German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran

The German auxiliary cruiser ''Kormoran'' (HSK-8). was a ''Kriegsmarine'' (German navy) merchant raider of World War II. Originally the merchant vessel ''Steiermark'' ("Styria"), the ship was acquired by the navy following the outbreak of war for conversion into a raider. Administered under the designation german: Schiff 41, label=none, lit=Ship 41, to the Allied navies she was known as "Raider G". The largest merchant raider operated by Germany during World War II, ''Kormoran'' ("cormorant") was responsible for the destruction of 10 merchant vessels and the capture of an 11th during her year-long career in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

She is also known for sinking the Australian light cruiser during a mutually destructive battle off Western Australia on 19 November 1941. Damage sustained during the battle prompted the scuttling of ''Kormoran''. While 318 of the 399 aboard the German ship were rescued and placed in prisoner of war camps for the remainder of World War II, there were no survivors from the 645 aboard the Australian cruiser. The wreck of ''Kormoran'' was rediscovered on 12 March 2008, five days before that of her adversary.

''Kormoran''s success against HMAS ''Sydney'' is commonly attributed to the proximity of the two ships during the engagement, and the raider's advantages of surprise and rapid, accurate fire. Prior to the discovery of the wrecks in 2008, the cruiser's loss with all hands compared to the survival of most of the German crew created controversy and spawned numerous conspiracy theories; some alleged that the German commander, Theodor Detmers, used illegal ruses to lure ''Sydney'' into range, others that a Japanese submarine was involved, or that details of the battle were concealed through a wide-ranging coverup. None of these claims were substantiated by any evidence.

Construction and conversion

The merchant vessel ''Steiermark'' was constructed by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel for the Hamburg-Amerika Line. Launched in 1938, the ship was to operate on the East Asia run, but had completed only sea trials when war was declared.Frame (1993), p. 45

Following World War I, German naval power had limits placed upon it by the Treaty of Versailles, which were later eased by the 1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement.Frame (1993), pp. 41-4 By the 1930s, the discrepancy between the conventional warship strength of Germany and that of other nations led the German military to recognize that auxiliary cruisers engaged in commerce raiding could play a significant role in future wars, as they had during World War I. Merchant ships that could be converted into raiders were identified, and were to be taken up by the ''Kriegsmarine'' for conversion following a declaration of war.Frame (1993), p. 44

''Steiermark'' was one of these ships. Receiving the designation de , Schiff41 , label=none (Ship 41) for administrative purposes, she was taken into dockyard hands following the outbreak of World War II. Conversion of the merchant ship commenced in early 1940, and was prioritized as second only to work on the U-boat fleet. The conversion work included installation of camouflaged weapons, fitting of bunks for the sailors, creation of internal passageways leading to their stations. Prisoner accommodation, consisting of an open area for hammocks and facilities to keep ship's masters and women separate from the general population, were constructed. The raider was also provided with equipment with which to modify her appearance and allow her to masquerade as other merchant vessels. While the ship was being refitted, her future crew underwent training aboard the blockade runner ''Monte Pascoal''.

''Korvettenkapitän'' (Lieutenant Commander) Theodor Detmers was selected to command de , Schiff41 , label=none in July 1940; the 37-year-old was the youngest man to command a German merchant raider. Detmers named the ship ''Kormoran'', inspired by (a Russian merchant ship captured by the Germans during World War I and operated as a raider) and the cormorant (with Detmers comparing the seabird's use in fishing to his ship's attempts in catching Allied vessels). After a successful trials cruise in September 1940, ''Kormoran'' was commissioned on 9 October.

Design

''Kormoran'' was one of nine during World War II: two were reclassified for other uses before leaving German waters. civilian ships taken up by the German Navy for conversion into merchant raiders; they were referred to alternately as german: Hilfskreuzer, label=none ( auxiliary cruisers) or german: Handelsstörkreuzer, label=none (trade disruption cruisers).Frame (1993), pp. 275-7 She was the largest of the raiders, and the most recently constructed when she was taken up for modification.Winter (1984), p. 13 After modification, ''Kormoran'' was long and wide, with a gross register tonnage of 8,736. She was propelled by four 9-cylinder diesel engines driving electric motors, which could propel the ship at .

The raider was fitted with six SK L/45 guns as primary armament: two each within the forecastle ("1" and "2") and quarterdeck ("5" and "6"), and one each fore and aft ("3" and "4" respectively) on the centreline.Frame (1993), p. 46 These guns were ; gun "3" had been removed from the battlecruiser in 1916. The forecastle and quarterdeck guns were hidden behind counter-weighted false hull plates, while each centreline gun was concealed by fake cargo hatch walls.

The secondary armament consisted of five anti-aircraft guns: two on the forecastle, two on the after funnel deck, and the fifth in the quarterdeck. All five were hidden by the structure of the ship until they were raised clear on hydraulic platforms. There were plans to fit four anti-aircraft guns, but only two ex-army anti-tank guns could be scrounged; these were installed on ''Kormoran''s superstructure, hidden by sheet metal panels. ''Kormoran'' was also equipped with six torpedo tubes: two dual launchers on the upper deck, and a single underwater tube on each side. The underwater tubes were amidships, angled at 135° from the bow, and could only be fired if the raider was travelling at less than . ''Kormoran'' carried a payload of mines, with an LS-3 fast boat carried inside No. 6 cargo hatch for minelaying.
The raider carried two Arado Ar 196 floatplanes for reconnaissance.Frame (1993), p. 47Winter (1984), p. 27 Although Detmers wanted a catapult, such equipment would have spoiled any merchant ship disguise used by ''Kormoran''; instead, the planes were stored inside No. 5 cargo hatch, and were launched and recovered from the water with hoists. Mechanical problems, difficulties in moving the aircraft between the hatch and the water, plus a lack of opportunities meant that only seven flights were made during the ship's operational deployment.

Operational history

Running the blockade

The day after commissioning, ''Kormoran'' sailed to Kiel, where she was provisioned for a 12-month voyage.Frame (1993), p. 51 The raider then travelled to Gotenhafen (Gdynia, Poland) and underwent further trials of the ship's weapons, aircraft, and minelaying boat. Despite a range of problems and defects, Detmers elected to repair problems at sea instead of taking the ship into dock and delaying their mission.

The raider departed on 3 December, and once she cleared German waters on 10 December, her disguise was changed from a minesweeper to the Soviet freighter ''Vyacheslav Molotov''. The Royal Navy had blockaded German waters at the start of the war, and ''Kormoran'' had to break through to reach her first patrol area. It was suggested that the raider either sail through the English Channel with support from captured French coastal batteries and the ''Luftwaffe'', or around the Faroe Islands. Detmers chose to travel north of Iceland and through the Denmark Strait before heading south. The longer route was justified by its greater distance from British naval and aviation bases, and was thus less likely to be patrolled.Frame (1993), pp. 52-3 The raider reached the strait late in the evening of 12 December, passed through it under the cover of a heavy storm, and entered the Atlantic by the following midday without encountering any Allied ships.Frame (1993), p. 55

Atlantic Ocean

Having cleared the British blockade, ''Kormoran''s instructions were to search the Atlantic Ocean for targets of opportunity, then move to the Indian Ocean and seek out Allied merchant shipping, with additional orders to lay mines around one or more Allied ports in India or Australia.Winter (1984), p. 35 ''Kormoran'' was also expected to replenish U-boats when ordered to do so, and carried extra torpedoes and spare parts. The raider's first operational area was in the Atlantic, below latitude 40° north, which she crossed during the night of 19–20 December. The German ship initially patrolled the western mid-Atlantic, outside the Pan-American Security Zone. During the first two weeks, the only ships spotted were merchant vessels flying the United States flag, which merchant raiders were forbidden to attack as they were still neutral.

By 6 January 1941, Detmers was ready to relocate to a point west of the Mediterranean because of a lack of targets, but that afternoon, ''Kormoran'' encountered the 3,729-ton Greek freighter ''Antonis''.Winter (1984), p. 38 The raider ordered the freighter to heave to and not send any wireless transmissions, and sent a boarding party over.Frame (1993), p. 57 ''Antonis'' was armed with three British machine guns and loaded with 4,800 tons of Welsh coal. Though Germany was not at war with Greece, the presence of Allied weapons and cargo allowed Detmers to sink her or take her as a prize. As coal was of little use to the ''Kriegsmarine'', the weapons, ammunition, and 29 crew were transferred to ''Kormoran'', and the boarding party scuttled her at .Winter (1984), p. 39 Admiralty notifications for raider activity gave an incorrect date and location for the attack, and initially attributed it to the raider ''Thor''. ''Kormoran'' then headed southeast, avoiding the convoy routes from the Mediterranean to America or down the African coast, in order to seek vessels sailing alone and without warship escort.Frame (1993), p. 58

Before sunset on 18 January, smoke was spotted on the horizon, so ''Kormoran'' accelerated and altered course to pursue. The source of the smoke was a tanker flying no flags, showing no lights, and zigzagging to thwart submarine attack, leading Detmers to conclude she was an Allied vessel. With little time before the sun set and the likelihood the tanker would resist capture, ''Kormoran'' commenced fire at in an attempt to disable the ship. When the third salvo hit, the merchantman broadcast a distress call, identifying herself as ''British Union'' and saying she was under attack by an unknown vessel at . Firing continued until ''British Union'' directed a light towards ''Kormoran'', which the Germans assumed was a surrender signal, but as the raider closed to , four shots were fired by the tanker.Frame (1993), p. 59 All four missed, and heavy retaliatory fire from the raider set the merchant ship alight and forced the crew to abandon ship. The decision was made to destroy the 6,987-ton tanker with a torpedo, although two torpedoes and shells from the raider's main guns were required to sink her, while a third torpedo exploded as soon as it cleared its safety distance and armed; Detmers later stated the quantity of ammunition used during the attempted capture was excessive for the result obtained. The tanker's master, 27 sailors, and a pet monkey were recovered from two lifeboats as the tanker sank at , and the raider fled the area. The distress call and glow from the fires attracted the attention of the armed merchant cruiser , which passed through the engagement site around midnight in pursuit, but failed to locate ''Kormoran'', and returned that morning to collect a third lifeboat carrying seven survivors.Winter (1984), p. 41 These sailors stated their attacker had fired on the other two lifeboats, a claim not made by those rescued by the Germans.Winter (1984), p. 42 The Allies initially assumed that the was responsible, but after this was disproven, the Admiralty was unable to determine the identity of the attacker.Frame (1993), p. 60

Just after 13:00 on 29 January, ''Kormoran'' encountered a large merchantman which altered course on sighting the raider, but returned to her original heading after ''Kormoran'' made no aggressive moves. Detmers instead waited until the distance between the ships had decreased before the raider altered course to intercept, dropped her camouflage, and ordered the merchantman to stop. The ship did not comply, and after a warning shot elicited no response, ''Kormoran'' fired for effect. A distress signal was transmitted but jammed by the raider, and after unsuccessfully trying to break away from the faster German ship, the merchant vessel came to a stop and ceased attempts to transmit. The crew was ordered by signals from ''Kormoran'' to abandon ship, but the merchant sailors did not comply until after the raider resumed fire, having observed an attempt to man the ship's stern gun. A boarding party identified the victim as the 11,900-ton refrigerator ship ''Afric Star'', carrying meat and butter to England. The complicated configuration and damaged condition of ''Afric Star'' ruled against her capture as a prize ship; after confiscating code books and other vital documents, and recovering 76 people, including two women, attempts were made to scuttle her.Frame (1993), p. 61 The merchantman refused to sink, and ''Kormoran'' had to use shells and torpedoes to send her to the bottom at .

Later that day, lookouts aboard the raider spotted a merchant ship sailing without lights. Sneaking up on the vessel, ''Kormoran'' opened fire; her first salvo missed, but within minutes, the target was heavily damaged and aflame. The ship transmitted a distress signal, which ''Kormoran'' was unable to jam completely, but this ceased as crew members started to abandon ship. The raider stopped firing, but resumed when the merchantman attempted another transmission, and shore stations responded. Communications intercepts and the code books taken from ''Afric Star'' earlier that day revealed the target's identity: the 5,273-ton British freighter ''Eurylochus'', with a cargo of bombers for the Gold Coast. These intercepts also indicated that several parties, including the Air Ministry, were aware of the attack, prompting Detmers to order the torpedoing of ''Eurylochus''. This was accomplished with a single torpedo, sinking the British ship and her cargo at , three and a half hours after ''Afric Star''. 39 Chinese and four British crew were recovered by the German raider before she fled the area with British warships and in pursuit. Another 28 survivors were found by the Spanish merchant ship ''Monte Tiede'' later that night, with 10 men killed during the attack or lost at sea. ''Eurylochus'' master was among those rescued by the Allies, and recounted that two ships had attacked, one of them armed with guns, which led British Naval Intelligence to conclude that the responsible ships were ''Thor'' and ''Admiral Scheer'', or an unknown raider operating in concert with one of these. Among the rescued was ship's gunner Frank Laskier who, on returning to England, was interviewed by BBC radio and proved so popular he became a figurehead for Merchant Navy enlistment propaganda for the rest of the war.Lane, ''The Merchant Seaman's War'', p. 55

After evading pursuit, ''Kormoran'' made for a point off the Cape Verde Islands, where she rendezvoused with the supply ship ''Nordmark'' on 7 February. During a three-day replenishment operation, ''Kormoran'' topped up ''Nordmark''s supply of spare U-boat parts with components brought from Germany, and transferred 170 of the 174 prisoners acquired so far.Frame (1993), p. 62 The four Chinese sailors from ''Eurylochus'' were hired to stay aboard the raider as laundrymen, and the ''British Union'' crew left their pet monkey aboard as thanks for their treatment while in captivity. A piano was taken from ''Nordmark''s companion ''Duquesa'', a captured coal-burning ship that was to be scuttled when her fuel ran out, but Detmers warned that if the piano caused any problems among the crew, it would be pushed overboard.

''Kormoran'' left the rendezvous on 10 February and headed south. During the transit, Detmers received a signal from Germany indicating that his ship had been awarded two First Class Iron Crosses, and 50 Second Class Iron Crosses, to be distributed as he saw fit. Detmers transmitted a request on 18 February for WM-80 white metal ( Babbitt (metal)), as the softer WM-10 used in bearings for two of the four diesel engines were wearing out too quickly.Frame (1993), p. 63 Some metal was acquired from the raider ''Pinguin'' on 25 February, but this was not enough to replace all the bearings. On 15 March, ''Kormoran'' met to transfer torpedoes, provisions, and spare parts, but rough seas forced the two vessels to head south, where they met the German cruiser ''Admiral Scheer'' a day later. The raider's broken radar and a sailor with an eye injury were transferred to ''Scheer'', but attempts to replenish the U-boat were again interrupted by bad weather, forcing the two vessels to relocate again. The equipment transfer and refueling took another three days, during which crewmen from ''U-124'' enjoyed the relatively luxurious facilities aboard ''Kormoran'', and a sick sailor from the submarine was traded for a healthy man from the raider.

''Kormoran'' sailed north to the Freetown-South America shipping route, and began to patrol near where it intersected the border of the Pan-American Security Zone. On the morning of 22 March, the raider encountered a tanker, which identified herself as the British vessel ''Agnita''.Frame (1993), p. 64 ''Kormoran'' instructed her to stop and maintain wireless silence or be fired upon. The tanker instead broke away and began to transmit a distress signal, which was jammed as ''Kormoran'' opened fire. ''Agnita'' signaled surrender after two salvoes; 12 British and 25 Chinese sailors were captured, along with maps of the minefields surrounding Freetown Harbour.Frame (1993), p. 65 Efforts to scuttle the tanker failed, and ''Kormoran'' had to waste another torpedo to sink the ship at .

Against usual practice, Detmers decided to return to the site of the action three days later, where another tanker was spotted. ''Kormoran'' revealed her weapons and fired a warning shot at the tanker, which initially attempted to flee but then chose to surrender when the morning mist lifted and revealed the nature of her attacker. The 11,309-ton (German-built) Canadian tanker '' Canadolite'' was taken as a prize ship, with a German crew taking the ship and her 44 sailors to Bordeaux, France, while the four officers were imprisoned aboard ''Kormoran''.Winter (1984), p. 66 After the captured tanker left, it was realised recognition signals to avoid ''Luftwaffe'' attack had not been supplied, and ''Kormoran'' raced to meet the tanker when she rendezvoused with the supply ship ''Nordmark''. The raider met the supply ship on 27 March, but it appeared ''Canadolite'' had enough fuel to reach France and had chosen to sail straight there.Winter (1984), p. 67 Two U-boats were scheduled to reach the rendezvous point for resupply; Detmers suggested he meet , which was carrying more white metal for ''Kormoran''s engines, while ''Nordmark'' focused on . The commanding officer of ''U-105'' agreed to transmit a warning to Germany regarding ''Canadolite'' once the U-boat had left the rendezvous point, which did not occur until six days later because of equipment problems delaying the replenishment. The tanker arrived safely on 13 April, was renamed ''Sudetenland'', and remained operational until her sinking by the Royal Air Force in 1944.Canadian WWII Merchant Ship Losses
The Naval Museum of Manitoba

''Kormoran'' was due to rendezvous with the tanker ''Rudolf Albrecht'' on 4 April, and had no opportunity to search for new targets.Frame (1993), p. 66 The 42 prisoners from ''Kormoran'' were transferred to the ''Albrecht'', but as she was a civilian vessel, her master was sworn in by Detmers as a naval officer, and an armed guard had to be supplied.Winter (1984), pp. 68-9 Detmers ordered the transfer of four men from ''Nordmark'' to ''Rudolf Albrecht'' as guards, along with a fifth to ''Kormoran'' in exchange for the sick sailor taken from ''U-124'' two weeks before. The supply ship's commander attempted to obstruct the transfers, and then demanded replacements; one came from ''Kormoran'', while three of the tanker's sailors were drafted.Winter (1984), p. 69 Food, mail, and newspapers were received from ''Rudolf Albrecht'', along with news that another three First Class Iron Crosses and 50 Second Class Iron Crosses had been awarded to ''Kormoran''.

Having returned to the waters off Freetown, ''Kormoran'' encountered a merchant ship at dawn on 9 April. As the ship was behind ''Kormoran'' and on a similar course, the raider slowed until the merchantman was abeam of the raider and to port. The German ship dropped her camouflage, increased speed, and ordered the freighter to stop or be fired upon. In response, the merchantman attempted to transmit a distress call (which was jammed by ''Kormoran'') and tried to man her stern gun, prompting the Germans to open fire. The freighter took heavy damage, as every time Detmers ordered or was about to order a cease-fire, the target ship attempted to escape or transmit another distress signal.Winter (1984), p. 70 Eventually, the 46 survivors of the crew (five were killed in the attack) abandoned their burning vessel, and boarding parties were sent from the raider. She was identified as the 8,022-ton British freighter ''Craftsman'', carrying an anti-submarine net for Singapore, which was to be delivered after a stop in Cape Town. After scuttling charges failed to sink ''Craftsman'', she was torpedoed at .

After fleeing the scene, ''Kormoran'' headed south, and early on 12 April encountered another ship.Frame (1993), p. 67 After slowly closing on the merchantman over three hours, ''Kormoran'' de-camouflaged and fired several warning shots. The freighter turned away and sent a distress signal; wireless operators aboard ''Kormoran'' were unable to jam it, but there was little concern as the transmission was an SOS instead of the more specific QQQ or RRR for a raider attack, while also giving the wrong coordinates. ''Kormoran'' fired for effect, but it was not until the merchant ship's bridge was destroyed that her 35 crew abandoned ship. A boarding party identified the ship as the 5,486-ton Greek freighter ''Nicholas D.L.'', carrying Canadian timber. Because of her buoyant cargo, the scuttling charges failed to have major effect, but after firing some shells into ''Nicholas D.L.'', Detmers chose to leave the ship to sink slowly at .Winter (1984), p. 73 Until 1943, the Admiralty accepted the SOS location, 18° further north, as fact, while attributing the sinking to the raider ''Atlantis''.

On 17 April, ''Kormoran'' sighted a passenger ship, but was unable to lure her into range before the vessel disappeared into a rain squall. Two days later, ''Kormoran'' met ''Atlantis'' and the blockade runner ''Dresden''. An expected shipment of white metal for ''Kormoran'' had been supplied to a different blockade runner, which was delayed. Several supply ships arrived at the rendezvous point over the next few days and transferred provisions, ammunition, and fuel to the raider. Prisoners from ''Kormoran'' were handed over to the other ships, and the raider received new sailors to make up numbers. ''Kormoran'' departed on 22 April, and spent two days changing her disguise to the Japanese freighter ''Sakito Maru'' before sailing into the Indian Ocean.

Indian Ocean

On reaching the Indian Ocean, ''Kormoran'' was immediately diverted to refuel the whaling ship ''Adjutant'' and supply ship ''Alstertor''; refuelling was carried out between 13 and 17 May. Although originally confined to waters northeast of latitude 20°S and longitude 80°E, the raider's area of operations expanded on 1 June to encompass the entire ocean. The ship's disguise was altered again on 5 June, with ''Kormoran'' taking the identity of the Japanese merchant ship ''Kinka Maru'', as the owners of ''Sakito Maru'' rarely operated in the western Indian. After patrolling around the Maldives without success, ''Kormoran'' sailed towards the Bay of Bengal with plans to lay mines in the approaches to Madras and Calcutta.Frame (1993), p. 71 Although a target was spotted en route on 15 June, the raider's smoke generator malfunctioned and started to produce thick, black smoke, which scared off the merchantman. On 24 June, while approaching Madras, the raider was spotted and shadowed by what the Germans assumed was a British auxiliary cruiser. The suspicious ship later resumed her original course without incident, but Detmers decided to postpone the mine-laying operation and leave the area, as Allied forces would become suspicious when the 'Japanese' ship failed to reach port.

During the early morning of 26 June, a darkened merchant ship was spotted.Frame (1993), p. 72 Signals were sent to the ship without response, and after the merchantman appeared to ignore a warning shot, ''Kormoran'' opened fire and caused massive damage. Nine men, identifying themselves as crew from the 4,153-ton Yugoslavian cargo ship ''Velebit'', were recovered from a lifeboat; the lack of response was attributed to the actions of inexperienced Indian sailors taken on in Bombay. The ship was left to sink, but another eight sailors remained on board, and kept ''Velebit'' afloat until she ran aground on the reefs surrounding the Andaman Islands. That afternoon, smoke from another ship was spotted by ''Kormoran''. Maintaining a steady course away from the merchantman until a rain squall enveloped the raider, ''Kormoran'' then altered onto a converging course, and closed to within before crossing the merchantman's bow to reach a favorable firing position and revealing her identity. Orders to stop were ignored, and the raider opened fire after a distress call was sent. Within 30 seconds, shells from the raider destroyed the merchantman's wireless room and forecastle, damaged the engine room, and started several fires.Winter (1984), p. 96 Some 48 sailors from the 3,472-ton Australian vessel ''Mareeba'' were recovered by ''Kormoran'', and although a boarding party attempted to save the ship for use as a mine-layer, the severity of damage made this impossible. The Australian ship was scuttled, and sank quickly at .

After retreating to open waters, a 15-day overhaul of the engines was carried out.Frame (1993), p. 73 While working on one of the seaplanes, a sailor was killed by electrocution. ''Kormoran''s disguise was changed to the Dutch freighter ''Straat Malakka'', and notice was received of a further 100 Second Class Iron Crosses and five First Class Iron Crosses awarded to the ship. On completion, Detmers set course for the Bay of Bengal intending to lay a second mine field, but aborted this on 30 July when he learned the aircraft carrier would be in the area.Frame (1993), p. 74 ''Kormoran'' then took to patrolling the shipping routes from Fremantle to Colombo or Lombok. A merchant ship was spotted near sunset on 13 August, but the ship's actions (which included heading directly for ''Kormoran'' on spotting her, broadcasting a raider distress call without coordinates, and repeatedly broadcasting homing signals) caused Detmers to think the target was either an Allied auxiliary cruiser or was attempting to lure ''Kormoran'' into range of an Allied warship.Winter (1984), pp. 102-3 ''Kormoran'' broke off pursuit and retreated. The raider continued to search for ships without success. On 25 August, the lookout spotted a strange object on the horizon; this was worked out to be the peak of Boea Boea Mountain on Enggano Island, and the first sighting of land in 258 days.

''Kormoran'' then moved to waters south of Ceylon, and around midday on 1 September, a large vessel, which Detmers determined to be an unaccompanied troopship, was spotted. Plans were made to attack that night, but the transport disappeared over the horizon during the afternoon and could not be relocated.Frame (1993), p. 76 Two days later, Detmers was informed that ''Kormoran'' would be replaced by ''Thor'' at the end of December, and that he would be resupplied by the supply ship '' Kulmerland'', which had come from Japan and would wait for the raider at a predetermined rendezvous point from 12 October. Late on 23 September, the navigational lights for a ship were sighted. After signalling the merchant ship for her name and nationality, which identified her as the 3,941-ton Greek freighter ''Stamatios G. Embiricus'', the raider shone searchlights on her and ordered her to stop and accept a boarding party.Winter (1984), pp. 106-7Frame (1993), p. 77 Those aboard the Greek ship assumed they were being pulled up by a British warship for not observing blackout regulations, and it was not until the armed Germans arrived on the ship that the nature of the 'warship' was revealed. Although captured intact, ''Stamantios G. Embiricus'' was a coal-fuelled ship, and did not have enough fuel to reach any destination other than her intended port, Colombo.Winter (1984), p. 107 The ship was scuttled at , but while a lifeboat carrying the ship's master and five crew rowed to ''Kormoran'', a second lifeboat carrying the other 24 avoided capture in the dark. A search using one of the Arado seaplanes found them late the next morning.

A few days later, ''Kormoran''s wireless operators intercepted transmissions between the Norwegian tanker ''Thelma'' and a shore station — initially in a new code, then repeated in a recently expired code. This allowed the Germans to identify where the merchant ship was heading to, and make some progress on breaking the new code.Winter (1984), p. 108 However, the tanker could have taken several routes to her Cape Town destination, and ''Kormoran'' did not encounter her during four days of searching. The raider then headed south, and met the supply ship '' Kulmerland'' on 16 October. Supplies and parts were transferred to ''Kormoran'', while the raider's prisoners were moved to ''Kulmerland'', along with documents captured from ships and five slightly ill German sailors to serve as guards. After leaving on 24 October, maintenance and repairs were carried out. Plans were made to sail up the coast of Western Australia; the original intention was to mine shipping routes near Cape Leeuwin and Fremantle, but after wireless signals were detected from a warship (Australian heavy cruiser ) escorting a convoy in the area, Detmers decided to sail further north and mine Shark Bay, then proceed to the East Indies before looping back west to the Bay of Bengal.

Final battle and loss

: ''Note: All times in this section are UTC+7.''

On 19 November 1941, shortly before 16:00, ''Kormoran'' was south-west of Carnarvon, Western Australia.Gill, ''Royal Australian Navy, 1939-1942'', p. 453 The raider was sailing northwards (heading 025°) at .Hore, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 78 At 15:55, what was initially thought to be a tall ship sail was sighted off the port bow, although the sighting was quickly determined to be the masts of a cruiser, . Detmers ordered ''Kormoran'' to alter course into the sun (heading 260°) at maximum achievable speed (which quickly dropped from because of problems in one of her diesels), while setting the ship to action stations. ''Sydney'' spotted the German ship around the same time, and altered from her southward heading to intercept at .

As the cruiser closed from astern, she began to send searchlight signals.Olson (2000), p. 178 The first was not answered because the Germans did not understand the coded Morse.Frame (1993), p. 104 ''Sydney'' repeated for half an hour, but then began to send, "You should hoist your signal letters", both by plain-language Morse and signal flag. After another delay, ''Kormoran'' raised flags reading "PKQI"—the callsign for her disguise, the Dutch merchant ship ''Straat Malakka'' — on the triatic stay and hoisted a Dutch civil ensign. As the cruiser was on ''Kormoran''s starboard quarter at , the flags were obscured by the raider's funnel; German accounts vary as to if this was done deliberately to make the ship seem civilian, a ruse to lure ''Sydney'' closer, or the signaller's honest mistake.Olson (2000), p. 179Mearns, ''The Search for the Sydney'', p. 28 After receiving an instruction from the cruiser to make the flags visible, the signals officer aboard ''Kormoran'' did so by lengthening the halyard and swinging it around to the starboard side. By 16:35, with ''Sydney'' away, the malfunctioning engine aboard ''Kormoran'' was repaired, but Detmers chose to keep it in reserve and maintain speed. Further flag signals were exchanged, with ''Sydney'' asking the raider's destination and cargo.

At around 17:00, Detmers instructed his wireless operators to send a distress signal indicating ''Straat Malakka'' was being approached by a suspicious ship. Transmitted at 17:03 and repeated at 17:05, it contained the distress call for a merchantman under attack from a raider, rather than a warship (QQQQ as opposed to RRRR), the latitude and longitude of the transmitting ship, the time per Greenwich Mean Time instead of local time (a deliberate error to let the ''Kriegsmarine'' know a raider was likely about to be lost), and her name. This message was partially received by the tugboat ''Uco'' ("QQQQ nintelligible1000 GMT") and a shore station at Geraldton, Western Australia (" nintelligible7C 11115E 1000 GMT"). The Geraldton station broadcast a message to all ships asking if there was anything to report, which was interpreted by the Germans as acknowledgement of their signal. During the exchanges and distress signal, ''Sydney'' positioned herself off the raider's starboard beam on a parallel course, approximately from ''Kormoran''.Gill, ''Royal Australian Navy, 1939-1942'', p. 454 Her main guns and torpedoes trained on the raider, but secondary weapons did not appear to be manned, personnel were standing on the upper deck, and although the cruiser's seaplane had been readied for launch, it was soon stowed away. During her manoeuvre, ''Sydney'' signalled "IK", which made no sense from the Germans' perspective, as that combination was shorthand for "You should prepare for a cyclone, hurricane, or typhoon". However, those two letters were part of the real ''Straat Malakka''s secret secondary callsign, and ''Sydney'' was expecting the ship to confirm her identity by responding with the callsign's other two letters.Cole, ''The Loss of HMAS Sydney II'', vol 2, p. 9

Fifteen minutes later, the cruiser signalled, "Show your secret sign". Detmers knew there was no chance of fooling ''Sydney'' for much longer, so ordered ''Kormoran''s disguise dropped, the German battle ensign raised, and for all weapons to commence firing. The raider's opening salvo bracketed the ship, while the next four salvoes destroyed ''Sydney''s bridge, gun direction tower, forward turrets, and aircraft. Two torpedoes were launched simultaneously with the raider's attack, and the close proximity of the target allowed the use of lighter weapons to rake ''Sydney''s flank and interfere with attempts to man the cruiser's secondary weapons. In contrast, ''Sydney'' was only able to fire a single full salvo before her forward turrets were knocked out, shells from which punched through ''Kormoran''s exhaust funnel and wireless room, and caused shrapnel wounds to two sailors.Olson (2000), pp. 216-8 ''Kormoran''s gunners shifted their aim to ''Sydney''s waterline with their next three salvoes. ''Sydney'' responded from her aft turrets: one damaged the raider's machinery spaces and started a fire in an oil tank, while the other fired only a few ineffective shells. Around the time of the eighth or ninth German salvo, one of ''Kormoran''s torpedoes struck ''Sydney'' forward of "A" turret, ripping a hole in her side and causing her to settle by the bow.Olson (2000) p. 249 After the torpedo hit, ''Sydney'' turned hard to port in what the Germans assumed was an attempt to ram, but the cruiser passed harmlessly aft.Olson (2000), p. 234

By 17:35, the cruiser was heading south, heavily damaged, on fire, and losing speed, with her main guns destroyed or jammed facing away from their target and her secondary weapons out of range. ''Kormoran'' maintained her course and speed, but discontinued salvo firing; her stern guns continued to score hits as ''Sydney'' passed through their firing arcs.Gill, ''Royal Australian Navy, 1939-1942'', p. 456 The cruiser fired torpedoes at ''Kormoran'', but as the raider was turning to bring her port broadside to bear, these passed harmlessly astern. After completing the turn, battle damage caused ''Kormoran''s engines to fail completely, leaving the raider dead in the water while ''Sydney'' continued to limp southwards. Despite being immobilised, ''Kormoran'' continued to fire at a high rate — some of the German sailors reported that up to 450 shells were used during the second phase of the battle — and scored hits on the cruiser, although misses would have increased as the range grew. The raider fired her guns for the last time around 17:50, with the range at , and a torpedo was fired at 18:00, but missed.

By the end of the half-hour engagement, the ships were about apart, with both heavily damaged and on fire. Damage to ''Kormoran''s engine room had knocked out the fire-fighting systems, and as it was only a matter of time until the oil fire reached the magazines or mine hold, Detmers ordered "abandon ship" at 18:25. All boats and rafts were launched by 21:00, during which a skeleton crew kept the weapons manned while their colleagues evacuated and the officers made preparations for scuttling. During all this, ''Sydney'' was seen to proceed south-southeast at low speed; she disappeared over the horizon shortly after the engagement, but the glow of the burning ship was seen on the horizon consistently until 22:00, and sporadically until midnight.

''Kormoran'' was abandoned and scuttled at midnight; she sank slowly until the mine hold exploded half an hour later. The German survivors were in five boats and two rafts: one cutter carrying 46 men, two battle-damaged steel life rafts with 57 and 62 aboard (the latter carrying Detmers and towing several small floats), one workboat carrying 72, one boat with 31 aboard, and two rafts, each bearing 26. During the evacuation, a rubber liferaft carrying 60, mostly wounded, sank without warning; the three survivors were placed in other boats.Frame (1993), p. 95 Total German casualties were six officers, 75 German sailors, and one Chinese sailor.Cassells, ''The Capital Ships'', p. 151Winter (1984), p. 183

Rescue

The first life raft of German survivors, carrying 26 men, was recovered by the troopship ''Aquitania'' early on 23 November, but as the ship's master believed a raider was still in the area, he maintained wireless silence and did not report his discovery until three days later. The lifeboat carrying Detmers saw the troopship but did not make their presence known, as the German officer hoped to be picked up by a neutral merchant ship.Frame (1993), p. 4

Attempts to locate ''Sydney'', which was several days overdue in returning to port, commenced on 23 November.Gill, ''Royal Australian Navy, 1939-1942'', p. 451Olson (2000), p. 34 However, it was not until the afternoon of the next day, after the British tanker ''Trocas'' reported finding the second ''Kormoran'' life raft with 25 men (one having perished) a full-scale search was begun.Frame (1993), p. 5Gill, ''The Royal Australian Navy, 1939-1942'', p. 452 Several German lifeboats were spotted on 25 November during the air search off Western Australia: the 46-man cutter had come ashore at 17-Mile Well, the 57-man lifeboat was nearing Red Bluff, and a third lifeboat was further off the coast.Frame (1993), p. 6 That afternoon, the staff of Quobba Station rounded up the two groups that had made landfall, who did not resist capture.

The 31-man boat was recovered by the passenger ship ''Koolinda'' just before sunset on 26 November.Frame (1993), p. 7 The passenger-freighter ''Centaur'', which had been instructed to make landfall at Carnarvon to collect the Germans captured so far and transport them to Fremantle, encountered Detmers' lifeboat that night at 22:00 and took it in tow, as they were unwilling to let 62 enemy naval personnel aboard, but did not want to leave them to their fate.Milligan and Foley, ''Australian Hospital Ship Centaur'', pp. 18–20 During the voyage to Carnarvon, the damaged and overloaded German lifeboat was swamped, and the ''Kormoran'' survivors were transferred into two of ''Centaur''s lifeboats. Arriving in Carnarvon on the afternoon of 27 November, the Germans were relocated from the boats to ''Centaur''s number one cargo hold, where they were joined by the sailors from the two lifeboats that had reached shore and 40 Australian Army guards.

The last boat, carrying 70 Germans and two Chinese, was spotted from the air during the late morning of 27 November, and was recovered shortly afterward by .Frame (1993), p. 8 The next day, recovered a German lifebelt and two four-man liferafts, one of which was carrying a deceased German sailor, who was buried at sea. The search was terminated at sunset on 29 November. By this point, all of the German lifeboats were accounted for, and 318 of ''Kormoran''s 399 personnel (including three of the four Chinese laundry workers) had survived.

During searches in late 1941, none of the 645-strong ship's company from ''Sydney'' was found; the only confirmed remains found were a damaged carley float and a lifebelt. In February 1942, a carley float carrying a then-unidentifiable body reached Christmas Island. In 2021, familial DNA research verified that the remains were those of Able Seaman Thomas Welsby Clark, an ASDIC (sonar) operator on ''Sydney''.

Aftermath

In Germany, information about the battle was assembled from communications intercepts during the search for survivors, then combined with Allied news articles and published in early 1943 for internal consumption by German officials. A member of ''Kormoran''s crew sent home in a prisoner exchange later that year confirmed the details of the battle, and accounts were published by the German media in December 1943.

Most of the German survivors were taken to Fremantle and interrogated.Frame (1993), p. 80 Attempts to learn what had happened were hampered by the German officers instructing their sailors to obfuscate the enemy with false answers, people describing events they did not witness but heard of later, and difficulty in keeping groups separated in order to check their stories against each other. Despite this, Australian authorities were able to piece together the broad details of the battle, which was verified by German sailors recovered by ''Aquitania'' who had been taken to Sydney instead. Their interviews showed similar commonalities and inconsistencies as those in Fremantle, and the interrogators concluded that the true story was being recounted.Frame (1993), p. 106

Initially, the sailors were imprisoned at Harvey while the officers were imprisoned at Swanbourne Barracks, but after interrogations were concluded in December, they were all relocated to prisoner-of-war camps near Murchison, Victoria.Frame (1993), pp. 80-1Olson (2000), p. 111 Sailors were interned in No. 13 Prisoner of War Camp, which already hosted 1,200 soldiers of the Afrika Korps, and their shipmates rescued by ''Aquitania'', while officers were sent to the Dhurringile homestead.Frame (1993), p. 83 One sailor died in captivity on 24 March 1942 from lung cancer, and was buried in the Tatura war cemetery. On 11 January 1945, Detmers and nineteen other Axis officers broke out from Dhurringile through a tunnel excavated during the previous seven months, although all were recaptured within days of escaping.Frame (1993), p. 108 Detmers was found with a German-English dictionary which included two accounts of the battle (a deck log or action report, and an engineering log) encrypted within using a Vigenère cipher, although these accounts provided little new information. Shortly after returning to the camp, Detmers suffered a stroke, and spent over three months at the military hospital in Heidelberg, Victoria.

The German officers and sailors were repatriated after the war, departing from Port Phillip with other Axis prisoners aboard the steamer ''Orontes'' on 21 February 1947.Frame (1993), p. 109 Ironically, tied up to the opposite pier was the real ''Straat Malakka''. On arrival in Cuxhaven, the prisoners were searched before leaving the ship, and while several written reports were gathered, none provided new information.

Search and rediscovery

Despite the approximate last position of ''Kormoran'' being known (most German accounts giving the battle coordinates as ), efforts to find ''Kormoran'' and ''Sydney'' were hampered by the size of the search area indicated by such broad coordinates, and claims by Australians that the Germans had lied about the coordinates (among other aspects of the fight) and the ships would be found further south and closer inshore.McCarthy, ''A précis of search-related events'', p. 5

Several searches were made by the Australian military in the years following the war, but these were primarily concerned with finding the Australian cruiser, technologically restricted to shallow waters, and made to verify or prove false civilian claims that ''Sydney'' or ''Kormoran'' was at a particular location.JCFADT, ''Report on the loss of HMAS Sydney'', p. 139 In 1990, Robert Ballard and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution were approached to lead a search for the ships, which he agreed to on the condition that the search area be narrowed down considerably. A forum in 1991 unsuccessfully attempted to do this, and Ballard withdrew his offer. A 1999 Australian government report recommended that a seminar be organised to identify the most likely search area for the warships, but again, participants were still split between the battle location given by the Germans (referred to as the "northern position") or a point off the Abrolhos Islands (the area for the battle advocated by supporters of the "southern position").

American shipwreck hunter David Mearns first learned of the battle and mutual destruction of ''Sydney'' and ''Kormoran'' during a conference in 1996, and began studying the battle in 2001. With the assistance of historians and the Western Australian Museum, Mearns focused on primary source documents, during which he discovered or rediscovered several archive files and diaries of ''Kormoran'' personnel believed lost; these documents led him to believe that the German accounts were truthful. After identifying a potential search area, the Australian government announced several million dollars of funding for the search, but German government assistance was limited to formal approval for Mearns to film ''Kormoran'' if she was found.

Mearns' plan was to determine a 'search box' for ''Kormoran'' by plotting the possible starting points of the two rafts from the raider through a reverse drift analysis.Mearns, (2009), pp. 121-2 This search box (which was calculated to be in size) would then be inspected over the course of several days with a deep-water, towed side-scan sonar mounted aboard the survey vessel SV ''Geosounder''. Mearns chose to focus on finding ''Kormoran'' first, as locating the German ship would significantly narrow down the search area for ''Sydney''. After locating one or both vessels, ''Geosounder'' would return to port and replace the sonar with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to photograph and video the wrecks, although funding limitations meant the search and inspection of both ships had to be concluded within 45 days. After problems with equipment and weather, ''Geosounder'' commenced the search, and located ''Kormoran'' during the afternoon of 12 March 2008. The wreck site was below sea level, and consisted of two large pieces apart, with an oval-shaped debris field between them, centred at . The raider's discovery was publicly announced by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd on the morning of 17 March.

Mearns was then able to plot a search area for ''Sydney'' based on ''Kormoran''s location, as although there was no specific information on the cruiser's location, much more information was available concerning her last known position relative to the raider.Mearns, (2009), pp. 150-1 ''Sydney'' was located on 17 March at , southeast of ''Kormoran''. Discovery of the vessel was made only hours after the locating of ''Kormoran'' was publicly announced. On discovery, both wrecks were placed under the protection of the Australian ''Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976'', which penalises anyone disturbing a protected shipwreck with a fine of up to A$10,000 or a maximum five years imprisonment. Both wrecks were placed on the Australian National Heritage List on 14 March 2011.

After the side-scan sonar aboard ''Geosounder'' was switched out for the ROV (again delayed by technical issues and more bad weather), she returned to sea for detailed inspections of the wrecks. ''Sydney'' was filmed and documented during 3–6 April, and a sonar contact thought to be debris from the battle was visually inspected on 6 April and found to be outcrops of pillow lava. Observation of the ''Kormoran'' wreck confirmed that the mine deck explosion had torn the stern half of the ship apart, with few recognisable items in the large debris field. The search was declared complete just before midnight on 7 April, with ''Geosounder'' returning to Geraldton.

Awards, memorials, and legacy

For sinking ''Sydney'', Detmers' Iron Cross First Class was upgraded to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. ''Kormoran''s executive officer, gunnery officer, and the sailor who manned the starboard gun were awarded the Iron Cross First Class (although for the executive officer, this was a bar to a previous Iron Cross), while the other members of the crew were all awarded the Iron Cross Second Class.Frame (1993), p. 84

The names of those killed aboard ''Kormoran'' are inscribed in the Laboe Naval Memorial.Winter (1984), pp. 247-8 The ''Kormoran'' name was carried on by the , a ''Seeadler'' class fast attack craft of the West German Navy commissioned in 1959.Winter (1984), p. 243 This ''Kormoran'' operated until 1976, when she was sold to Greece. East Germany also operated a ''Kormoran''; a small corvette borrowed from the Soviet Navy from 1970 to 1974.

Footnotes

Citations

References

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Further reading

* Detmers, Theodor.''The raider Kormoran'' 2nd ed. London England: William Kimber, 1959.
* W. A. Jones: ''Prisoner of the Kormoran'', Australasien Publishing, Sydney
* Paul Schmalenbach: ''German Raiders 1895-1945'' (1977)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kormoran

World War II cruisers of Germany
Ships built in Kiel
Shipwrecks of Western Australia
World War II shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean
World War II commerce raiders
1938 ships
Australian National Heritage List
Auxiliary cruisers of the Kriegsmarine
Maritime incidents in November 1941
Australian Shipwrecks with protected zone