that the elevated Lechmere–North Station segment be abandoned. The Main Line (now the Orange Line) was to be relocated along the B&M Western Route; it would have a branch to Woburn or Arlington via the Southern Division.


MBTA era

The
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (abbreviated MBTA and known colloquially as "the T") is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. The MBTA transit network in ...
(MBTA) was formed in 1964 as an expansion of the MTA to subsidize suburban commuter rail service, as well as to construct rapid transit extensions to replace some commuter rail lines. In 1965, as part of systemwide rebranding, the Tremont Street subway and its connecting lines became the Green Line. The 1966 ''Program for Mass Transportation'', the MBTA's first long-range plan, listed an approximately extension from Lechmere to Washington Street as an immediate priority. New Hampshire Division (Southern Division) passenger service would be cut back from
North Station North Station is a commuter rail and intercity rail terminal station in Boston, Massachusetts. It is served by four MBTA Commuter Rail lines – the Fitchburg Line, Haverhill Line, Lowell Line, and Newburyport/Rockport Line – and the Amtrak ...
to a new terminal at Washington Street. A second phase of the project would extend Green Line service from Washington Street to
Mystic Valley Parkway Mystic Valley Parkway is a parkway in Arlington, Medford, Somerville, and Winchester, Massachusetts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and forms part of Route 16. Route description The parkway runs roughly north–sou ...
(Route 16) or West Medford. The 1972 final report of the
Boston Transportation Planning Review Boston Transportation Planning Review (BTPR), published in 1972, was a transportation planning program for metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, which was responsible for analyzing and redesigning the entire area-wide transit and highway system in ...
listed a Green Line extension from Lechmere to as a lower priority. The cost of the extension was estimated as $26 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Extension past Lechmere was listed as low priority in a 1974 plan due to the addition of
Davis station The Davis Station, commonly called Davis, is one of three permanent bases and research outposts in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). Davis is situated on the coast of Cooperation Sea in Princess Elizabeth Land, In ...
to the planned
Red Line Northwest Extension The Red Line is a rapid transit line operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) as part of the MBTA subway system. The line runs south and east underground from Alewife station in North Cambridge, Massachusetts, North Cambr ...
. (Davis opened in 1984 as the first
MBTA subway The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operates rapid transit (heavy rail), light rail, and bus rapid transit services in the Boston metropolitan area, collectively referred to as the rapid transit, subway, or the T system. The c ...
station in Somerville.) An extension to
Tufts University Tufts University is a private research university on the border of Medford and Somerville, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1852 as Tufts College by Christian universalists who sought to provide a nonsectarian institution of higher learning. ...
was listed as a proposal in the 1978 and 1983 updates to the Program for Mass Transportation. In 1980, the MBTA began a study of the "Green Line Northwest Corridor" (from to Medford) with three area of focus: replacement of the Causeway Street elevated, replacement of Lechmere station, and extension beyond Lechmere. An evaluation report for the extension was published in 1981 and updated in 1984. Alternatives recommended for further evaluation included a Green Line extension to Tufts, a Green Line extension to , and a busway to Tufts and Davis. Later in the 1980s, the MBTA made plans to relocate Lechmere station as a precursor to an extension. A new elevated station would be located on the east side of the O'Brien Highway, with a new vehicle storage yard and maintenance facility to the north. The project was not pursued due to lack of available funding.


Green Line Extension planning


Early planning

In 1991, the state agreed to build a set of transit projects as part of the settlement of a lawsuit by the
Conservation Law Foundation Conservation Law Foundation (CLF) is an environmental advocacy organization based in New England. Since 1966, CLF's mission has been to advocate for New England's environment and its communities. CLF's advocacy work takes place across five integr ...
(CLF) over auto emissions from the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (
Big Dig The Central Artery/Tunnel Project (CA/T Project), commonly known as the Big Dig, was a megaproject in Boston that rerouted the Central Artery of Interstate 93 (I-93), the chief highway through the heart of the city, into the 1.5-mile (2.4& ...
). Among these projects was a "Green Line Extension To Ball Square/Tufts University", to be complete by the end of 2011. While many of the projects were completed over the next 14 years, including the
Old Colony Lines The Old Colony Lines are a pair of branches of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, connecting downtown Boston, Massachusetts with the South Shore and cranberry-farming country to the south and southeast. The two branches operate concurrently for via ...
restoration and the South Boston Piers Transitway, the Green Line Extension was not advanced into planning. The 2003 ''Program for Mass Transportation'' considered both Green Line and Blue Line extensions to West Medford, including possible alignments through Union Square. Both modes were rated medium priority; the Blue Line version was twice as expensive due to the need to tunnel under the Charles River. In March 2005, with the extension not in the MBTA's five-year plan, the city of Somerville and the CLF filed a lawsuit against the state for breaching the 1991 agreement. In May 2005, the state announced an updated agreement, which revised the set of committed projects. Improvements to the
Fairmount Line The Fairmount Line or Dorchester Branch is a line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Except for a short portion in Milton, it lies entirely within Boston, running southwest from South Station through the neighborh ...
and increased
Framingham/Worcester Line The Framingham/Worcester Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system runs west from Boston, Massachusetts to Worcester, Massachusetts through the MetroWest region, serving 17 station stops in Boston, Newton, Wellesley, Natick, Framingham, Ashlan ...
service were added; the Red-Blue Connector and Arborway service restoration were removed. The Green Line Extension was changed to include a branch to Union Square, with the main branch running to Medford Hillside. The project was estimated to cost $559 million (equivalent to $ million in ). While the city of Medford was supportive of an extension as far as Medford Hillside, a potential further terminus at West Medford had less local support. The ''Beyond Lechmere Northwest Corridor Study'', a
Major Investment Study Major (commandant in certain jurisdictions) is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated and in conjunction with no other indicators ...
/
alternatives analysis Alternatives assessment or alternatives analysis is a problem-solving approach used in environmental design, technology, and policy. It aims to minimize environmental harm by comparing multiple potential solutions in the context of a specific proble ...
, was published in 2005. The analysis studied a variety of Green Line extensions (including a West Medford branch, a Union Square branch, both branches, and an extension to West Medford via Union Square and a tunnel under Prospect Hill),
bus rapid transit Bus rapid transit (BRT), also called a busway or transitway, is a bus-based public transport system designed to have much more capacity, reliability and other quality features than a conventional bus system. Typically, a BRT system includes ...
(BRT) to West Medford and/or Union Square, commuter rail shuttles to West Medford or Anderson RTC with additional stops, and combinations of those modes. The highest-rated alternatives were Green Line to West Medford (estimated cost $390 million), Green Line to both West Medford and Union Square ($438 million), and Green Line to Union Square plus BRT to West Medford ($340 million). The 2005 litigation was resolved by a November 2006 court settlement under which the Green Line Extension was to be completed in 2014. This was approved by the
Environmental Protection Agency A biophysical environment is a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution. A biophysical environment can vary in scale f ...
in July 2008. Proposed station sites were announced in May 2008: , , , , , Medford Hillside (between College Avenue and Winthrop Street), and . The former Yard 8 (located between the GLX tracks and Inner Belt Road) was chosen as the site for a maintenance and storage facility. The project was widely supported in Somerville, where it was seen as a development catalyst and a correction for past transportation injustices, but was less popular in more suburban Medford. Several potential tunnel alternatives – from Ball Square to , an underground station at Union Square, and tunneling all or part of the Medford Branch – were analyzed in 2008 and found not to be cost-effective.


Environmental review

The Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation and Public Works submitted an Expanded Environmental Notification Form (EENF) to the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs in October 2006. The EENF identified a Green Line extension with Medford and Union Square branches as the preferred alternative, and sought permission to conduction a single environmental impact report. That December, the Secretary of Environmental Affairs issued a certificate that instead required the preparation of separate draft (DEIR) and final (FEIR) environmental impact reports. Work on the DEIR began in September 2007. The DEIR was released in October 2009. West Medford was eliminated as a possible terminus due to the cost of modifying bridges over the Mystic River and Mystic Valley Parkway, as well as safety issues with two grade crossings. The proposed Medford Hillside station was replaced with College Avenue to improve access from the neighborhood to the north. The preferred alternative had branches to Route 16 and Union Square; however, due to cost constraints, the Route 16 terminus was deferred to a second phase, with the proposed alternative terminating at College Avenue. The FEIR was released in June 2010, with an estimated project cost of $845 million (equivalent to $ million in ). The primary change from the DEIR was the relocation of the maintenance facility about to the east (adjacent to the
MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility The MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility (signed as, and often known by, its former name of Boston Engine Terminal) is the primary train maintenance repair facility for the MBTA Commuter Rail system. It is located in the Inner Belt area of S ...
) due to local objections to the original site. In July 2010, the
Massachusetts Department of Transportation The Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) oversees roads, public transit, aeronautics, and transportation licensing and registration in the US state of Massachusetts. It was created on November 1, 2009, by the 186th Session of t ...
(MassDOT) announced that the project was delayed to October 2015. In November 2010, the MBTA reached an agreement with
Pan Am Railways Pan Am Railways, Inc. (PAR) is a subsidiary of CSX Corporation that operates Class II regional railroads covering northern New England from Mattawamkeag, Maine, to Rotterdam Junction, New York. Pan Am Railways is primarily made up of former Clas ...
and the NorthPoint developers under which the MBTA would receive property on the east side of O'Brien Highway needed for the new Lechmere station; in return, Pan Am would receive the existing Lechmere station site for redevelopment. The agreement, which also included MBTA trackage rights on the Worcester Branch and in New Hampshire, was amended in January 2011 and finalized that March. An additional delay, with service beginning between late 2018 and 2020, was announced in August 2011. This delay was due to difficulties with land acquisition – due to issues with the
Greenbush Line The Greenbush Line is a branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail system which serves the South Shore region of Massachusetts. The line runs from downtown Boston, Massachusetts through the cities and towns of Quincy, Weymouth, Hingham, Cohasset, an ...
reopening, the state decided to acquire all property before beginning construction – and concerns about cost controls and financing. The delays beyond the legal deadline of December 31, 2014, created a requirement for MassDOT to implement interim projects to reduce emissions. The selected interim measures were increased midday frequency in the corridor (Green Line service to Lechmere plus bus routes , , , , and ), the purchase of hybrid vehicles for The Ride, and completion of new parking garages at and stations.


Funding and contracts

In June 2012, the project was accepted into the preliminary engineering phase of the
Federal Transit Administration The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) is an agency within the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) that provides financial and technical assistance to local public transportation systems. The FTA is one of ten modal administration ...
(FTA) New Starts program – a requirement to access federal funding. By that time, the project was planned to cost $1.34 billion, including $200 million in
finance charge In United States law, a finance charge is any fee representing the cost of credit, or the cost of borrowing. It is interest accrued on, and fees charged for, some forms of credit. It includes not only interest but other charges as well, such as fina ...
s. The project received a
Finding of No Significant Impact The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the Council on Environmental Quality, President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The law ...
(FONSI) from the FTA in July 2012. This allowed the MBTA to open bidding on the Phase 1 construction contract. The $13 million contract was awarded to Barletta Heavy Division that December. Unlike later parts of the project, it used the traditional
design–bid–build Design–bid–build (or design/bid/build, and abbreviated D–B–B or D/B/B accordingly), also known as Design–tender (or "design/tender") traditional method or hardbid, is a project delivery method in which the agency or owner contracts with ...
procurement method. The City of Somerville, MassDOT, and the MBTA reached an agreement in August 2012 to open the Union Square Branch by early 2017, with construction to begin in 2014. In September 2013, MassDOT awarded a $393 million (equivalent to $ million in ), 51-month contract for the construction of Phase 2/2A – Lechmere station, the Union Square Branch, and the first segment of the Medford Branch to Washington Street station – with the stations to open in early 2017. MassDOT intended to seek $557 million (equivalent to $ million in ) in federal funds for Phase 3 (construction of the maintenance facility) and Phase 4 (construction of the remainder of the Medford Branch), which were to be completed in 2019 or 2020. In April 2014, governor
Deval Patrick Deval Laurdine Patrick (born July 31, 1956) is an American politician, civil rights lawyer, author, and businessman who served as the 71st governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015. He was first elected in 2006, succeeding Mitt Romney, who ...
signed a $12.8 billion bonding bill, which included up to $1.3 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ) for the Green Line Extension. Later that month, MassDOT announced that the $39 million
Somerville Community Path The Somerville Community Path is a paved rail trail in Somerville, Massachusetts, running from Massachusetts Avenue to Lowell Street via Davis Square. Opened in segments between 1985 and 2015, it follows part of the former Fitchburg Cutoff rail ...
extension would be included in the GLX project. In May, MassDOT approved a $118 million contract with CAF USA to build 24 Type 9 LRVs to expand the Green Line fleet for GLX service. In September 2014, the MBTA indicated that the cost would be $2.3 billion – $1.6 billion direct cost plus $400 million contingency and $300 million finance charges. This represented a $200 million increase in direct costs due to the addition of the Somerville Community Path extension, additional viaduct work near Lechmere, and additional construction management by design contractor AECOM/HNTB. In December 2014, the FTA indicated that it would provide $996 million (equivalent to $ billion in ) of the $2.3 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ) total project cost, with the state funding the remaining portion. The Full Funding Grant Agreement (FFGA) was signed in January 2015.


Cost increase and redesign

Internal cost estimates began to diverge even before funding was arranged. Construction costs were estimated at $1.17 billion by construction manager White Skanska Kiewit (WSK) in December 2013, with total project cost of $2.35 billion. However, a month later, project manager HDR/Gilbane produced estimates of $853 million and $1.83 billion. The MBTA budgeted $1.99 billion in June 2014 for total cost ($2.3 billion including finance charges), using the HDR/Gilbane estimate; this estimate was announced in September and used for the FFGA. In August 2015, the MBTA disclosed that projected costs had increased by $700 million–1 billion from the previous $1.99 billion figure. Prices of several portions of the project had risen substantially, with Phase 2/2A rising from $387 million to $898 million. Critics including the CLF blamed the use of construction manager/general contractor (CM/GC) procurement process, under which WSK was able to set the cost of each subcontract, rather than a traditional process where the costs were set during bidding. In December 2015, the MBTA ended its contracts with WSK and three other firms. Construction work in progress continued, but no new contracts were awarded. At that time, cancellation of the project was considered possible, as were elimination of the Union Square Branch and other cost reduction measures. In May 2016, the MassDOT and MBTA boards approved a modified project that had undergone
value engineering Value engineering (VE) is a systematic analysis of the functions of various components and materials to lower the cost of goods, products and services with a tolerable loss of performance or functionality. Value, as defined, ...
to reduce its cost. Stations were simplified to resemble D branch surface stations rather than full rapid transit stations, with canopies, faregates, escalators, and some elevators removed. Two bridge replacements were avoided, and two others were reduced in scale by building a new span behind one abutment. The Vehicle Maintenance Facility was reduced by half, with storage for 44 LRVs rather than 88.The southern section of the Community Path was removed – prompting criticism from trail advocates – and the number of street access points was reduced. These changes were projected to reduce total project cost back to the $2.3 billion established in the FFGA. That August, the FTA indicated it was "committed in principle" to the project but expressed reservations that any delays to the "optimistic" schedule could increase the project cost. A new project manager was hired in November 2016. In December 2016, the MBTA reached funding agreements under which Cambridge would contribute $25 million and Somerville $50 million. the MBTA announced a new planned opening date of 2021 for the extension. The FTA approved the revised cost estimate in April 2017. The first federal funds for the project were received in July 2017.


New contract

In February 2017, three
consortia A consortium (plural: consortia) is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for ...
were
shortlist A short list or shortlist is a list of candidates for a job, prize, award, political position, etc., that has been reduced from a longer list of candidates (sometimes via intermediate lists known as "long lists"). The length of short lists varie ...
ed for the new design-build contract. The MBTA issued a final request for proposal to those three teams in May 2017. Proposals were required to be below an affordability limit of $1.319 billion in order to keep total project costs below $2.3 billion. Six additive options – elements removed during value engineering – were to be included if the teams could still meet cost and schedule requirements: station canopies, additional elevators at some stations, public art, an additional Community Path street connection, full-length extension of the Community Path, and improvements to the Vehicle Maintenance Facility. In August 2017, construction manager
CH2M CH2M, earlier CH2M Hill, was an engineering company that provided consulting, design, construction, and operations services for corporations and governments. The company was organized in Corvallis, Oregon, and headquartered at 9191 South Jamaic ...
was removed from the project to avoid a conflict of interest, as it was being acquired by
Jacobs Engineering Group Jacobs Solutions Inc. is an American international technical professional services firm. The company provides engineering, technical, professional and construction services, as well as scientific and specialty consulting for a broad range of cli ...
, which was also bidding on the construction contract. The three proposals were received in September 2017. Two of the three proposals were certified in October 2017 as meeting the affordability limit. On November 17, 2017, the MBTA selected GLX Constructors (a consortium of Fluor Enterprises, the Middlesex Corporation, Herzog Contracting Corporation, and Balfour Beatty Infrastructure) to build the project. The consortium's base bid was $954 million, with all six additive options included; the $1.08 billion contract included contingency funds. The contract was awarded on November 20, 2017. Several elements of the reduced-cost project design were criticized by community advocates and local politicians.
E. Denise Simmons E. Denise Simmons (born October 2, 1951) is the former mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, having served her first mayoral term 2008–2009 term and her second mayoral term 2016-2017. She was the first openly lesbian African-American mayor in the ...
criticized the scaled-down station designs at Union Square and East Somerville for having long ramps rather than elevators, saying they were not sufficient for accessibility. The Community Path extension is wide, rather than the minimum in federal guidelines. The Friends of the Somerville Community Path criticized the path width, saying it would be a safety issue as cyclists in the same direction could not safely pass each other.


Mystic Valley Parkway extension

The 1991 agreement to build the GLX specified "Ball Square/Tufts University" as the terminus; the 2005 update to the agreement substituted "Medford Hillside". By 2008, plans called for stations at Medford Hillside (between College Avenue and Winthrop Street) and Route 16/. However, the 2009 draft environmental impact report replaced the Medford Hillside station with one slightly to the south at College Avenue, and deferred Mystic Valley Parkway to a future second phase. During the comment periods for the 2010 final environmental impact report and the 2011 environmental assessment, some residents in Medford and Somerville questioned the advantages and legality of this change, claiming that College Avenue was not part of the Medford Hillside neighborhood and thus that the Mystic Valley Parkway station was needed to fulfill the commitment. In January 2012, MassDOT stated that "the position of MassDOT and the MBTA on the configuration of the Green Line Extension is supported and has been reinforced by multiple regulatory agencies overseeing the tate Implementation Plan including MassDEP." Construction of the Mystic Valley Parkway station was later planned from Boston MPO funds for 2016–2020 after the rest of the line was to be complete; however, this funding was reallocated to the main project after the cost overruns. Some environmental review for the extension has taken place, with a notice of project change released in October 2017. An extension of the Union Square Branch to has also been proposed by local officials. Union Square station is designed so as to not preclude such an extension.


Construction


Early work

Phase 1 consisted of the reconstruction of two railroad bridges (over Harvard Street in Medford and over Medford Street in Somerville) for Green Line tracks, and the demolition of a disused MBTA facility at 21 Water Street in Cambridge to make room for the new Lechmere station. Construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony held at the Medford Street bridge on December 11, 2012. Notice to proceed was issued to Barletta Heavy Division on January 31, 2013, and construction started in March. The 21 Water Street facility was demolished in August 2014. Originally planned to last until early 2015, Phase 1 work was completed in October 2015. Notice to proceed with the Type 9 LRV contract was given to CAF in September 2014. The first LRV was delivered in March 2018 and entered service that December. The remaining 23 LRVs were delivered in 2018–2020 and entered service in 2019–2021. File:GLX Phase 1.svg, alt=A map of the GLX corridor with the Medford Street bridge, Harvard Street bridge, and 21 Water Street circled, Map of Phase 1 construction locations File:Somerville mayor Curtatone at GLX groundbreaking.JPG, alt=Joseph Curtatone speaking at a podium, Somerville mayor
Joseph Curtatone Joseph Anthony Curtatone (born June 28, 1966) is an American politician from Somerville, Massachusetts who formerly served as the city's mayor from 2004 until 2022. Early life and education Curtatone, born and raised in Somerville, Massachusetts ...
at the 2012 groundbreaking ceremony File:Green Line Extension 2014 08 21 MBTA Building at 21 Water St in Cambridge Demolition Progress 1 - Copy (14855773018).jpg, alt=A cinderblock building being demolished by an excavator, Demolition of the 21 Water Street facility in August 2014 File:Laying new spans on the Harvard Street bridge, July 2015.JPG, alt=A crane lifting a steel beam onto a bridge, Harvard Street bridge work in July 2015 File:Type 9 on first day of revenue service, December 2018.jpg, alt=A modern light rail vehicle at an underground station, Type 9 LRV on its first day of service in 2018


Main project

Some construction work on the main project, including piers for the Red Bridge viaduct, took place in 2014–15 before the project was put on hold. The FTA released the first $100 million in funding in December 2017, allowing the MBTA to issue a notice to proceed for the main construction contract. Some work like tree clearing, removal of old siding tracks, and geotechnical boring took place in the first half of 2018, while design of stations and other complex elements continued. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on June 25, 2018. Viaduct construction, drainage work, and retaining wall and noise wall erection began in the second half of 2018. Temporary relocation of the Lowell Line tracks, which allowed for the construction of retaining walls to widen the cut to accommodate the GLX tracks, was completed in October 2018. By the end of 2018, station designs were 60% complete. The Homans Building, a former food distribution facility adjacent to the Gilman Square station site, was demolished in April 2019. The pace of construction increased in mid-2019, with annual spending increasing from $170 million to $400 million. Four station designs reached 100% completion in October 2020, with the remaining three nearly complete. Construction reached 20% completion in November 2019. Viaduct spans were being installed by that time, and the commuter rail tracks were shifted to the east side of the cut (allowing construction on the Green Line tracks and stations to proceed) late in 2019. The project required the temporary closure of three road bridges (Broadway, School Street, and Medford Street) and one underpass (Washington Street) for bridge reconstruction. All but School Street closed between March and May 2019; School Street closed in April 2020, with Washington Street and Broadway reopening that May and June. Medford Street reopened in July 2022 and School Street in December 2022. Green Line service was cut back from Lechmere to North Station effective May 24, 2020, to permit connection of the
Lechmere Viaduct The Lechmere Viaduct is a concrete arch bridge connecting the West End neighborhood of Boston to East Cambridge, Massachusetts. Opened in 1912, the viaduct carries the MBTA's Green Line over the Charles River. It is adjacent to the Charles Ri ...
to the new GLX viaduct. (The work was originally expected to require closing the viaduct for 17 months – the third major disruption of Lechmere service since 2004 – causing opposition to the closure in Cambridge. In November 2019, plans were revised to reduce this to 11 months, although the viaduct remained closed until the start of service to Union Square in 2022, a period of 22 months.) Demolition of the old northern section of the Lechmere Viaduct began on June 6, 2020. The main section of the viaduct was rehabilitated during the closure under a separate project. The project was over 50% completed by October 2020. Most station platform work took place in the second half of 2020; by the end of the year, steel canopies and other structures were under construction at several stations. The final concrete span of the Red Bridge viaduct was poured in December 2020, with ballast laid later that month and track laying starting in January 2021. By March 2021, the Union Square Branch was expected to open in October 2021, followed by the Medford Branch in December 2021. By the beginning of June 2021, 65% of track was in place, as were 8 of 9 signal houses. In June 2021, the MBTA indicated an additional delay, due in part to effects from the
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identif ...
, under which the Union Square Branch was planned to open in December 2021, followed by the Medford Branch in May 2022. The first test train was moved to the new VMF in August 2021 to begin testing of the Union Square Branch. Medford Branch testing was then expected to begin in late 2021 or early 2022. The Community Path extension will open along with the Medford Branch, as it is used for construction access. The D branch was extended to North Station on October 24, 2021, with the B and C branches moved to Government Center, as part of changes in preparation for the opening of the extension. In October 2021, the Union Square Branch opening was delayed to March 2022 due to delays with a substation at Red Bridge, with the Medford Branch opening likely delayed past May 2022. Train testing on the Union Square Branch began in December 2021. The project reached 85% completion in November 2021. That month, MassDOT moved to return the contributions from Cambridge and Somerville, as the combination of construction being under budget and
American Rescue Plan Act The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, also called the COVID-19 Stimulus Package or American Rescue Plan, is a economic stimulus bill passed by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on March 11, 2021, to sp ...
funds being received meant the municipal monies were not needed. Medford Branch testing began in May 2022 following the March 2022 opening of the Union Square Branch. Total project cost is estimated to be $2.28 billion: $0.996 billion from the federal government and $1.28 billion from state and other sources. Daily ridership on the extension is projected to be 45,000 by 2030. File:Brush clearing for Medford Branch construction, April 2018.jpg, alt=Brush being fed into a wood chipper next to a railway line, Brush clearing on the Medford Branch in April 2018 File:Broadway bridge demolition (1), March 2019.jpg, alt=A bridge being demolished by four excavators, Broadway bridge under reconstruction in March 2019 File:Homan Building demolition, April 2019.webm, alt=A video of a large brick building being demolished by a wrecking ball, Demolition of the Homans Building in April 2019 File:Iron worker on Red Bridge viaduct, September 2019.jpg, alt=A worker atop a partially complete bridge, An ironworker on the Red Bridge viaduct in September 2019 File:Steel frame erection at GLX Vehicle Maintenance Facility, May 2020.jpg, alt=A metal frame for a large building, The frame of the Vehicle Maintenance Facility in May 2020 File:Aerial view of Lechmere station construction, May 2020.png, alt=An overhead view of a partially built elevated railway station, The new Lechmere station under construction in May 2020 File:Dust control for Lechmere Elevated demolition, June 2020.jpg, alt=Water being sprayed onto an excavator demolishing an elevated railway viaduct, Demolition of the northern section of the Lechmere Viaduct in June 2020 File:Union Square station platform construction (2), November 2020.JPG, alt=A railway station platform with the frame of a metal canopy, Union Square station with canopy frame in November 2020 File:Somerville Community Path ramp to Cross Street under construction, July 2021.jpg, alt=A concrete ramp under construction next to a railway line, Ramp for the Somerville Community Path in July 2021 File:Magoun Square station under construction (2), December 2021.JPG, alt=A light rail station under construction in an open cut, Magoun Square station nearing completion in December 2021


Operations planning and opening

Plans prior to construction called for the Union Square Branch to be through-routed with the E Branch and the Medford Branch to be through-routed with the D Branch. However, in April 2021, the MBTA indicated that these would be reversed, with the D going to Union Square and the E to Medford/Tufts. The D and E branches were chosen for the extension because they serve the
Longwood Medical Area The Longwood Medical and Academic Area (also known as Longwood Medical Area, LMA, or simply Longwood) is a medical campus in Boston, Massachusetts. Flanking Longwood Avenue, LMA is adjacent to the Fenway–Kenmore, Audubon Circle, and Mission H ...
; the D branch was assigned to the shorter Union Square Branch because its western leg is longer than that of the E branch. The Union Square Branch was initially served by the E branch rather than the D branch. Pre-revenue service, where trains on the Union Square Branch were operated on a revenue schedule but without passengers aboard, began on January 16, 2022. On February 24, 2022, the MBTA announced that Lechmere and the Union Square Branch would open on March 21, while the Medford Branch would open in "late summer". Service to Union Square began on March 21 as scheduled. In August 2022, the MBTA indicated that the Medford Branch opening was delayed to late November 2022 due to several factors including additional testing of the traction power system. The Union Square Branch was also closed from August 22 to September 18, 2022; the closure allowed for final integration of the Medford Branch, elimination of a speed restriction on the Lechmere Viaduct, demolition of the Government Center Garage, and other work. D and C branch trains served Union Square from August 6 to 21, 2022, while the E branch was closed for unrelated work, and primarily D branch service has served Union Square since September 19. The Medford Branch opened on December 12, 2022.


Economic effects

The GLX is expected to have substantial economic benefits for Somerville. Along with Assembly station, it will increase the proportion of the city's population within walking distance of rapid transit from 15% to 85%; of land (mostly near Union Square) were opened for redevelopment in parallel with the project. Transit construction can result in
gentrification Gentrification is the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more Wealth, affluent residents and businesses. It is a common and controversial topic in urban politics and urban planning, planning. Gentrification ...
– and
displacement Displacement may refer to: Physical sciences Mathematics and Physics *Displacement (geometry), is the difference between the final and initial position of a point trajectory (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path ...
in turn – as wealthier residents seek to live close to stations, though this varies substantially depending on other factors like development planning. The 1984 opening of Davis station (Somerville's only transit station until
Assembly station Assembly station (originally Assembly Square in some planning documents) is a rapid transit station in Somerville, Massachusetts. It serves the MBTA's Orange Line. It is an infill station, located on a section of the Orange Line that has been ...
opened in 2014) resulted in gentrification and rising housing prices in the Davis Square neighborhood. Residents and politicians raised concerns about gentrification and displacement resulting from the project even before construction began. A February 2014 study found that 740 to 810 households in the GLX corridor were at risk of displacement from projected rent increases, up to 475 at risk from conversion of apartments to condominiums, and 245 at risk from expiration of housing subsidies. Property tax increases were not expected to cause significant displacement. Some 6,300 to 9,000 new housing units would be needed by 2030 to prevent additional displacement. The areas around Union Square and East Somerville stations were expected to have the highest rent increases – up to 67% in some instances. The US2 mixed-use development in Union Square, which is primarily replacing light industrial buildings, is intended as an anti-gentrification measure by increasing housing supply and subsidizing nearby households and businesses at risk of displacement. By late 2014, both residential and commercial rents were rising more than typical in Union Square. Title VI analysis conducted in May 2021 indicated that the project would result in "disparate benefit to nonminority populations and a disproportionate benefit to non-low-income populations" – primarily due to demographic changes in the project area since planning began – though both protected populations would see an overall increase in service. The MBTA Board voted to address the disparity by retaining service on the route bus (which had been planned for discontinuance when the GLX opened) and as part of an ongoing bus network redesign. By 2021, home sale prices in Somerville had increased by 40% since 2016. Somerville was formerly popular with artists due to lower prices than Boston and Cambridge, but artists have reported that affordable studio space is largely nonexistent, in part due to GLX-related gentrification.


References


External links


MassDOT project page

MBTA project page

STEP (Somerville Transportation Equity Partnership)
* 2014 animations
Medford BranchUnion Square Branch
{{MBTA Green Line (MBTA) Railway lines opened in 2022 Transportation in Cambridge, Massachusetts Transportation in Medford, Massachusetts Transportation in Somerville, Massachusetts