Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising BW

The

government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is ...

s of the German Empire and

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

(under

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...

) ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes, first in the

Herero and Namaqua genocide The Herero and Namaqua genocide or the Herero and Nama genocide was a campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment waged by the German Empire against the Herero (Ovaherero) and the Nama in German South West Africa (now Namibia). I ...

and then in the First and Second World Wars. The most notable of these is

the Holocaust The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...

in which millions of

Jews Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

and Romani were systematically murdered. Millions of civilians and prisoners of war also died as a result of German abuse, mistreatment, and deliberate starvation policies in those two conflicts. Much of the evidence was deliberately destroyed by the perpetrators, such as in

Sonderaktion 1005 ' 1005 (, 'Special Action 1005'), also called ''Aktion'' 1005 or ' (, 'Exhumation Action'), was a top-secret Nazi operation conducted from June 1942 to late 1944. The goal of the project was to hide or destroy any evidence of the mass murder ...

, in an attempt to conceal the crimes.

Pre-World War I

Considered to have been the first

genocide Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944, combining the Greek word (, "race, people") with the Lat ...

of the 20th century, the Herero and Namaqua Genocide was perpetrated by the German Empire between 1904 and 1907 in

German South West Africa German South West Africa (german: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. With a total area of ...

(modern-day

Namibia Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and ea ...

), during the Scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by

Samuel Maharero Samuel Maharero (1856 – 14 March 1923) was a Paramount Tribal chief, Chief of the Herero people in German South West Africa (today Namibia) during their revolts and in connection with the events surrounding the Herero and Namaqua Genocide, He ...

, rebelled against German colonialism. In August, General

Lothar von Trotha General Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha (3 July 1848 – 31 March 1920) was a German military commander during the European new colonial era. As a brigade commander of the East Asian Expedition Corps, he was involved in suppressing the Boxe ...

of the Imperial German Army defeated the Herero in the

Battle of Waterberg The Battle of Waterberg (Battle of Ohamakari) took place on August 11, 1904 at the Waterberg, German South West Africa (modern day Namibia), and was the decisive battle in the German campaign against the Herero. Armies The German Imperial For ...

and drove them into the desert of

Omaheke Omaheke ( hz, Sandveld) is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, the least populous region. Its capital is Gobabis. It lies in eastern Namibia on the border with Botswana and is the western extension of the Kalahari desert. The self-governed vi ...

, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. In total, from 24,000 up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died.Walter Nuhn: ''Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904.'' Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz 1989. . The genocide was characterized by widespread death by starvation and thirst because the Herero who fled the violence were prevented from returning from the

Namib Desert The Namib ( ; pt, Namibe) is a coastal desert in Southern Africa. The name is of Khoekhoegowab origin and means "vast place". According to the broadest definition, the Namib stretches for more than along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Nami ...

. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned wells in the desert.Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. 22

World War I

Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0313-0208-007, Gaskrieg (Luftbild)

Documentation regarding German war crimes in World War I was seized and destroyed by Nazi Germany during World War II, after occupying France, along with monuments commemorating their victims.

Chemical weapons in warfare

Poison gas was first introduced as a weapon by Imperial Germany, and subsequently used by all major belligerents, in violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.

Belgium

L'exécution des notables de Blégny, 1914 (par Evariste Carpentier)

In August 1914, as part of the

Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan (german: Schlieffen-Plan, ) is a name given after the First World War to German war plans, due to the influence of Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen and his thinking on an invasion of France and Belgium, which began on ...

, the German Army invaded and occupied the neutral nation of Belgium without explicit warning, which violated a treaty of 1839 that the German chancellor dismissed as a "scrap of paper" and the 1907 Hague Convention on Opening of Hostilities. Within the first two months of the war, the German occupiers terrorized the Belgians, killing thousands of civilians and looting and burning scores of towns, including Leuven, which housed the country's preeminent university, mainly in retaliation for Belgian guerrilla warfare, (see ''

francs-tireurs (, French for "free shooters") were irregular military formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). The term was revived and used by partisans to name two major French Resistance movements set ...

''). This action was in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare provisions that prohibited

collective punishment Collective punishment is a punishment or sanction imposed on a group for acts allegedly perpetrated by a member of that group, which could be an ethnic or political group, or just the family, friends and neighbors of the perpetrator. Because ind ...

of civilians and looting and destruction of civilian property in occupied territories.

Bombardment of English coastal towns

The raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, which took place on December 16, 1914, was an attack by the

Imperial German Navy The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Kaise ...

on the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

seaport towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool,

West Hartlepool West Hartlepool was a predecessor of Hartlepool, County Durham, England. It developed in the Victorian era and took the name from its western position in the parish of what is now known as the Headland. The former town was originally formed ...

, and

Whitby Whitby is a seaside town, port and civil parish in the Scarborough borough of North Yorkshire, England. Situated on the east coast of Yorkshire at the mouth of the River Esk, Whitby has a maritime, mineral and tourist heritage. Its East Clif ...

. The attack resulted in 137 fatalities and 592 casualties. The raid was in violation of the ninth section of the 1907 Hague Convention which prohibited naval bombardments of undefended towns without warning, because only Hartlepool was protected by

shore batteries In military organizations, an artillery battery is a unit or multiple systems of artillery, mortar systems, rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers, surface-to-surface missiles, ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, etc., so grouped to facil ...

. Germany was a signatory of the 1907 Hague Convention. Another attack followed on 26 April 1916 on the coastal towns of Yarmouth and Lowestoft but both were important naval bases and defended by shore batteries.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Unrestricted submarine warfare was instituted in 1915 in response to the British naval blockade of Germany. Prize rules, which were codified under the 1907 Hague Convention—such as those that required

commerce raider Commerce raiding (french: guerre de course, "war of the chase"; german: Handelskrieg, "trade war") is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping, rather than enga ...

s to warn their targets and allow time for the crew to board lifeboats—were disregarded and

commercial vessel A merchant ship, merchant vessel, trading vessel, or merchantman is a watercraft that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This is in contrast to pleasure craft, which are used for personal recreation, and naval ships, which are us ...

s were sunk regardless of nationality, cargo, or destination. Following the sinking of the on 7 May 1915 and subsequent public outcry in various neutral countries, including the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

, the practice was withdrawn. However, Germany resumed the practice on 1 February 1917 and declared that all merchant ships regardless of nationalities would be sunk without warning. This outraged the U.S. public, prompting the U.S. to break diplomatic relations with Germany two days later, and, along with the Zimmermann Telegram, led the U.S. entry into the war two months later on the side of the Allied Powers.

World War II

Chronologically, the first German World War II crime, and also the very first act of the war, was the bombing of Wieluń, a town where no targets of military value were present. More significantly,

The Holocaust The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...

of the Jews, the

Action T4 (German, ) was a campaign of mass murder by involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany. The term was first used in post-war trials against doctors who had been involved in the killings. The name T4 is an abbreviation of 4, a street address of t ...

killing of the

disabled Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, ...

and the Porajmos of the Romani are the most notable war crimes committed by Nazi Germany during World War II. Not all of the crimes committed during the Holocaust and similar mass atrocities were war crimes. Telford Taylor (The U.S. prosecutor in the German High Command case at the

Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded m ...

and Chief Counsel for the twelve trials before the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals) explained in 1982: * German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war – at least 3.3 million Soviet POWs died in German custody, out of 5.7 million captured; this figure represents 57% POW casualty rate. *

Le Paradis massacre The Le Paradis massacre was a World War II war crime committed by members of the 14th Company, SS Division Totenkopf, under the command of ''Hauptsturmführer'' Fritz Knöchlein. It took place on 27 May 1940, during the Battle of France, at a ...

, May 1940, British soldiers of the

Royal Norfolk Regiment The Royal Norfolk Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army until 1959. Its predecessor regiment was raised in 1685 as Henry Cornwall's Regiment of Foot. In 1751, it was numbered like most other British Army regiments and named ...

, were captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. Fritz Knoechlein was tried, found guilty and hanged. *

Wormhoudt massacre The Wormhoudt massacre (or Wormhout massacre) was the mass murder of 81 British and French POWs by Waffen-SS soldiers from the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler during the Battle of France in May 1940. Fighting As part of the Brit ...

, May 1940, British and French soldiers captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. No one was found guilty of the crime. * Lidice massacre after assassination of

Reinhard Heydrich Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( ; ; 7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German SS and police official during the Nazi era and a principal architect of the Holocaust. He was chief of the Reich Security Main Office (inclu ...

in 1942, when the Czech village was utterly destroyed, and inhabitants murdered. * Normandy Massacres, a series of killings in which up to 156 Canadian prisoners of war were murdered by soldiers of the 12th SS Panzer Division (Hitler Youth) during the Battle of Normandy **

Ardenne Abbey massacre The Ardenne Abbey massacre occurred during the Battle of Normandy at the Ardenne Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery in Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe, near Caen, France. In June 1944, 20 Canadian soldiers were massacred in a garden at the abbe ...

, one of the Normandy massacres; June 1944 Canadian soldiers captured by the SS and murdered by 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. SS General Kurt Meyer (Panzermeyer) sentenced to be shot 1946; sentence commuted; released 1954 * Graignes massacre, 11 June 1944, United States POWs that had surrendered were executed by the German troops by shooting and stabbing. * Malmedy massacre, December 1944, United States POWs captured by '' Kampfgruppe Peiper'' were murdered outside of Malmedy,

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

. * Wereth massacre. 17 December 1944, soldiers from 3./SS-PzAA1 LSSAH captured eleven African-American soldiers from 333rd Artillery Battalion in the hamlet of Wereth, Belgium. Subsequently, the prisoners were tortured, shot, and had their fingers cut off, legs broken, eyes gouged out, jaw broken and at least one was shot while trying to bandage a comrade's wounds. * Wahlhausen massacre, December 1944, United States Pows from the 28th Infantry Division captured by German troops were summarily executed. * Gardelegen (war crime) of April 1945 when Nazi concentration camp prisoners were herded into a barn, which was then set alight, killing all inside * Oradour-sur-Glane massacre *

Massacre of Kalavryta The Kalavryta massacre ( el, Σφαγή των Καλαβρύτων), or the Holocaust of Kalavryta (), was the near-extermination of the male population and the total destruction of the town of Kalavryta, Axis-occupied Greece, by the 117th ...

* Unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping. *The intentional destruction of major medieval churches of Novgorod, of monasteries in the Moscow region (e.g., of New Jerusalem Monastery) and of the imperial palaces around

St. Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

(many of them were left by the post-war authorities in ruins or simply demolished). *The campaign of extermination of Slavic population in the occupied territories. Several thousand villages were burned with their entire population (e.g.,

Khatyn massacre Khatyn ( be, Хаты́нь, Chatyń, ; russian: Хаты́нь, ) was a village of 26 houses and 157 inhabitants in Belarus, in Lahoysk Raion, Minsk Region, 50 km away from Minsk. On 22 March 1943, almost the entire population of the vil ...

Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...

). A quarter of the inhabitants of Belarus did not survive the German occupation. * Soap made from human corpses produced on a small-scale by German scientist Rudolf Spanner. * Commando Order, the secret order issued by Hitler in October 1942 stating that Allied combatants encountered during

commando Royal Marines from 40 Commando on patrol in the Sangin">40_Commando.html" ;"title="Royal Marines from 40 Commando">Royal Marines from 40 Commando on patrol in the Sangin area of Afghanistan are pictured A commando is a combatant, or operativ ...

operations were to be executed immediately without trial, even if they were properly uniformed, unarmed, or intending to surrender. * Commissar Order, the order from Hitler to

Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the '' Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previo ...

troops before the invasion of the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

in 1941 to shoot Commissars immediately on capture. *

Nacht und Nebel ''Nacht und Nebel'' (German: ), meaning Night and Fog, was a directive issued by Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941 targeting political activists and resistance "helpers" in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II, who were to ...

decree of 1941 for disappearance of prisoners.

War criminals

List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes The following is a list of people who were formally indicted for committing war crimes on behalf of the Axis powers during World War II, including those who were acquitted or never received judgment. It does not include people who may have commi ...

* List of Nazi doctors * Adolf Eichmann * Heinrich Gross * Hans Heinze * Rudolf Hoess * Karl Linnas *

Josef Mengele , allegiance = , branch = Schutzstaffel , serviceyears = 1938–1945 , rank = '' SS''-'' Hauptsturmführer'' (Captain) , servicenumber = , battles = , unit = , awards = , commands = , ...

* Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer * Alfred Trzebinski

Massacres and war crimes of World War II by location

Austria

*Murders of disabled children by Heinrich Gross *Recommendation of disabled children for euthanasia by

Hans Asperger Johann Friedrich Karl Asperger (, ; 18 February 1906 – 21 October 1980) was an Austrian psychiatrist. He is remembered for his pioneering studies of autism, specifically in children. His name was given to Asperger syndrome, a form of autism ...

Belarus

The Holocaust in Belarus The Holocaust in Belarus is the term that refers to the systematic discrimination and extermination of Jews living in the former Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic which was occupied by Nazi Germany after August 1941 during World War II. ...

* Anti-partisan operations in Belarus * Operation Bamberg * Operation Cottbus ; 1941 *27 October,

Slutsk Slutsk ( officially transliterated as Sluck, be, Слуцк; russian: Слуцк; pl, Słuck, lt, Sluckas, Yiddish/Hebrew: סלוצק ''Slutsk'') is a city in Belarus, located on the Sluch River south of Minsk. As of 2022, its population i ...

, Slutsk Affair (4,000 people, including women and children) *28 September – 17 October, Pleszczenice- Bischolin- Szack (Šacak)- Bobr-

Uzda Uzda ( be, Узда; russian: link=no, Узда) is a city in the Minsk Region of Belarus. It is the administrative seat of Uzda District. As of 2009, its population was 10,000. The town's name means "bridle." History Uzda was first referred to ...

( White Ruthenia) massacre (1,126 children) ; 1942 * 26 March – 6 April, Operation Bamberg ( Hłusk, Bobrujsk; 4,396 people, including children) * April 29 and August 10, 1942, Dzyatlava massacre, Diatłowo ( Dzyatlava); 3,000- 5,000 people, including women and children *9 – 12 May, Kliczów- Bobrujsk massacre (520 people, including children) *Beginning of June, Słowodka- Bobrujsk massacre (1,000 people, including children) *15 June Borki (powiat białostocki) massacre (1,741 people, including children) *21 June Zbyszin massacre (1,076 people, including children) *25 June Timkowiczi massacre (900 people, including children) *26 June Studenka massacre (836 people, including children) *18 July, Jelsk massacre (1,000 people, including children) *15 July – 7 August,

Operation Adler There were three events in World War II called Operation Adler (Adler means ''Eagle'' in German): # A series of Luftwaffe attacks beginning on 13 August 1940 known as Operation Eagle Attack (''Unternehmen Adlerangriff'') set to begin on '' Adler ...

( Bobrujsk, Mohylew, Berezyna; 1,381 people, including children) *14 – 20 August, Operation Greif ( Orsza, Witebsk; 796 people, including children) *22 August – 21 September, Operation Sumpffieber ( White Ruthenia; 10,063 people, including children) *August, Bereźne massacre *22 September – 26 September ( Małoryta massacre; 4,038 people, including children) *23 September – 3 October,

Operation Blitz Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * Operations (magazine ...

( Połock, Witebsk; 567 people, including children) *11 – 23 October, Operation Karlsbad ( Orsza, Witebsk; 1,051 people, including children) *23 – 29 November, Operation Nürnberg ( Dubrowka; 2,974 people, including children) *December, Mirnaya massacre, Mirnaya (Мірная), Belarus ''(be)''; 147 including women and children *10 – 21 December, Operation Hamburg (

Niemen The Neman, Nioman, Nemunas or MemelTo bankside nations of the present: Lithuanian: be, Нёман, , ; russian: Неман, ''Neman''; past: ger, Memel (where touching Prussia only, otherwise Nieman); lv, Nemuna; et, Neemen; pl, Niemen; ...

River- Szczara River; 6,172 people, including children) *22 – 29 December, Operation Altona ( Słonim; 1,032 people, including children) ; 1943 Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-043-52, Russland, bei Minsk, tote Zivilisten

Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-043-52, Russland, bei Minsk, tote Zivilisten

*6 – 14 January, Operation Franz ( Grodsjanka; 2,025 people, including children) *10 – 11 January, Operation Peter ( Kliczów, Kolbcza; 1,400 people, including children) *18 – 23 January,

Słuck Slutsk ( officially transliterated as Sluck, be, Слуцк; russian: Слуцк; pl, Słuck, lt, Sluckas, Yiddish/Hebrew: סלוצק ''Slutsk'') is a city in Belarus, located on the Sluch River south of Minsk. As of 2022, its population is ...

- Mińsk-

Czerwień Czerwień was a West Slavic settlement located near the site of modern Czermno near Tyszowce. In early Middle Ages, the town was the administrative centre of the so-called Czerwień Towns, that is the region roughly correspondent to later Red ...

massacre (825 people, including children) *28 January – 15 February,

Operation Schneehase Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...

( Połock, Rossony, Krasnopole; 2,283 people, including children); 54; 37 *Until 28 January, Operation Erntefest I (

, Osipowicze; 1,228 people, including children) *Jaanuar, Operation Eisbär (between Briańsk and Dmitriev-Lgowski) *Until 1 February,

Operation Waldwinter Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...

( Sirotino-Trudy; 1,627 people, including children) *8 – 26 February, Operation Hornung ( Lenin, Hancewicze; 12,897 people, including children) *Until 9 February,

Operation Erntefest II Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * Operations (magazine ...

(

Kopyl Kapyl ( be, Капы́ль, Kapyĺ, russian: Копыль, Kopyl; pl, Kopyl; lt, Kapylius; yi, קאפּוליע) is an urban settlement and the capital of Kapyl District in Belarus. It is located west-northwest of Slutsk and south-southwest o ...

; 2,325 people, including children) *15 February – end of March, Operation Winterzauber ( Oświeja, Latvian border; 3,904 people, including children) *22 February – 8 March,

Operation Kugelblitz Operation Kugelblitz ("ball lightning") was a major anti- Partisan offensive orchestrated by German forces in December 1943 during World War II in Yugoslavia. The Germans attacked Josip Broz Tito's Partisan forces in the eastern parts of the Ind ...

( Połock, Oświeja, Dryssa, Rossony; 3,780 people, including children) *Until 19 March,

Operation Nixe Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...

( Ptycz, Mikaszewicze, Pińsk; 400 people, including children) *Until 21 March, Operation Föhn ( Pińsk; 543 people, including children) Khatyn Memorial, Belarus

*21 March – 2 April, Operation Donnerkeil ( Połock, Witebsk; 542 people, including children) *March 22,

Khatyn Khatyn ( be, Хаты́нь, Chatyń, ; russian: Хаты́нь, ) was a village of 26 houses and 157 inhabitants in Belarus, in Lahoysk Raion, Minsk Region, 50 km away from Minsk. On 22 March 1943, almost the entire population of the vil ...

; 149 people including women and children *1 – 9 May, Operation Draufgänger II ( Rudnja and Manyly forest; 680 people, including children) *17 – 21 May,

Operation Maigewitter Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * Operations (magazine ...

( Witebsk,

Suraż Suraż ( be, Сураж) is a town in north-eastern Poland situated in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, seat of Gmina Suraż in the Białystok County. Suraż, which has a long and rich history, and was a royal town in the Kingdom of Poland, currentl ...

, Gorodok; 2,441 people, including children) *20 May – 23 June, Operation Cottbus ( Lepel, Begomel, Uszacz; 11,796 people, including children) *27 May – 10 June,

Operation Weichsel Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...

(

Dniepr } The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and ...

- Prypeć triangle, South-West of

Homel Gomel (russian: Гомель, ) or Homiel ( be, Гомель, ) is the administrative centre of Gomel Region and the second-largest city in Belarus with 526,872 inhabitants (2015 census). Etymology There are at least six narratives of the or ...

; 4,018 people, including children) *13 – 16 June,

Operation Ziethen The Battle of Livno is the name of several battles fought over the town of Livno during World War II, which changed hands between the Independent State of Croatia and Partisan forces several times. Operation Beta Operation Beta followed on the h ...

( Rzeczyca; 160 people, including children) *25 June – 27 July,

Operation Seydlitz The Battles of Rzhev (russian: Ржевская битва, Rzhevskaya bitva) were a series of Red Army offensives against the Wehrmacht between January 8, 1942, and March 31, 1943, on the Eastern Front of World War II. The battles took place ...

( Owrucz- Mozyrz; 5,106 people, including children) *30 July, Mozyrz massacre (501 people, including children) *Until 14 July,

Operation Günther Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...

( Woloszyn, Lagoisk; 3,993 people, including children) *13 July – 11 August, Operation Hermann (

Iwie Iwie is a human settlement, settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczenica, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately west of Rzeczenica, north-west of Człuchów, and south-west ...

Nowogródek Novogrudok ( be, Навагрудак, Navahrudak; lt, Naugardukas; pl, Nowogródek; russian: Новогрудок, Novogrudok; yi, נאַוואַראַדאָק, Novhardok, Navaradok) is a town in the Grodno Region, Belarus. In the Middle A ...

, Woloszyn, Stołpce; 4,280 people, including children) *24 September – 10 October,

Operation Fritz Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...

( Głębokie; 509 people, including children) *9 October – 22 October, Stary Bychów massacre (1,769 people, including children) *1 November – 18 November, Operation Heinrich ( Rossony, Połock, Idrica; 5,452 people, including children) *December, Spasskoje massacre (628 people, including children) *December, Biały massacre (1,453 people, including children) *20 December – 1 January 1944, Operation Otto ( Oświeja; 1,920 people, including children) ; 1944 *14 January, Oła massacre (1,758 people, including children) *22 January, Baiki massacre (987 people, including children) *3 – 15 February, Operation Wolfsjagd ( Hłusk, Bobrujsk; 467 people, including children) *5 – 6 February, (near Buczacz) massacre (126 people, including children; see :pl:Zbrodnie w Baryszu) *Until 19 February, Operation Sumpfhahn ( Hłusk, Bobrujsk; 538 people, including children) *Beginning of March, Berezyna- Bielnicz massacre (686 people, including children) *7 – 17 April, Operation Auerhahn ( Bobrujsk; c. 1,000 people, including children) *17 April – 12 May, Operation Frühlingsfest ( Połock, Uszacz; 7,011 people, including children) *25 May – 17 June, Operation Kormoran; ( Wilejka, Borysów,

Minsk Minsk ( be, Мінск ; russian: Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the admi ...

; 7,697 people, including children) *2 June – 13 June, Operation Pfingsrose ( Talka; 499 people, including children) *June, Operation Pfingstausnlug ( Sienno; 653 people, including children) *June,

Operation Windwirbel Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Operation (game), ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * Operations (magazine ...

( Chidra; 560 people, including children)

Belgium

; 1940 *May 25, Vinkt Massacre ( Vinkt,

East Flanders , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = Province of Belgium , image_flag = Flag of Oost-Vlaanderen.svg , flag_size = , image_shield = Wapen van O ...

; 86-140 people, including children) ;1944 *August 18, Courcelles Massacre ( Courcelles, Hainaut Province; 20 People, including children) *December, Malmedy massacres ( Malmedy and surrounding region; at least 373 American POWS) *Dec 17, Baugnez crossroads massacre ( Baugnez (near Malmedy),

Liège Province Liège (; wa, Lîdje ; nl, Luik ; german: Lüttich ) is the easternmost province of the Wallonia region of Belgium. Liège Province is the only Belgian province that has borders with three countries. It borders (clockwise from the north) the Du ...

; 81 American POWS) *Dec 17, Wereth massacre (

Wereth Amel (; french: Amblève, ) is a Belgian municipality in the Walloon province of Liège, and is part of the German-speaking Community of Belgium (german: Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens). On January 1, 2013, the municipality of Amel had ...

; 11 American POWS) *Dec 24, ( Bande, Luxembourg Province; 34 People aged between 20 and 31 years old)

Croatia

;1943 *30 November 1943,

Ivanci massacre The Ivanci massacre was the complete destruction of the Serb village of Ivanci in eastern Croatia (south of Ilača) on 30 November 1943 by Nazi German forces. During World War II, Syrmia was a part of The Independent State of Croatia led by th ...

(73 killed) ;1944 *26-30 March 1944,

Massacre of villages under Kamešnica The Massacre Of Villages Under Kamešnica (Croatian language, Croatian: ''Pokolj u potkamešničkim selima'') was the mass murder of Croat inhabitants from several villages in the Dalmatian Hinterland, between the Kamešnica (mountain), Kamešnic ...

(1,525 killed, including children) * 30 April 1944, Lipa massacre (269 killed, including 96 children)

Czechoslovakia

Koncentracni tabor Mauthausen Praha 2012 7934

* 17 November Raid against universities and colleges * First Martial Law (First Heydrichiada in Prague) * First Martial Law (First Heydrichiada in Brno) * Lidice massacre *

Ležáky Ležáky (german: Ležak, from 1939: ''Lezaky''), in the Miřetice municipality, was a village in Czechoslovakia. During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, it was razed by Nazi forces as reprisal for Reich Protector Reinhard Heydrich's ass ...

massacre * Liquidation of the Theresienstadt concentration camp * "Transport of Death" in Brandýs nad Orlicí * "Transport of Death" in Stod (Czech Republic) * Jablunkov Massacre * "Transport of Death" in Nýřany * Killing in the Mikulov clay pit * Murder in Gästehaus * Ploština Massacre * Zákřov Massacre * Court-martial in Medlánky * Prlov Massacre * Salaš Massacre * Suchý Massacre * Letovice Massacre * Last execution in Theresienstadt * Execution in Lazce * Execution in Fort XIII * "Transport of Death" in Olbramovice *

Podbořany Podbořany (; german: Podersam) is a town in Louny District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,200 inhabitants. The town is known for producing hops. Administrative parts Town parts and villages of Buškovice, Dol ...

-Kaštice Death march * Javoříčko Massacre * Brandýs Tragedy *

Volary Volary (; german: Wallern) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,700 inhabitants. It is located in the Bohemian Forest, close to the border with Germany. An area in the northern part of the town with timber-f ...

Deat march * Velké Meziříčí Massacre * Leskovice Massacre * Úsobská street Massacre * Psáry Massacre * Lednice Massacre * Kolín massacre * Třešť massacre * Velké Popovice massacre * Lahovice massacre * Masarykovo nádraží massacre * Massacre in Trhová Kamenice * Malín tragedy * Kobylisy Shooting Range, a site of execution for primarily political prisoners * Životice massacre * War crimes during the Prague uprising included using civilians as human shields, summary executions and massacres * Massacre in Trhová Kamenice

Estonia

* The Holocaust in Estonia *Murders of children by Karl Linnas ; 1941 *2 November, Mass murder of children in

Pärnu Pärnu () is the fourth largest city in Estonia. Situated in southwest Estonia, Pärnu is located south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and west of Estonia's second largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet ...

synagogue (34 children) ; 1942 *27 March Murder of Pliner children ( Holocaust in Estonia; 3 children)

France

*Affair of 27 martyrs 25 August 1945 * Ascq massacre April 1944 *

of British and Canadian troops by

Waffen-SS The (, "Armed SS") was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts, volunteers and conscripts from both occup ...

Drancy internment camp Drancy internment camp was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German occupation of France during World War II. Originally conceived and built as a modernist urban commu ...

murders * Dortan Massacre * Dun-les-Places massacre *First Saint-Julien massacre * Graignes massacre (Graignes, 17 American prisoners were massacred.) * Izieu orphanage deportations to Auschwitz, 6 April 1944 * Karl Hotz reprisals *

* Massacre of the Bois d'Eraine *

Maillé massacre The Maillé Massacre refers to the murder on 25 August 1944 of 124 of the 500 residents of the commune of Maillé, Indre-et-Loire, Maillé in the department of the Indre-et-Loire. Following an ambush a few days before and in reprisals against ac ...

* Penguerec massacre * Massacre de la vallée de la Saulx * Saint-Genis-Laval massacre *Second Saint-Julien massacre * Tragedy of the Guerry's wells *

Tulle massacre The Tulle massacre was the roundup and summary execution of civilians in the French town of Tulle by the 2nd SS Panzer Division ''Das Reich'' in June 1944, three days after the D-Day landings in World War II. After a successful offensive ...

, 9 June 1944 * Oradour-sur-Glane massacre (642 men, women and children) 10 June 1944 *

Germany

Alkoven Schloss Hartheim 2005-08-18 3589

*Murders of children in the

Hadamar Clinic The Hadamar killing centre (german: NS-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar) was a killing facility involved in the Nazi "involuntary euthanasia" programme known as ''Aktion T4''. It was housed within a psychiatric hospital located in the German town of Had ...

(NS-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar) mostly by Irmgard Huber *Murders of children by Hans Heinze * Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer#Involvement in Nazi human experimentation ; 1945 *8 April - The Celle Massacre *13 April - Gardelegen Massacre *20 April - Murder of 20 children by Alfred Trzebinski

Greece

Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-166-0527-02A, Kreta, Kondomari, Erschießung von Zivilisten

* Massacre of Kleisoura ( Macedonia, 270 women and children) * Massacre of Kondomari (

Crete Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, ...

, 60 men, mainly elder) * Massacre of Pikermi (

Pikermi Pikermi ( el, Πικέρμι) is a suburb of Athens and a former community of East Attica regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rafina-Pikermi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal ...

, 54, including women and children) * Pyrgoi (former Katranitsa) massacre ( Pyrgoi, 346, including women and children) * Razing of Kandanos (

, 180, including women and children) * Holocaust of Viannos (

, 500+, including women and children) *

Distomo massacre The Distomo massacre ( el, Σφαγή του Διστόμου; german: Massaker von Distomo or ''Distomo-Massaker'') was a Nazi Germany, Nazi war crime perpetrated by members of the Waffen-SS in the village of Distomo, Greece, in 1944, during the ...

(

Central Greece Continental Greece ( el, Στερεά Ελλάδα, Stereá Elláda; formerly , ''Chérsos Ellás''), colloquially known as Roúmeli (Ρούμελη), is a traditional geographic region of Greece. In English, the area is usually called Central ...

, 218, including women and children) *

Drakeia massacre The Drakeia massacre ( el, Η σφαγή της Δράκειας) refers to the mass execution of 115 men by SS soldiers in the village of Drakeia, located on Mount Pelion, in Thessaly, on 18 December 1943. It was part of the multiple Nazi re ...

(

Thessaly Thessaly ( el, Θεσσαλία, translit=Thessalía, ; ancient Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, The ...

, 118 men) * Holocaust of Kedros (

, 164, including women and children) * Massacre of Kommeno (

Epirus sq, Epiri rup, Epiru , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = Historical region , image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg , map_alt = , map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinri ...

, 317, including women and children) *

( Peloponnese, 1,200+, including women and children) * Burnings of Kali Sykia (

, 13, women) * Lyngiades massacre (

Epirus sq, Epiri rup, Epiru , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = Historical region , image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg , map_alt = , map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinri ...

), 92, mostly infants, children, women and elderly * Massacre of the Acqui Division ( Kefalonia, 5,000, Italian anti-fascist troops) *

Mesovouno massacre The Mesovouno massacre ( el, Οι σφαγές του Μεσόβουνου) refers to two massacres perpetrated by members of the Wehrmacht in the village of Mesovouno in Ptolemaida, Greece, during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, ...

( Macedonia, 268, including women and children) *

Paramythia executions The Paramythia executions, also known as the Paramythia massacre (19–29 September 1943) was a combined Nazi and Cham Albanian war crime perpetrated by members of the 1st Mountain Division and the Muslim Cham militia in the town of Paramythia a ...

(

Epirus sq, Epiri rup, Epiru , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = Historical region , image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg , map_alt = , map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinri ...

, 201, including women and children) *

The Massacre of Chortiatis Chortiatis ( el, Χορτιάτης) is a suburb and a former municipality in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 Kallikratis local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylaia-Chortiatis, of which it is a municip ...

( Macedonia, 146, including women and children) * Executions of Kaisariani (

Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...

, 200+, all civilians) *

Massacre of Mousiotitsa Mousiotitsa ( el, Μουσιωτίτσα) or Kato Mousiotitsa ( el, Κάτω Μουσιωτίτσα, ) is a village located in the Ioannina regional unit in the Epirus region ( el, Ήπειρος) of western Greece. Situated 33 km south of ...

(

Epirus sq, Epiri rup, Epiru , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = Historical region , image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg , map_alt = , map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinri ...

, 153, including women and children) * Malathyros executions ( Malathyros, 61, including women and children) * Executions of Kokkinia (

, 300+, all civilians, assisted by

Security Battalions The Security Battalions ( el, Τάγματα Ασφαλείας, Tagmata Asfaleias, derisively known as ''Germanotsoliades'' (Γερμανοτσολιάδες) or ''Tagmatasfalites'' (Ταγματασφαλίτες)) were Greek collaborationist ...

) *

Kallikratis executions The Kallikratis executions ( el, εκτελέσεις στον Καλλικράτη) refer to the mass execution, by German Army (1935–1945), German Army and Friedrich_Schubert#As_a_Wehrmacht_non_commissioned_officer, Greek collaborationist para ...

(

, 30, including women and children) *

Alikianos executions The Alikianos executions ( el, εκτελέσεις στον Αλικιανό) was the mass execution by firing squad of mostly male civilians from Alikianos and nearby villages in Crete, Greece by German paratroopers on 24 May, 2 June and 1 Au ...

(

, 118, all civilians) *

Razing of Anogeia The Razing of Anogeia ( el, Καταστροφή των Ανωγείων) or the Holocaust of Anogeia ( el, Ολοκαύτωμα των Ανωγείων) refers to the complete destruction of the village of Anogeia in central Crete (Greece) and ...

(

, unknown, including women and children) * Skourvoula (

, at least 36, all civilians) In addition, more than 90 villages and towns are recorded from the Hellenic network of martyr cities.Δήμος Λαμιέων
Δίκτυο μαρτυρικών πόλεων & χωριών της Ελλάδος , Δήμος Λαμιέων
accessdate: 19. Oktober 2015 During the triple German, Italian and Bulgarian, occupation about 800,000 people lost their lives in

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

(see

World War II casualties World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the 2.3 billion (est.) people on Earth in 1940. Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civ ...

Italy

* Castiglione massacre, 12–14 August 1943,

Castiglione di Sicilia Castiglione di Sicilia ( Sicilian: ''Castigghiuni di Sicilia'') is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Catania in Sicily, southern Italy. Castiglione di Sicilia lies about east of Palermo and about north of Catania. It ...

1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring The Fallschirm-Panzer-Division 1. ''Hermann Göring'' (1st Paratroop Panzer Division ''Hermann Göring'' - abbreviated Fallschirm-Panzer-Div 1 ''HG'') was a German Luftwaffe armoured division. The ''HG'' saw action in France, North Africa, Sic ...

massacres 16 civilians and wounds 20. *

Boves massacre The Boves massacre ( it, Eccidio di Boves) was a World War II war crime that took place on 19 September 1943 in the ''comune'' of Boves, Italy. The event took place following the Italian surrender on 8 September 1943. Twenty-three Italian civil ...

, 8 September 1943, Boves, Mass killing of 23 citizens (with another 22 wounded) by German

1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler or SS Division Leibstandarte, abbreviated as LSSAH, (german: 1. SS-Panzerdivision "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler") began as Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard unit, responsible for guarding ...

occupation troops under Joachim Peiper *

Lake Maggiore massacres The Lake Maggiore massacres was a set of World War II war crimes that took place near Lake Maggiore, Italy, in September and October 1943. Despite strict orders not to commit any violence against civilians in the aftermath of the Italian surrende ...

, September–October 1943,

Lake Maggiore Lake Maggiore (, ; it, Lago Maggiore ; lmo, label=Western Lombard, Lagh Maggior; pms, Lagh Magior; literally 'Greater Lake') or Verbano (; la, Lacus Verbanus) is a large lake located on the south side of the Alps. It is the second largest l ...

, Murder of 56 predominantly Italian Jews by the 1st SS Panzer Division despite strict German orders not to carry out any violence against civilians *

Caiazzo massacre The Caiazzo massacre ( it, Eccidio di Caiazzo, german: Massaker von Caiazzo) was the massacre of 22 Italian civilians at Caiazzo, Campania, Southern Italy, on 13 October 1943, during World War II by members of the German 3rd Panzergrenadier Divis ...

, 13 October 1943,

Caiazzo Caiazzo (also Cajazzo) (Campanian: ) is a city and '' comune'' in the province of Caserta (Campania) in Italy. It is located on the right bank of the Volturnus, some northeast of Capua. History The ancient Caiatia was already in the hands of ...

, Mass killing of 22 civilians by the German 29th Panzergrenadier Regiment occupation troops under Lt. Richard Heinz Wolfgang Lehnigk-Emden *

Ardeatine massacre The Ardeatine massacre, or Fosse Ardeatine massacre ( it, Eccidio delle Fosse Ardeatine), was a mass killing of 335 civilians and political prisoners carried out in Rome on 24 March 1944 by German occupation troops during the Second World War ...

(

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

Lazio it, Laziale , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...

; 335 prisoners executed) * Guardistallo massacre (Guardistallo,

Tuscany it, Toscano (man) it, Toscana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Citizenship , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = Italian , demogra ...

; 46 civilians killed on 29 June 1944) * Piazza Tasso massacre, 17 July 1944,

Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany Regions of Italy, region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilan ...

, 5 Italian civilians killed in massacre by Fascists and German Army *12 August 1944, Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre (Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Tuscany; 560 people, including children) *

San Terenzo Monti massacre The San Terenzo Monti massacre ( it, L’eccidio di San Terenzo Monti), sometimes also referred to as the Bardine massacre or Bardine San Terenzo massacre, was a massacre carried out near Fivizzano, Tuscany, by the German 16th SS Panzergrenadi ...

(

Fivizzano Fivizzano is a ''comune'' in the province of Massa and Carrara, Tuscany, central Italy. History It became part of the Republic of Florence in the 15th century thus gaining the Tuscan republic an important foothold in Lunigiana, a key region whi ...

; 110 civilians and 52 political prisoners killed on 21 August 1944) * Padule di Fucecchio massacre ( Fucecchio,

; 176 civilians killed on 23 August 1944) * Vinca massacre (

; between 160 and 178 civilians executed on 24 August 1944) * Certosa di Farneta massacre (

Lucca Lucca ( , ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as one ...

; 60 civilians killed between 2 and 10 September 1944) *29 September – 5 October 1944,

Marzabotto massacre The Marzabotto massacre, or more correctly, the massacre of Monte Sole, was a World War II war crime consisting of the mass murder of at least 770 civilians by Nazi troops, which took place in the territory around the small village of Marzabotto, ...

(

Marzabotto Marzabotto ( Medial Mountain Bolognese: ) is a small town and ''comune'' in Italian region Emilia-Romagna, part of the Metropolitan City of Bologna. It is located south-southwest of Bologna by rail, and lies in the valley of the Reno. The area inc ...

Emilia-Romagna egl, Emigliàn (man) egl, Emiglièna (woman) rgn, Rumagnòl (man) rgn, Rumagnòla (woman) it, Emiliano (man) it, Emiliana (woman) or it, Romagnolo (man) it, Romagnola (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title ...

; between 770 and 1,830 civilians killed) *29 June 1944, Civitella- Cornia-

San Pancrazio The basilica of San Pancrazio ( en, St Pancras; la, S. Pancratii) is a Roman Catholic ancient basilica and titular church founded by Pope Symmachus in the 6th century in Rome, Italy. It stands in via S. Pancrazio, westward beyond the Porta S ...

massacre ( Abruzzo; 203 people, including children) * Cuneo massacre (Cuneo,

Piedmont it, Piemontese , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...

; 189 civilians and partisans killed in two separate massacres) *

Cavriglia Cavriglia is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Arezzo in the Italian region Tuscany, located about southeast of Florence and about west of Arezzo. Cavriglia borders the following municipalities: Figline Valdarno, Gaiole in Chianti, ...

- Castelnuovo dei Sabbioni massacre (

; 173 civilians killed on 4 July 1944) *Fosse del Frigido massacre ( Massa,

; 146-149 prisoners murdered on 10 September 1944) * Pietransieri massacre ( Roccaraso, Abruzzo; 128 civilians killed on 21 November 1943) *

Stia Piazza Tanucci at Stia. Stia is a ''frazione'' of the ''comune'' of Pratovecchio Stia in the Province of Arezzo in the Italian region Tuscany, located about east of Florence and about northwest of Arezzo. It was an independent commune until i ...

massacre (Stia,

; 122 civilians killed between 12 and 15 April 1944) *Valla massacre (

; 103 civilians killed on 19 August 1944) * Serra di Ronchidoso massacre ( Gaggio Montano,

; over 100 civilians killed on 28–29 September 1944) Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-316-1190-23, Italien, drei erhängte Männer an Galgen

Verghereto Verghereto ( rgn, Vargaréd; Tuscan: (rare)) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Forlì-Cesena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna and about south of Forlì. The main parish church is San Mi ...

massacre (Verghereto,

; 96 civilians killed between 22 and 25 July 1944) *Massacre of Monchio, Susano and Costrignano (

Palagano Palagano ( Frignanese: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Modena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southwest of Bologna and about southwest of Modena. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,455 and an ...

; between 79 and 136 civilians killed on 18 March 1944) * Leonessa and Cumulata massacre (Leonessa,

; 51 civilians killed between 2 and 7 April 1944) *

Cumiana Cumiana is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italy, Italian region Piedmont, located about southwest of Turin. Cumiana borders the following municipalities: Giaveno, Trana, Piossasco, Pinasca, Volvera, Pinerolo, ...

massacre (Cumiana,

; 51 civilians killed on 3 April 1944) * Tavolicci massacre (

; 64 civilians killed on 22 July 1944) * Forno massacre ( Massa,

; 72 civilians killed on 13 June 1944) * Gubbio massacre (Gubbio,

Umbria it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , ...

; 40 civilians executed on 22 June 1944) *Valdine massacre (Fivizzano,

; 52 hostages executed in August 1944) * Casaglia massacre (

; 42 civilians killed on 29 September 1944) * massacre in

Carrara Carrara ( , ; , ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, in central Italy, of the province of Massa and Carrara, and notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione River, some west-northwest of Florence. Its mot ...

(Carrara,

; 72 civilians killed on 16 September 1944) * Madonna dell'Albero massacre (

Ravenna Ravenna ( , , also ; rgn, Ravèna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 408 until its collapse in 476. It then served as the ca ...

; 56 civilians killed on 27 November 1944) *"La Romagna" massacre (Molina di Quosa,

San Giuliano Terme San Giuliano Terme is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about west of Florence and about northeast of Pisa. Main sights The area of the Pisa hills was already an attraction for enlighte ...

; 75 civilians killed on 11 August 1944) * San Polo di Arezzo massacre ( Arezzo, Tuscany; 65 civilians killed on 14 July 1944) * Massaciuccoli-

Massarosa Massarosa is a city and '' comune'' in the province of Lucca, Tuscany, Italy. The city is near Lucca and Pisa. The city hosts Massarosa International Piano Competition. Sister cities Massarosa is twinned with: * Gmina Łużna, Poland * T ...

massacre (Massaciuccoli, Massarosa,

; 41 civilians killed between 2 and 5 September 1944) * Fossoli- Carpi massacre (Carpi,

; 67 civilians killed on 12 July 1944) *Turchino Pass massacre (Fontanafredda,

Liguria it, Ligure , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...

; 59 civilians executed on 19 May 1944) * Pedescala massacre ( Valdastico,

Veneto it, Veneto (man) it, Veneta (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = ...

; 82 civilians killed between 30 April and 2 May 1945)

Latvia

The Holocaust in Latvia The Holocaust in Latvia refers to the crimes against humanity committed by Nazi Germany and collaborators victimizing Jews during the occupation of Latvia. From 1941 to 1944, around 70,000 Jews were murdered, approximately three-quarters of the ...

; 1941 *30 November and 8 December,

Rumbula massacre The Rumbula massacre is a collective term for incidents on November 30 and December 8, 1941, in which about 25,000 Jews were murdered in or on the way to Rumbula forest near Riga, Latvia, during the Holocaust. Except for the Babi Yar massacre in ...

(25,000 people, including children)

Lithuania

* The Holocaust in Lithuania ; 1941 *13 July – 21 August Daugavpils massacre by Einsatzkommando 3 (9,585 people, including children) *July–August 1944,

Ponary massacre , location = Paneriai (Ponary), Vilnius (Wilno), Reichskommissariat Ostland , coordinates = , date = July 1941 – August 1944 , incident_type = Shootings by automatic and semi-automatic weapons, genocide , perpetrators ...

(c. 100,000 people, including children) *18 August – 22 August, Kreis Rasainiai massacre (1,020 children) *19 August, Ukmerge massacre (88 children) *Summer-autumn-winter, Complete murder of native Jewish population in Estonia (900 individuals, including 101 children) *1 September,

Marijampolė Marijampolė (; also known by several other names) is a cultural and industrial city and the capital of the Marijampolė County in the south of Lithuania, bordering Poland and Russian Kaliningrad Oblast, and Lake Vištytis. The population of Mar ...

massacre (1,404 children) *2 September,

Wilno Vilnius ( , ; see also #Etymology and other names, other names) is the capital and List of cities in Lithuania#Cities, largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 (according to the state register) or 625,107 (according to the munic ...

massacre (817 children) *4 September, Čekiškė massacre (60 children) *4 September, Seredžius massacre (126 children) *4 September, Veliuona massacre (86 children) *4 September, Zapyškis massacre (13 children) *6 September – 8 September,

Raseiniai Raseiniai (; Samogitian: ''Raseinē'') is a city in Lithuania. It is located on the south eastern foothills of the Samogitians highland, some north from the Kaunas–Klaipėda highway. History Grand Duchy of Lithuania Raseiniai is one of th ...

massacre (415 children) *6 September – 8 September, Jurbork massacre (412 people, including children) *29 October, Kaunas massacre (4,273 children) *25 November, Kauen -F.IX massacre (175 children)

Netherlands

; 1940 *14 May, Rotterdam bombing (nearly 1,000 people were killed and 85,000 made homeless.) ; 1944 *1 October, Putten raid (552 deaths) *5 November, Heusden Town Hall Massacre (134 people, including 74 children)

Norway

*Attempted deportation of children of Jewish Children's Home in Oslo

Poland

Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-695-0423-14, Warschauer Aufstand, flüchtende Zivilisten

* The Holocaust in Poland * Bombing of Wieluń * Borów massacre (103 children) *

Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany The Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany during World War II was a massive operation consisting of the forced resettlement of over 1.7 million Poles from the territories of German-occupied Poland, with the aim of their Germanization (see Lebensr ...

* German AB-Aktion in Poland *

Gmina Aleksandrów, Lublin Voivodeship Gmina Aleksandrów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Aleksandrów, which lies approximately south-east of Biłgoraj and south of the regional capit ...

* Gmina Besko *

Gmina Gidle __NOTOC__ Gmina Gidle is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Gidle, which lies approximately south of Radomsko and south of the regional capital Łódź. ...

Gmina Kłecko __NOTOC__ Gmina Kłecko is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Kłecko, which lies approximately north-west of Gniezno and north-east of th ...

* Gmina Ryczywół * Gmina Siennica * Huta Pieniacka massacre * Intelligenzaktion Pommern *

Jedwabne pogrom The Jedwabne pogrom was a massacre of Polish Jews in the town of Jedwabne, German-occupied Poland, on 10 July 1941, during World War II and the early stages of the Holocaust. At least 340 men, women and children were murdered, some 300 of whom ...

* Jeziorko woodland cemetery * Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany * Krasowo-Częstki massacre (83 children) *

Lviv pogroms The Lviv pogroms were the consecutive pogroms and massacres of Jews in June and July 1941 in the city of Lwów in German-occupied Eastern Poland/Western Ukraine (now Lviv, Ukraine). The massacres were perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists (sp ...

* Massacres of Poles in Volhynia * Michniów massacre (48 children) *Murders of children by

Pacification Operations in German occupied Poland The pacification actions in German-occupied Poland during World War II were one of many punitive measures designed to inflict terror on the civilian population of local villages and towns with the use of military and police force. They were an int ...

* Planned destruction of Warsaw *

* Operation Tannenberg *

Szczecyn Szczecyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gościeradów, within Kraśnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Kraśnik and south-west of the regional capital Lublin Lublin ...

massacre (71 children) * Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz) ; 1942 *2 July, murder of children of Lidice in the Kulmhof

extermination camp Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (german: Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (), or killing centers (), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust. The v ...

(82 children) ; 1943 *12 March, Murder of Czesława Kwoka in KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau (1 child) *23 May, Kielce cemetery massacre (45 children) *3 August,

Szczurowa massacre The massacre in Szczurowa was the murder of 93 Romani people, including children, women and the elderly, by German Nazi occupiers in the Polish village of Szczurowa on 3 August 1943. Between ten and twenty families of settled Romani had lived in ...

(93 people, including children) *29 September, Ostrówki massacre (246 children) *29 September, Wola Ostrowiecka massacre (220 children) ; 1944 Polish civilians murdered by German-SS-troops in Warsaw Uprising Warsaw August 1944

Polish civilians murdered by German-SS-troops in Warsaw Uprising Warsaw August 1944

*28 February, Huta Pieniacka massacre *28 – 29 February, Korosciatyn Massacre (c. 150 people, including children) *2 June, Murder of

Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam (January 10, 1905 – June 18, 1994) was an Orthodox rabbi and the founding rebbe of the Sanz-Klausenburg Hasidic dynasty. Halberstam was one of the youngest rebbes in Europe, leading thousands of followers in the ...

's children (9 children) *4–August 25, Ochota massacre (c. 10,000 people, including children) *5 – 8 August,

Wola massacre The Wola massacre ( pl, Rzeź Woli, lit=Wola slaughter) was the systematic killing of between 40,000 and 50,000 Poles in the Wola neighbourhood of the Polish capital city, Warsaw, by the German Wehrmacht and fellow Axis collaborators in the ...

(40,000Muzeum Powstania otwarte
BBC Polish edition, 2 October 2004, Children accessed on 13 April 2007 up to 100,000

Gazeta Wyborcza ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (; ''The Electoral Gazette'' in English) is a Polish daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It is the first Polish daily newspaper after the era of " real socialism" and one of Poland's newspapers of record, covering the ...

– local Warsaw edition, 1998-08-01. Children accessed on 13 April 2007 people, including children)

Russia

The Holocaust in Russia The Holocaust in Russia is the Nazi crimes during the occupation of Russia (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) by Nazi Germany. On the Eve of the Holocaust The Soviet Union did grant official "equality of all citizens regardless of ...

* Commissar Order * World War II German war crimes in the Soviet Union * German war crimes during the Battle of Moscow

Serbia

; 1941 *20–21 October Kragujevac massacre (2,778–2,794 civilians killed, including 217 children) *15-20 October Kraljevo massacre (2000 civilians killed)

Slovenia

; 1942 *22 July Celje prison massacre ( Celje, 100 civilians killed) *2 October Maribor prison massacre ( Maribor, 143 civilians killed) ; 1945 *12 February

Frankolovo crime The Frankolovo crime ( sl, Frankolovski zločin) was one of the worst Nazi war crimes in the territory of present-day Slovenia during World War II. On February 12, 1945, members of the Wehrmacht killed one hundred Slovene civilians at Graben in ...

(

Frankolovo Frankolovo () is a settlement in the Municipality of Vojnik in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the main road north of Vojnik towards Slovenske Konjice. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the munic ...

, 100 civilians killed)

Ukraine

The Holocaust in Ukraine The Holocaust in Ukraine took place in the ''Reichskommissariat Ukraine'', the '' General Government'', the ''Crimean General Government'' and some areas which were located to the East of Reichskommissariat Ukraine (all of those areas were unde ...

Babi Yar Babi Yar (russian: Ба́бий Яр) or Babyn Yar ( uk, Бабин Яр) is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv and a site of massacres carried out by Nazi Germany's forces during its campaign against the Soviet Union in World War II. T ...

List of victims of the Babi Yar massacre Babi Yar, a ravine near Kyiv, was the scene of possibly the largest shooting massacre during the Holocaust. After the war, commemoration efforts encountered serious difficulty because of the policy of the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the ...

Drobytsky Yar Drobytsky Yar is a ravine in Kharkiv, Ukraine. In December 1941, Nazi troops invading the Soviet Union began killing local residents over the following year. At the end of this period, some 16,000 people, mainly Jews, were killed. Notably on 15 ...

* Massacres of Poles in Volhynia ; 1941 *June, Czechow massacre (6 children) *August 27–28,

Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre The Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre was a World War II mass shooting of Jews carried out in the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa, by the German Police Battalion 320 along with Friedrich Jeckeln's ''Einsatzgruppen'', the Hungarian soldiers, a ...

; 23,600 people (including women and children) *September 5, Pavoloch massacre; 1,500 people (including women and children) *September 16–30, Nikolaev massacre; 35,782 people (including women and children) *29 – 30 September, Babi Jar massacre (33,771 people, including children:

) *October 5,

Berdychiv massacre Berdychiv ( uk, Берди́чів, ; pl, Berdyczów; yi, באַרדיטשעװ, Barditshev; russian: Берди́чев, Berdichev) is a historic city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (Oblast, province) of northern Ukraine. Serving as the Capital city, ...

, 20,000–38,536 people (including women and children) *October 22–24,

1941 Odessa massacre The Odessa massacre was the mass murder of the Jewish population of Odessa and surrounding towns in the Transnistria Governorate during the autumn of 1941 and the winter of 1942 while it was under Romanian control. It was one of the worst mass ...

, 125,000-134,000 people (including women and children) *December 15, Drobitsky Yar, 16,000 people (including women and children) ; 1943 *1 – 2 March 1943, Koriukivka massacre *19 March 1943, Ozerjany massacre (267 people). *Second half of March, Kharkov massacre following the Third Battle of Kharkov (2500 people). *29 September, Wola Ostrowiecka massacre (220 children) *December 10, Tarassiwka massacre; 400 people (including women and children) ; 1944 *28 February, Huta Pieniacka massacre *28 – 29 February, Korosciatyn Massacre (c. 150 people, including children)

Notes

References

*''This article incorporates text from the

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. Adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the USHMM provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust hi ...

, and has been released under the

GFDL The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a copyleft license for free documentation, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU Project. It is similar to the GNU General Public License, giving readers the ...

.'' *United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Articl
Children during the Holocaust
and online exhibition
Life in the Shadows
an
Give Me Your Children
from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
The War Crimes of Dr Josef MengeleThe Reich's forgotten atrocity
; Media (on-line) *

* Stills from Soviet documentary "The Atrocities committed by German Fascists in the USSR"
(1)(2)(3)
* Slide sho
"Nazi Crimes in the USSR (Graphic images!)"
{{Authority control German Empire in World War I Germany in World War II War crimes War crimes committed by country

War War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular o ...

Pre-World War I

World War I

Chemical weapons in warfare

Belgium

Bombardment of English coastal towns

Unrestricted submarine warfare

World War II

War criminals

Massacres and war crimes of World War II by location

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Croatia

Czechoslovakia

Estonia

France

Germany

Greece

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Russia

Serbia

Slovenia

Ukraine

See also

Notes

References