''Goodyera'', commonly called rattlesnake plantain,
jade orchids
or ladies' tresses
is a wide-ranging
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of
orchid
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of floweri ...
s in the tribe
Cranichideae. About 100 species of ''Goodyera'' have been formally described. With a center of diversity in
East Asia
East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...
, Goodyera is found across
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
,
Madeira
)
, anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira")
, song_type = Regional anthem
, image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg
, map_alt=Location of Madeira
, map_caption=Location of Madeira
, subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...
,
North
North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography.
Etymology
The word ''north ...
and
Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
, and on islands from the west
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by ...
to the
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the conti ...
. They have a
rosette of leaves at their base and usually many small white
resupinate
Resupination is derived from the Latin word ''resupinus'', meaning "bent back
with the face upward" or "on the back". " Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward".
The wor ...
flowers. They are similar to orchids in the genus ''
Spiranthes'' but can be distinguished from them by the shape and colour patterns of the leaves.
Description
Plants in the genus ''Goodyera'' are mainly
terrestrial plants with a fleshy, creeping
rhizome
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow ...
and a loose rosette of leaves at the base of a flowering stem with many small, resupinate flowers. The leaves are elliptic, characteristically
asymmetrical
Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection). Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in pre ...
and green with white or pale green markings. The entire plant apart from the flowers is covered with slightly sticky hairs. The
dorsal
Dorsal (from Latin ''dorsum'' ‘back’) may refer to:
* Dorsal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism
* Dorsal, positioned on top of an aircraft's fuselage
* Dorsal c ...
sepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...
and
petal
Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usuall ...
s overlap, forming a hood over the
column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression (physical), compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column i ...
and the
lateral
Lateral is a geometric term of location which may refer to:
Healthcare
*Lateral (anatomy), an anatomical direction
* Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
* Lateral release (surgery), a surgical procedure on the side of a kneecap
Phonetics
*Lateral co ...
sepals spread widely. The
labellum is not lobed but has a small pouch. Orchids in the genus ''
Spiranthes'' are similar but ''Spiranthes'' lack
rhizome
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow ...
s, have flat, non-pouched labella, and display plain green leaves.
Taxonomy and naming
The genus ''Goodyera'' was first formally described in 1813 by
Robert Brown and the description was published in
William Aiton
William Aiton (17312 February 1793) was a Scottish botanist.
Aiton was born near Hamilton. Having been regularly trained to the profession of a gardener, he travelled to London in 1754, and became assistant to Philip Miller, then superinten ...
's
Hortus Kewensis
''Hortus Kewensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew'' by William Aiton was a 1789 catalogue of all the plant species then in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, which constituted the vast majori ...
.
The genus name honours
John Goodyer.
Generic delimitation of Goodyera remains problematic, with some authors providing evidence to support a narrower
circumscription of the genus.
The genus is abbreviated ''G.'' in horticultural nomenclature.
Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names
', Royal Horticultural Society, 2017.
Distribution
With a center of diversity in
East Asia
East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...
, Goodyera is found across
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
,
Madeira
)
, anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira")
, song_type = Regional anthem
, image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg
, map_alt=Location of Madeira
, map_caption=Location of Madeira
, subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...
,
North
North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography.
Etymology
The word ''north ...
and
Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
, and on islands from the west
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by ...
to the
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the conti ...
.
List of species
The following is a list of species of ''Goodyera'' recognised by the ''
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected pla ...
'' as at August 2018:
*''
Goodyera afzelii''
Schltr. (1918)
*''
Goodyera alveolata''
Pradhan (1979)
*''
Goodyera amoena''
Schltr. (1911)
*''
Goodyera angustifolia''
Schltr. (1905)
*''
Goodyera beccarii''
Schltr. (1910)
*''
Goodyera bifida''
(Blume) Blume (1858)
*''
Goodyera biflora''
(Lindl.) Hook.f. (1890)
*''
Goodyera bomiensis''
K.Y.Lang (1978)
*''
Goodyera boninensis''
Nakai (1923)
*''
Goodyera brachystegia''
Hand.-Mazz. (1936)
*''
Goodyera bracteata''
Thouars (1822)
*''
Goodyera bradeorum''
Schltr. (1923)
*''
Goodyera clausa''
(A.A.Eaton ex Ames) Schltr. (1911)
*''
Goodyera colorata''
(Blume) Blume (1858)
*''
Goodyera condensata''
Ormerod & J.J.Wood (2001)
*''
Goodyera corniculata''
( Rchb.f.) Ackerman
*''
Goodyera crocodiliceps''
Ormerod (1996)
*''
Goodyera cyclopensis''
Ormerod (2017)
*''
Goodyera daibuzanensis''
Yamam. (1932)
*''
Goodyera denticulata''
J.J.Sm. (1934)
*''
Goodyera dolabripetala''
(Ames) Schltr. (1908
*''
Goodyera elmeri''
(Ames) Ames (1938)
*''
Goodyera erosa''
(Ames & C.Schweinf.) Ames, F.T.Hubb. & C.Schweinf. (1934)
*''
Goodyera erythrodoides''
Schltr. (1911)
*''
Goodyera fimbrilabia''
Ormerod (2006)
*''
Goodyera flaccida''
Schltr. (1924)
*''
Goodyera foliosa''
(Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook.f. (1890)
*''
Goodyera fumata''
Thwaites (1861)
*''
Goodyera fusca''
(Lindl.) Hook.f. (1890
*''
Goodyera gemmata''
J.J.Sm. (1909)
*''
Goodyera gibbsiae''
J.J.Sm. (1922)
*''
Goodyera goudotii''
Ormerod & Cavestro (2006)
*''
Goodyera hachijoensis''
Yatabe (1891)
*''
Goodyera hemsleyana''
King & Pantl. (1895)
*''
Goodyera henryi''
Rolfe (1896)
*''
Goodyera hispaniolae''
Dod (1986)
*''
Goodyera hispida''
Lindl. (1857)
*''
Goodyera humicola''
(Schltr.) Schltr. (1924)
*''
Goodyera inmeghema''
Ormerod (1996)
*''
Goodyera kwangtungensis''
C.L.Tso (1933)
*''
Goodyera lamprotaenia''
Schltr. (1911)
*''
Goodyera lanceolata''
Ridl. (1870)
*''
Goodyera luzonensis''
Ames (1915)
*''
Goodyera macrophylla''
Lowe (1831)
*''
Goodyera major''
Ames & Correll (1942)
*''
Goodyera makuensis''
Ormerod (2013)
*''
Goodyera malipoensis''
Q.X.Guan & S.P.Chen (2014)
*''
Goodyera maurevertii''
Blume (1858)
*''
Goodyera micrantha''
Schltr. (1923)
*''
Goodyera modesta''
Schltr. (1923)
*''
Goodyera myanmarica''
Ormerod & C.S.Kumar (2006)
*''
Goodyera nankoensis''
Fukuy. (1934)
*''
Goodyera nantoensis''
Hayata (1911)
*''
Goodyera novembrilis''
(Rchb.f.) Ormerod (1996)
*''
Goodyera oblongifolia''
Raf. (1833)
*''
Goodyera ovatilabia''
Schltr. (1923)
*''
Goodyera pendula''
Maxim. (1888)
*''
Goodyera perrieri''
(Schltr.) Schltr. (1924)
*''
Goodyera polyphylla''
Ormerod (2006)
*''
Goodyera porphyrophylla''
Schltr. (1921)
*''
Goodyera procera''
(Ker Gawl.) Hook. (1823)
*''
Goodyera pubescens
''Goodyera pubescens'', the downy rattlesnake plantain, (also known as ''Peramium pubescens'' ) is one of the most common orchids native to eastern North America. It is found from Florida to Nova Scotia, west to eastern Oklahoma, Minnesota and On ...
''
(Willd.) R.Br. (1813)
*''
Goodyera purpusii''
Ormerod (2006)
*''
Goodyera pusilla''
Blume (1858)
*''
Goodyera ramosii''
Ames (1913 publ. 1914)
*''
Goodyera recurva''
Lindl. (1857)
*''
Goodyera repens''
(L.) R.Br. (1813)
*''
Goodyera reticulata''
(Blume) Blume (1858)
*''
Goodyera rhombodoides''
Aver (2007)
*''
Goodyera robusta''
Hook.f. (1890)
*''
Goodyera rosea''
(H.Perrier) Ormerod (2006)
*''
Goodyera rostellata''
Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames (1920)
*''
Goodyera rostrata''
Ridl. (1908)
*''
Goodyera rosulacea''
Y.N.Lee (2004)
*''
Goodyera rubicunda''
(Blume) Lindl. (1839)
*''
Goodyera ruttenii''
J.J.Sm. (1928)
*''
Goodyera schlechtendaliana''
Rchb.f. (1850)
*''
Goodyera scripta''
(Rchb.f.) Schltr. (1906)
*''
Goodyera sechellarum''
(S.Moore) Ormerod (2002)
*''
Goodyera seikomontana''
Yamam. (1932)
*''
Goodyera similis''
Blume (1858)
*''
Goodyera stelidifera''
Ormerod (2004)
*''
Goodyera stenopetala''
Schltr. (1911)
*''
Goodyera striata''
Rchb.f. (1845)
*''
Goodyera sumbawana''
Ormerod (2005)
*''
Goodyera taitensis''
Blume (1858)
*''
Goodyera tesselata
''Goodyera tesselata'' is a plant in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), called by the common name checkered rattlesnake plantain. It is native to eastern Canada from Manitoba to Newfoundland, and to the northeastern United States from Maine to Mar ...
''
Lodd. (1824)
*''
Goodyera thailandica''
Seidenf. (1969)
*''
Goodyera turialbae''
Schltr. (1923)
*''
Goodyera umbrosa''
D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (2014)
*''
Goodyera venusta''
Schltr. (1911)
*''
Goodyera viridiflora''
(Blume) Blume (1858)
*''
Goodyera vitiensis''
(L.O.Williams) Kores (1989)
*''
Goodyera vittata''
Benth. ex Hook.f. (1890)
*''
Goodyera werneri''
Schltr. (1921)
*''
Goodyera wolongensis''
K.Y.Lang (1984)
*''
Goodyera wuana''
Tang & F.T.Wang (1951)
*''
Goodyera yamiana''
Fukuy. (1936)
*''
Goodyera yunnanensis''
Schltr. (1919)
*''
Goodyera zacuapanensis''
Ormerod (2006)
References
External links
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q163556
Cranichideae genera