German adjectives

German adjectives come before the noun, as in English, and are usually not capitalized. However, as in French and other Indo-European languages, they are inflected when they come before a noun. (But, unlike in French, they are not inflected when used as predicative adjectives.) That is, they take an ending that depends on the gender, case, and number of the noun phrase.

Adjective inflection

German adjectives take different sets of endings in different circumstances. Essentially, the adjectives must provide case, gender and number information if the articles do not. This is among the more confusing aspects of German grammar for those learning the language.

This table lists the various endings, in order masculine, feminine, neuter, plural, for the different inflection cases. For example, "X e X e" denotes "''ein, eine, ein, eine''"; and "m r m n" denotes "''gutem, guter, gutem, guten''".

Here are some examples:

* Strong inflection, since no article:
:: Guter Mann, gutes Kind, gute Frau und gute Menschen.
:: ''Good man, good child, good woman and good people''.
* Mixed inflected, since following indefinite article:
:: Er ist ein guter Mann, es ist ein gutes Kind, sie ist eine gute Frau und sie sind keine guten Menschen.
:: ''He is a good man, he/she is a good child, she is a good woman and they are not good people''.
* Weak inflection, since following definite article:
:: Der gute Mann, das gute Kind, die gute Frau und die guten Menschen.
:: ''The good man, the good child, the good woman and the good people''.
* No inflection, since not preceding a noun:
:: Der Mann ist gut, das Kind ist gut, die Frau ist gut und die Menschen sind gut.
:: ''The man is good, the child is good, the woman is good and the people are good.''

Strong inflection

The strong inflection is used when there is no article at all, or if the noun is preceded by a non-inflectable word or phrase such as ''ein bisschen'', ''etwas'' or ''viel'' ("a little, some, a lot of/much"). It is also used when the adjective is preceded merely by another regular (''i.e.'' non-article) adjective. More specifically, strong inflection is used:

* When no article is used
* When a quantity is indicated by
** ''etwas'' (some; somewhat), ''mehr'' (more)
** ''wenig-'' (few), ''viel-'' (much; many), ''mehrer-'' (several; many), ''einig-'' (some)
** a number (greater than one, i.e. with no endings), without a definite article before it
** non-inflectable phrases: ''ein paar ''(a couple of; a few), ''ein bisschen ''(a bit; a little bit)

The adjective endings are similar to the definite article endings, apart from the adjectival ending "-en" in the masculine and neuter genitive singular. (''Note'': the masculine and neuter genitive singular was originally "-es", as might be expected, but the weak ending "-en" began to displace it by the seventeenth century, and became common by the mid-eighteenth.Joseph Wright, Historical German Grammar. Vol. I: Phonology, Word-Formation and Accidence, Oxford Univ. Press, 1907; p.194.)

Mixed inflection

The mixed inflection is used when the adjective is preceded by an indefinite article (''ein-'', ''kein-'') or a possessive determiner.

Note: The prevailing view is that the mixed inflection is not a true inflection in its own right, but merely the weak inflection with a few additions to compensate for the lack of the masculine nominative and neuter nominative and accusative endings.

Mixed inflection is used after:

* indefinite article ''ein-'', ''kein-'', eine, keine
* possessive determiners "mein-", "dein-", "sein-", "ihr-" etc.

Nominative and accusative singular endings are the same as in the strong inflection; all other forms end with "-en".

Weak inflection

The weak inflection is used when there is a definite word in place (''der ie, das, des, den, dem jed-, jen-, manch-, dies-, solch-'' and ''welch-''). The definite word has provided most of the necessary information, so the adjective endings are simpler.

The endings are applicable to every degree of comparison (positive, comparative, and superlative).

Weak inflection is used after:

* definite article (der, die, das, etc.)
* ''derselb-'' (the same), ''derjenig-'' (the one)
* ''dies-'' (this), ''jen-'' (that), ''jeglich-'' (any), ''jed-'' (every), which decline similarly to the definite article
* ''manch-'' (some), ''solch-'' (such), ''welch-'' (which), which decline similarly to the definite article
* ''alle'' (all)
* ''beide'' (both)

Five endings in the nominative and accusative cases end with -e, all others with -en.

No inflection

Several quantifying words are not (always) inflected:
* nichts, wenig, etwas, viel, and genug

"wenig" and "viel" can be put in the plural, where they take endings as normal: ''viele/wenige Kinder''

Adjective comparison

Positive form

The basic form of the adjective is the positive form: the adjective stem with the appropriate ending.
: ''schön'' (basic positive form)
: ''das schöne Lied'' ("the beautiful song")

Comparative form

The basic comparative form consists of the stem and the suffix ''-er''. Inflected, the corresponding adjective ending is attached.

: ''schöner'' (basic comparative form)
: ''das schönere Lied'' ("the more beautiful song")

Superlative form

A predicate form of the superlative is actually a prepositional phrase. One attaches the suffixes ''-st'' and the adjective ending ''-en'' to the root, and the word ''am'' is put before it.

: ''am schönsten'' ("the most beautiful")
: ''Ich finde dieses Haus am schönsten.'' ("I find this house (to be) the most beautiful.")

The attributive superlative form adds the "st" to the comparative root and then the conventional adjective ending.

: ''das schönste Lied''

This form can also be placed in a predicate position with the appropriate adjective ending:

: ''Dieses Haus ist das schönste.'' ("This house is the most beautiful.")

References

External links

*{{cite web , accessdate=2008-02-05 , author=Helmut Richter , title=German Declension , url=http://hhr-m.userweb.mwn.de/de-decl/
Dr. T's German Adjective Ending Tutorial

German grammar
Adjectives by language