Domingos José Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia (August 13, 1811 – July 10, 1882), was a Brazilian poet, playwright, physician and diplomat. He is considered the founder of

Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...

Brazilian literature Brazilian literature is the literature written in the Portuguese language by Brazilians or in Brazil, including works written prior to the country's independence in 1822. Throughout its early years, literature from Brazil followed the literary t ...

, and was a pioneer of the Brazilian theatre. He is the patron of the 9th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

Biography

Domingos José Gonçalves de Magalhães was born in

Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...

, to Pedro Gonçalves de Magalhães Chaves. His mother's name is unknown. He entered in a Medicine course in 1828, graduating in 1832. In the following year, he travelled to Europe, where he met and befriended

Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre Manuel may refer to: People * Manuel (name) * Manuel (Fawlty Towers), a fictional character from the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers'' * Charlie Manuel, manager of the Philadelphia Phillies * Manuel I Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire * Manu ...

and was exposed to the Romantic ideals. He wrote in 1836 a Romantic manifesto, ''Discurso Sobre a História da Literatura no Brasil'', and, in the same year, he published the poetry book ''Suspiros Poéticos e Saudades'', the first Romantic work to be written by a Brazilian. Returning to Brazil in 1837, he wrote two tragic plays: '' António José, ou O Poeta e a Inquisição'' in 1838 and ''Olgiato'' in 1839. Also in 1838 he becomes a Philosophy teacher in the Colégio Pedro II. He also founded with Porto-Alegre and Francisco de Sales Torres Homem the short-lived magazine ''

Niterói Niterói (, ) is a municipality of the state of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast region of Brazil. It lies across Guanabara Bay facing the city of Rio de Janeiro and forms part of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area. It was the state capital, ...

''; only two issues of it were published. He entered the diplomatic career in 1847, becoming minister in the United States, Argentina,

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

and in the

Holy See The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of R ...

. He was also a ''

chargé d'affaires A ''chargé d'affaires'' (), plural ''chargés d'affaires'', often shortened to ''chargé'' (French) and sometimes in colloquial English to ''charge-D'', is a diplomat who serves as an embassy's chief of mission in the absence of the ambassado ...

'' in the

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( it, Regno delle Due Sicilie) was a kingdom in Southern Italy from 1816 to 1860. The kingdom was the largest sovereign state by population and size in Italy before Italian unification, comprising Sicily and al ...

, the

Piedmont it, Piemontese , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...

, Russia and Spain. Very esteemed by

Emperor Pedro II Dom PedroII (2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous" ( pt, O Magnânimo), was the second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. He was born in Rio de Janeiro, the seventh child of Em ...

, he was decorated with the Order of the Rose, the Order of Christ and the

Order of the Southern Cross Emperor Pedro I of Brazil founded the National Order of the Southern Cross ( pt, Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) as a Brazilian order of chivalry on 1 December 1822. The order aimed to commemorate the independence of Brazil (7 September 1 ...

, and with the title of

Baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or kn ...

of Araguaia in 1872, being elevated to

Viscount A viscount ( , for male) or viscountess (, for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status. In many countries a viscount, and its historical equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicia ...

two years later. Magalhães married Januaria de Sa Pinto Ribeiro. Magalhães had a daughter Januaria, born in Rio de Janeiro on the 02.08.1855, dead in Versailles (France) on the 27.04.1928, and who married at Paris on the 12.12.1883 Bozon Doublet Marquess of Persan and Bandeville. Magalhães had also a son, Antônio José Gonçalves de Magalhães de Araguaia, who was proclaimed

Count Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York ...

of Araguaia by the

. Antonio José Maria, known in France as Amédée Joseph Marie, was part of the Brasilian diplomatic delegation in Paris, and was born on the 21.01.1859, died in Paris on the 29.10.1917, he married Marie Eugénie Cornelio Dos Santos, daughter of Jean and Cecilia Souza Breves, born in Petropolis on the 27.11.1870 and dead at Paris on the 02.10.1936. They had 4 children : Marie known as Olga °Paris 03.10.1889, +Paris 26.08.1960, she married at Paris 20.01.1908 Georges de Marande; Edmond Amédée °Paris 29.11.1890, +Paris 22.02.1892; Armand Marie Joseph +Ouchy (Switzerland) 14.05.1910 at 15 years old; Odette °Paris 27.02.1902, + Rouen 15.07.1990; the only descendants today are on the Persan side (French public records for births, marriages and deaths) Gonçalves de Magalhães died in Rome, on July 10, 1882.

Works

* ''Discurso Sobre a História da Literatura no Brasil'' (1836) * ''Suspiros Poéticos e Saudades'' (1836) * ''António José, ou O Poeta e a Inquisição'' (1838) * ''Olgiato'' (1839) * ''A Confederação dos Tamoios'' (1856) * ''Os Mistérios'' (1857) * ''Urânia'' (1862) * ''Cânticos Fúnebres'' (1864) * ''Fatos do Espírito Humano'' (1865) * ''A Alma e o Cérebro'' (1876) * ''Comentários e Pensamentos'' (1880)

External links

Magalhães' biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magalhaes, Goncalves De 1811 births 1882 deaths 19th-century Brazilian poets Brazilian diplomats Romantic poets Brazilian male poets Brazilian people of Portuguese descent Patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city) Brazilian nobility Portuguese-language writers 19th-century Brazilian dramatists and playwrights Brazilian male dramatists and playwrights 19th-century Brazilian male writers Brazilian magazine founders Ambassadors of Brazil to the United States