Contents
1 Early life
2 Entry into the
Army
Army and the Philippines
3 World War I
4 Between
World War I
World War I and II
5 World War II
5.1 Expands military force fortyfold 5.2 Replacement system criticized 5.3 Planned invasion of Europe
6 Analysis of Pearl Harbor intelligence failure 7 Post War: China 8 Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize 9 Secretary of Defense
9.1 Korean War
9.1.1 Relief of General MacArthur
10 Retirement 11 Death and burial 12 Reputation and legacy 13 Family life 14 Fictional portrayals 15 Dates of rank 16 Awards and decorations
16.1 U.S. military honors 16.2 Foreign orders 16.3 Foreign decorations and medals 16.4 Civilian honors 16.5 Namesakes
17 Bibliography 18 See also 19 References
19.1 Primary sources
20 Further reading 21 External links
Early life[edit]
1900
VMI Keydets football
VMI Keydets football team. Marshall encircled
George Catlett Marshall Jr. was born into a middle-class family in
Uniontown, Pennsylvania, the son of George Catlett Marshall Sr. and
Laura Emily (née Bradford) Marshall.[8] Marshall was a scion of an
old
Virginia
Virginia family, as well as a distant relative of former Chief
Justice John Marshall.[9] Marshall graduated from the Virginia
Military Institute (VMI),[10] where he was initiated into the Kappa
Alpha Order in 1901.[11] He was an All-Southern tackle for the VMI
Keydets varsity football team in 1900.[12][13]
Entry into the
Army
Army and the Philippines[edit]
Following graduation from VMI in 1901, Marshall sat for a competitive
examination for a commission in the U.S. Army.[14] While awaiting the
results he took the position of Commandant of Students at the Danville
Military Institute in Danville, Virginia.[15] Marshall passed the exam
and was commissioned a second lieutenant in February, 1902.[16]
Prior to World War I, he was posted to various positions in the United
States and the Philippines, including serving as an infantry platoon
leader and company commander during the
Philippine–American War
Philippine–American War and
other guerrilla uprisings.[17] He was schooled in modern warfare,
including a tour at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1906 to 1910 as both
a student and an instructor.[18] He was the Honor Graduate of his
Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, and graduated first in his
1908
Army
Army Staff College class.[19]
After another tour of duty in the Philippines, Marshall returned to
the
United States
United States in 1916 to serve as aide-de-camp to the commander of
the Western Department, former
Army
Army chief of staff Major General J.
Franklin Bell, at the
Presidio
Presidio in San Francisco.[19] After the United
States declared war on Germany in April 1917, Marshall relocated with
Bell to Governors Island, New York when Bell was reassigned as
commander of the Department of the East.[19] Shortly afterwards,
Marshall was assigned to help oversee the mobilization of the 1st
Division for service in France.[19]
World War I[edit]
During the Great War, he had roles as a planner of both training and
operations. In the summer of 1917, he as assigned as assistant chief
of staff for operations on the staff of the 1st Division.[19] After
overseeing the division's mobilization and organization in Texas, he
departed for France with the division staff in mid-1917.[19] On the
long ocean voyage, his roommate was the division's assistant chief of
staff for training, Lesley J. McNair;[20] the two formed a personal
and professional bond that they maintained for the rest of their
careers.[21]
After arriving in France, Marshall served with the 1st Division on the
St. Mihiel, Picardy, and Cantigny fronts.[19] He won recognition and
acclaim for his planning of the attack for the Battle of Cantigny,
which took place from May 28 to 31, 1918;[19] its success resulted in
the first notable American victory of the war.[22] On May 26, Marshall
was injured while travelling to several subordinate units to conduct
pre-attack coordination.[23] As he departed the division headquarters
area, his horse stumbled, fell, and rolled over;[24] Marshall's left
foot was caught in the stirrup, and he sustained a severe sprain and
bruise.[24] A physician bound Marshall's injured ankle and foot with
adhesive tape so that he could avoid medical evacuation and remain
with the division to oversee the Cantigny attack.[25]
In mid-1918, he was posted to the headquarters of the American
Expeditionary Force, where he worked closely with his mentor, General
John Joseph Pershing, and was a key planner of American operations. He
was instrumental in the planning and coordination of the Meuse-Argonne
Offensive, which contributed to the defeat of the German
Army
Army on the
Western Front in 1918.[26] Marshall held the permanent rank of captain
and the temporary rank of colonel;[27] he was recommended for
promotion to temporary brigadier general in October 1918, but the
Armistice occurred before the recommendation was acted on.[28] After
the war, Marshall reverted to his permanent rank.[28]
Between
World War I
World War I and II[edit]
Colonel
George Marshall
George Marshall in France in 1919
In 1919, he became an aide-de-camp to General John J. Pershing.
Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was
Army
Army Chief of Staff,
Marshall worked in a number of positions in the army, focusing on
training and teaching modern, mechanized warfare. Between World Wars I
and II, he was a key planner and writer in the War Department,
commanded the 15th Infantry Regiment for three years in China, and
taught at the
Army
Army War College. In 1927, as a lieutenant colonel, he
was appointed assistant commandant of the Infantry School at Fort
Benning, where he initiated major changes to modernize command and
staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during World War
II. Marshall placed
Edwin F. Harding
Edwin F. Harding in charge of the Infantry
School's publications, and Harding became editor[29]:41 of Infantry in
Battle, a book that codified the lessons of World War I. Infantry in
Battle is still used as an officer's training manual in the Infantry
Officer's Course and was the training manual for most of the infantry
officers and leaders of World War II.
From June 1932 to June 1933 he was the commanding officer of the 8th
Infantry Regiment at Fort Screven, Georgia. From July 1933 to October
1933 he was commander of Fort Moultrie,
South Carolina
South Carolina and District I
of the Civilian Conservation Corps, and he was promoted to colonel in
September 1933. He was senior instructor and chief of staff for the
Illinois National Guard's 33rd Division from November 1933 to August
1936.
Marshall commanded the 5th Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division and
Vancouver Barracks in
Vancouver, Washington
Vancouver, Washington from 1936 to 1938, and was
promoted to brigadier general in October 1936. In addition to
obtaining a long-sought and significant troop command, traditionally
viewed as an indispensable step to the pinnacle of the US Army,
Marshall was also responsible for 35
Civilian Conservation Corps
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
camps in Oregon and southern Washington. As post commander Marshall
made a concerted effort to cultivate relations with the city of
Portland and to enhance the image of the US
Army
Army in the region. With
the CCC, he initiated a series of measures to improve the morale of
the participants and to make the experience beneficial in their later
life. He started a newspaper for the CCC region that proved a vehicle
to promote CCC successes, and he initiated a variety of programs that
developed their skills and improved their health. Marshall's
inspections of the CCC camps gave him and his wife Katherine the
chance to enjoy the beauty of the American northwest and made that
assignment what he called "the most instructive service I ever had,
and the most interesting."[30]
In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division in
Washington D.C. and subsequently reassigned as Deputy Chief of Staff.
In that capacity, then-Brigadier General Marshall attended a
conference at the White House at which President Roosevelt proposed a
plan to provide aircraft to England in support of the war effort,
lacking forethought with regard to logistical support or training.
With all other attendees voicing support of the plan, Marshall was the
only person to voice his disagreement. Despite the common belief that
he had ended his career, this action resulted in his being nominated
by President Franklin Roosevelt to be the
Army
Army Chief of Staff. Upon
the retirement of General
Malin Craig
Malin Craig on July 1, 1939, Marshall became
acting chief of staff. Marshall was promoted to general and sworn in
as chief of staff on September 1, 1939, the same day the German Army
launched its invasion of Poland.[31] He would hold this post until the
end of the war in 1945.
World War II[edit]
As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion
in U.S. history, inheriting an outmoded, poorly equipped army of
189,000 men and, partly drawing from his experience teaching and
developing techniques of modern warfare as an instructor at the Army
War College, coordinated the large-scale expansion and modernization
of the U.S. Army. Though he had never actually led troops in combat,
Marshall was a skilled organizer with a talent for inspiring other
officers.[32] Many of the American generals who were given top
commands during the war were either picked or recommended by Marshall,
including Dwight D. Eisenhower, Jacob L. Devers, George S. Patton,
Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr., Lloyd Fredendall, Lesley McNair, Mark
Wayne Clark and Omar Bradley.[33]
Expands military force fortyfold[edit]
Faced with the necessity of turning an army of former civilians into a
force of over eight million soldiers by 1942 (a fortyfold increase
within three years), Marshall directed General
Lesley J. McNair
Lesley J. McNair to
focus efforts on rapidly producing large numbers of soldiers. With the
exception of airborne forces, Marshall approved McNair's concept of an
abbreviated training schedule for men entering
Army
Army land forces
training, particularly in regard to basic infantry skills, weapons
proficiency, and combat tactics.[34][35] At the time, most U.S.
commanders at lower levels had little or no combat experience of any
kind. Without the input of experienced British or Allied combat
officers on the nature of modern warfare and enemy tactics, many
resorted to formulaic training methods emphasizing static defense and
orderly large-scale advances by motorized convoys over improved
roads.[36] In consequence,
Army
Army forces deploying to Africa in
Operation Torch
Operation Torch suffered serious initial reverses when encountering
German armored combat units in Africa at
Kasserine Pass
Kasserine Pass and other
major battles.[37] Even as late as 1944, U.S. soldiers undergoing
stateside training in preparation for deployment against German forces
in Europe were not being trained in combat procedures and tactics in
use there.[38]
Replacement system criticized[edit]
Marshall with Secretary of War Henry Stimson
Originally, Marshall had planned a 265-division
Army
Army with a system of
unit rotation such as practiced by the British and other Allies.[39]
By mid-1943, however, after pressure from government and business
leaders to preserve manpower for industry and agriculture, he had
abandoned this plan in favor of a 90-division
Army
Army using individual
replacements sent via a circuitous process from training to divisions
in combat.[39] The individual replacement system devised by Marshall
and implemented by McNair greatly exacerbated problems with unit
cohesion and effective transfer of combat experience to newly trained
soldiers and officers.[37][40] In Europe, where there were few pauses
in combat with German forces, the individual replacement system had
broken down completely by late 1944.[41] Hastily trained replacements
or service personnel reassigned as infantry were given six weeks'
refresher training and thrown into battle with
Army
Army divisions locked
in front-line combat.
The new men were often not even proficient in the use of their own
rifles or weapons systems, and once in combat, could not receive
enough practical instruction from veterans before being killed or
wounded, usually within the first three or four days.[37][42][43]
Under such conditions, many replacements suffered a crippling loss of
morale, while veteran soldiers were kept in line units until they were
killed, wounded, or incapacitated by battle fatigue or physical
illness. Incidents of soldiers AWOL from combat duty as well as battle
fatigue and self-inflicted injury rose rapidly during the last eight
months of the war with Germany.[37][40][42] As one historian
concluded, "Had the Germans been given a free hand to devise a
replacement system..., one that would do the Americans the most harm
and the least good, they could not have done a better job."[42][44]
Marshall's abilities to pick competent field commanders during the
early part of the war was decidedly mixed. While he had been
instrumental in advancing the career of the able Dwight D. Eisenhower,
he had also recommended the swaggering
Lloyd Fredendall
Lloyd Fredendall to Eisenhower
for a major command in the American invasion of North Africa during
Operation Torch. Marshall was especially fond of Fredendall,
describing him as "one of the best" and remarking in a staff meeting
when his name was mentioned, "I like that man; you can see
determination all over his face." Eisenhower duly picked him to
command the 39,000-man Central Task Force (the largest of three) in
Operation Torch. Both men would come to regret that decision, as
Fredendall was the leader of U.S.
Army
Army forces at the disastrous Battle
of the Kasserine Pass.[33]
Planned invasion of Europe[edit]
Cover to the book Infantry in Battle, the
World War II
World War II officer's guide
to infantry combat operations. Marshall directed production of the
book, which is still used as a reference today.
During World War II, Marshall was instrumental in preparing the U.S.
Army
Army and
Army
Army Air Forces for the invasion of the European continent.
Marshall wrote the document that would become the central strategy for
all Allied operations in Europe. He initially scheduled Operation
Overlord for April 1, 1943, but met with strong opposition from
Winston Churchill, who convinced Roosevelt to commit troops to
Operation Husky for the invasion of Italy. Some authors think that
World War II
World War II could have ended one year earlier if Marshall had had his
way; others think that such an invasion would have meant utter
failure.
It was assumed that Marshall would become the Supreme Commander of
Operation Overlord, but Roosevelt selected
Dwight Eisenhower
Dwight Eisenhower as
Supreme Commander. While Marshall enjoyed considerable success in
working with Congress and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he refused
to lobby for the position. President Roosevelt didn't want to lose his
presence in the states. He told Marshall, "I didn't feel I could sleep
at ease if you were out of Washington."[45] When rumors circulated
that the top job would go to Marshall, many critics viewed the
transfer as a demotion for Marshall, since he would leave his position
as Chief of Staff of the
Army
Army and lose his seat on the Combined Chiefs
of Staff.[46]
On December 16, 1944, Marshall became the first American
Army
Army general
to be promoted to five-star rank, the newly created General of the
Army
Army – the American equivalent rank to field marshal. He was the
second American to be promoted to a five-star rank, as William Leahy
was promoted to fleet admiral the previous day.
Throughout the remainder of World War II, Marshall coordinated Allied
operations in Europe and the Pacific. He was characterized as the
organizer of Allied victory by Winston Churchill. Time magazine named
Marshall Man of the Year for 1943. Marshall resigned his post of chief
of staff in 1945, but did not retire, as regulations stipulate that
Generals of the
Army
Army remain on active duty for life.[5]
Analysis of Pearl Harbor intelligence failure[edit]
After
World War II
World War II ended, the Congressional Joint Committee on the
Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack received testimony on the
intelligence failure. It amassed 25,000 pages of documents, 40
volumes, and included nine reports and investigations, eight of which
had been previously completed. These reports included criticism of
Marshall for delay in sending General Walter Short, the
Army
Army commander
in Hawaii, important information obtained from intercepted Japanese
diplomatic messages. The report also criticized Marshall's lack of
knowledge of the readiness of the Hawaiian Command during November and
December 1941. Ten days after the attack, Lt. General Short and
Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, commander of the Navy at Pearl Harbor, were
both relieved of their duties. The final report of the Joint Committee
did not single out or fault Marshall. While the report was critical of
the overall situation, the committee noted that subordinates had
failed to pass on important information to their superiors, including
Marshall.[47][48]
A secret report into the Army's role, the
Clausen Report was
authorised by Secretary Stimson; it was critical of Short and also of
Colonel Bratton who, he concluded, arrived later on Sunday morning
than he initially claimed during testimony and invented a story about
not being able to get in touch with Marshall which "nearly destroyed"
Marshall.
Post War: China[edit]
In December 1945, President
Harry Truman
Harry Truman sent Marshall to China, to
broker a coalition government between the Nationalist allies under
Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek and Communists under Mao Zedong.
Marshall had no leverage over the Communists, but he threatened to
withdraw American aid essential to the Nationalists. Both sides
rejected his proposals and the
Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War escalated, with the
Communists winning in 1949. His mission a failure, he returned to the
United States
United States in January 1947.[49][50]
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek and some
historians later claimed that cease-fire, under pressure of Marshall,
saved the Communists from defeat.[51][52] As Secretary of State in
1947–48, Marshall seems to have disagreed with strong opinions in
The Pentagon
The Pentagon and State Department that Chiang's success was vital to
American interests, insisting that U.S. troops not become involved.
Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize[edit]
Medallion issued in 1982 to honor George Marshall's post-war work for Europe
After Marshall's return to the U.S. in early 1947, Truman appointed
Marshall Secretary of State. He became the spokesman for the State
Department's ambitious plans to rebuild Europe. On June 5, 1947 in a
speech[53] at Harvard University, he outlined the American proposal.
The European Recovery Program, as it was formally known, became known
as the Marshall Plan.
Clark Clifford
Clark Clifford had suggested to Truman that the
plan be called the Truman Plan, but Truman immediately dismissed that
idea and insisted that it be called the Marshall Plan.[54][55] The
Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan would help Europe quickly rebuild and modernize its
economy along American lines. The
Soviet Union
Soviet Union forbade its satellites
to participate.
Marshall during World War II
Marshall was again named Time's Man of the Year for 1947. He received
the
Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize for his post-war work in 1953, the only career
officer in the
United States
United States
Army
Army to ever receive this honor.
As Secretary of State, Marshall strongly opposed recognizing the state
of Israel. Marshall felt that if the state of
Israel
Israel was declared that
a war would break out in the Middle East (which it did in 1948 one day
after
Israel
Israel declared independence). Marshall saw recognizing the
Jewish state as a political move to gain Jewish support in the
upcoming election, in which Truman was expected to lose to Dewey. He
told President Truman in May 1948, "If you (recognize the state of
Israel) and if I were to vote in the election, I would vote against
you."[56][57][58] However, Marshall refused to vote in any election as
a matter of principle.[59]
Marshall resigned from the State Department because of ill health on
January 7, 1949, and the same month became chairman of the American
Battle Monuments Commission.[7] In September 1949, Marshall was named
president of the American National Red Cross.
Secretary of Defense[edit]
When the early months of the
Korean War
Korean War showed how poorly prepared the
Defense Department was, President Truman fired Secretary Louis A.
Johnson and named Marshall as Secretary of Defense in September 1950.
The appointment required a congressional waiver because the National
Security Act of 1947 prohibited a uniformed military officer from
serving in the post. This prohibition included Marshall since
individuals promoted to General of the
Army
Army are not technically
retired, but remain officially on active duty even after their active
service has concluded. General Marshall was the first person to be
granted such a waiver, with Defense Secretary
James Mattis
James Mattis being the
second to receive it. Marshall's main role as Secretary of Defense was
to restore confidence and morale while rebuilding the armed forces
following their post-
World War II
World War II demobilization.
Korean War[edit]
George Marshall
George Marshall portrait by
Thomas E. Stephens
Thomas E. Stephens (c. 1949)
Marshall worked to provide more manpower to meet the demands of both
the
Korean War
Korean War and the
Cold War
Cold War in Europe. To implement his priorities
Marshall brought in a new leadership team, including Robert A. Lovett
as his deputy and Anna M. Rosenberg, former head of the War Manpower
Commission, as assistant secretary of defense for manpower. He also
worked to rebuild the relationship between the Defense and State
Departments, as well as the relationship between the Secretary of
Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Marshall participated in the post-Inchon landing discussion that led
to authorizing
Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur to conduct operations in North Korea.
A secret "eyes only" signal from Marshall to MacArthur on September
29, 1950 declared the Truman administration's commitment: "We want you
to feel unhampered strategically and tactically to proceed north of
the 38th Parallel".[60] At the same time, Marshall advised against
public pronouncements which might lead to
United Nations
United Nations votes
undermining or countermanding the initial mandate to restore the
border between North and South Korea. Marshall and the Joint Chiefs of
Staff were generally supportive of MacArthur because they were of the
view that field commanders should be able to exercise their best
judgment in accomplishing the intent of their superiors.
Following Chinese military intervention in Korea during late November,
Marshall and the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joint Chiefs of Staff sought ways to aid MacArthur
while avoiding all-out war with China. In the debate over what to do
about China's increased involvement, Marshall opposed a cease–fire
on the grounds that it would make the U.S. look weak in China's eyes,
leading to demands for future concessions. In addition, Marshall
argued that the U.S. had a moral obligation to honor its commitment to
South Korea. When British Prime Minister
Clement Attlee
Clement Attlee suggested
diplomatic overtures to China, Marshall opposed, arguing that it was
impossible to negotiate with the Communist government. In addition,
Marshall expressed concern that concessions to China would undermine
confidence in the U.S. among its Asian allies, including Japan and the
Philippines. When some in Congress favored expanding the war in Korea
and confronting China, Marshall argued against a wider war in Korea,
continuing instead to stress the importance of containing the Soviet
Union during the
Cold War
Cold War battle for primacy in Europe.
Relief of General MacArthur[edit]
Main article: President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur
Increasingly concerned about public statements from General Douglas
MacArthur, commander of
United Nations
United Nations forces fighting in the Korean
War, which contradicted President Harry S. Truman's on prosecution of
the war, on the morning of 6 April 1951, Truman held a meeting with
Marshall,
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Omar Bradley,
Secretary of State Acheson and advisor
W. Averell Harriman
W. Averell Harriman to discuss
whether MacArthur should be removed from command.
Harriman was emphatically in favor of MacArthur's relief, but Bradley
opposed it. Marshall asked for more time to consider the matter.
Acheson was in favor but did not disclose this, instead warning Truman
that if he did it, MacArthur's relief would cause "the biggest fight
of your administration." At another meeting the following day,
Marshall and Bradley continued to oppose MacArthur's relief. On 8
April, the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joint Chiefs of Staff met with Marshall, and each expressed
the view that MacArthur's relief was desirable from a "military point
of view," suggesting that "if MacArthur were not relieved, a large
segment of our people would charge that civil authorities no longer
controlled the military."
Marshall, Bradley, Acheson and Harriman met with Truman again on 9
April. Bradley informed the President of the views of the Joint
Chiefs, and Marshall added that he agreed with them. Truman wrote in
his diary that "it is of unanimous opinion of all that MacArthur be
relieved. All four so advise."[61] (The Joint Chiefs would later
insist that they had only "concurred" with the relief, not
"recommended" it.)
On April 11, 1951, President Truman directed transmittal of an order
to MacArthur, issued over Bradley's signature, relieving MacArthur of
his assignment in Korea and directing him to turn over command to
Matthew Ridgway. In line with Marshall's view, and those of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, MacArthur's relief was looked upon by proponents as
being necessary to reassert the tenet of civilian control of the
military.
Retirement[edit]
Marshall retired in September 1951 to his home, Dodona Manor, in
Leesburg,
Virginia
Virginia to tend to his gardens and continue his passion for
horseback riding. He was head of the American delegation at the
coronation of Queen
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II in 1953. He also served as Chairman
of the
American Battle Monuments Commission
American Battle Monuments Commission from 1949 to 1959.
Death and burial[edit]
Grave site of
George Marshall
George Marshall at Arlington National Cemetery
Marshall died at Walter Reed Hospital in
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. on October
16, 1959 at the age of 78. He is interred at Arlington National
Cemetery in Arlington,
Virginia
Virginia in Section 7, Grave 8198. Marshall is
buried with his first wife, Elizabeth Carter Coles (1875–1927); his
first wife's mother, Elizabeth Pendleton Coles (1849–1929); and his
second wife, Katherine Tupper Brown Marshall (1882–1978).
Reputation and legacy[edit]
Marshall's reputation for excellence as a military organizer and
planner was recognized early in his career, and became known
throughout the Army. In a performance appraisal prepared while
Marshall was a lieutenant in the Philippines, his superior, Captain E.
J. Williams responded to the routine question of whether he would want
the evaluated officer to serve under his command again by writing of
Marshall "Should the exigencies of active service place him in exalted
command I would be glad to serve under him." (Emphasis added.)[62]
In 1913 General Johnson Hagood, then a lieutenant colonel, completed a
written evaluation of Marshall's performance in which he called
Marshall a military genius. Responding to the question of whether he
would want his subordinate Marshall to serve under him again, Hagood
wrote "Yes, but I would prefer to serve under his command." (Emphasis
added.)[63]
In addition to his military success, Marshall is primarily remembered
as the driving force behind the Marshall Plan, which provided billions
of dollars in aid to post war Europe to restart the economies of the
destroyed countries. In recent years, the cooperation required between
former European adversaries as part of the
Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan has been
recognized as one of the earliest factors that led to formation of the
European Coal and Steel Community, and eventually the European
Union.[64]
In a television interview after leaving office,
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman was
asked which American he thought had made the greatest contribution of
the preceding thirty years. Without hesitation, Truman picked
Marshall, adding "I don't think in this age in which I have lived,
that there has been a man who has been a greater administrator; a man
with a knowledge of military affairs equal to General Marshall."[65]
Orson Welles
Orson Welles said in an interview with
Dick Cavett
Dick Cavett that "Marshall is
the greatest man I ever met... I think he was the greatest human being
who was also a great man... He was a tremendous gentleman, an old
fashioned institution which isn't with us anymore."[66]
Family life[edit]
George Marshall
George Marshall was the youngest of three siblings.[67] His older
brother Stuart Bradford Marshall (1875–1956) was a graduate of the
Virginia
Virginia Military Institute, and became a manager and executive in
several metal production corporations, including the American
Manganese Manufacturing Company.[68][69][70] He later worked as a
metallurgist and consulting engineer specializing in the production
and operation of blast furnaces, coke ovens, and foundries.[71] George
and Stuart Marshall were long estranged; according to relatives,
George Marshall's first wife, Lily, had dated other VMI cadets before
him, and rejected their proposals, to include Stuart Marshall.[68]
When Stuart found out George was engaged to Lily, Stuart made unkind
remarks about her, and George "cut him off my list".[68] His sister,
Marie (1876–1962) was the wife of Dr. John J. Singer, an Army
physician who died in 1934.[72]
Marshall married Elizabeth Carter Coles, or "Lily", at her mother's
home on Letcher Avenue in Lexington, Virginia, on 11 February
1902.[73] She died on 15 September 1927 after thyroid surgery that put
significant strain on her weak heart.[74] They did not have
children.[75][76]
On 15 October 1930, Marshall married Katherine Boyce Tupper (8 October
1882 – 18 December 1978);
John J. Pershing
John J. Pershing served as best
man.[77][78][79] Katherine Tupper was the mother of three children
with
Baltimore
Baltimore lawyer Clifton Stevenson Brown, who had been murdered
by a disgruntled client in 1928.[80][81] The second Mrs. Marshall was
a graduate of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts; she later studied
at the Comédie-Française, and toured with Frank Benson's English
Shakespearean Company.[82] She authored a memoir, 1946's Together:
Annals of an
Army
Army Wife.[83] One of Marshall's stepsons, Allen Tupper
Brown, was an
Army
Army lieutenant who was killed by a German sniper in
Italy on May 29, 1944. Another stepson was Major Clifton Stevenson
Brown Jr. (1914–1952). Step-daughter Molly Brown Winn, who was the
mother of actress Kitty Winn, was married to US
Army
Army Major James J.
Winn, who had been an aide to General Marshall.
Marshall was a Freemason, having been made a Mason "at sight" in 1941
by the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia.
[84]
George Marshall
George Marshall maintained a home, known as Dodona Manor and later as
The Marshall House, in Leesburg, Virginia.[85] This was his first and
only permanent residence owned by Marshall who later said "this is
Home...a real home after 41 years of wandering."[86] The restored home
and its surrounding gardens are open to the public as a museum.
Fictional portrayals[edit]
Marshall has been played in film and television by
Keith Andes
Keith Andes in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!
Ward Costello in the 1977 film MacArthur
Dana Andrews
Dana Andrews in the 1979 film Ike, The War Years.
Norman Burton in the 1988 miniseries War and Remembrance.
Hal Holbrook
Hal Holbrook in the 1989 television film Day One.
Harris Yulin in the 1995 television movie Truman.
Harve Presnell in the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan.
Scott Wilson in the 2001 film Pearl Harbor.
Donald Eugene McCoy in the 2009 Chinese movie The Founding of a
Republic.
Richard DuVal in the 2012 Russian mini-series "Chkalov".
Marshall is a character in three different alternate history timelines in novels by Harry Turtledove: Worldwar, Joe Steele, and The Hot War. Dates of rank[edit]
No pin insignia in 1902
Second lieutenant,
United States
United States Army: February 2, 1901
(Appointment accepted on February 2, 1902.)
First lieutenant,
United States
United States Army: March 7, 1907
Captain,
United States
United States Army: July 1, 1916
Major, National Army: August 5, 1917
Lieutenant colonel, National Army: January 5, 1918
Colonel, National Army: August 27, 1918
Captain, Regular
Army
Army (reverted to permanent rank): June 30, 1920
Major, Regular Army : July 1, 1920
Lieutenant colonel, Regular Army: August 21, 1923
Colonel, Regular Army: September 1, 1933
Brigadier general, Regular Army: October 1, 1936
Major general, Regular Army: September 1, 1939
General, temporary, for service as
Army
Army Chief of Staff: September 1,
1939 [87]
General of the Army,
Army
Army of the United States: December 16, 1944
General of the
Army
Army rank made permanent in the Regular Army: April 11,
1946
[88] Awards and decorations[edit] U.S. military honors[edit]
Distinguished Service Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster
Silver Star
Philippine Campaign Medal
World War I
World War I Victory Medal with four campaign clasps
Army
Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
World War II
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Foreign orders[edit]
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Bath
Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)
Grand Cross of the
Legion of Honour
Legion of Honour (France)
Grand Cross of the
Order of Military Merit (Brazil)
Order of Military Merit (Brazil) (Presented by
General Francisco José Pinto on behalf of President Getulio Vargas on
3 June 1939)[89]
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Chile)
Grand Cross of the Order of Boyacá Cherifien (Colombia) (Given by President Ospina Perez as he opened the IX Panamerican Conference, March 1948)
Member 1st Class of the Order of Military Merit (Cuba)
Member 1st Class of the
Order of Abdon Calderon
Order of Abdon Calderon (Ecuador)
Knight Grand Cross with swords of the Order of George I (Greece)
Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy)
Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Crown of Italy
Order of the Crown of Italy (Italy)
Grand Cross of the
Order of Ouissam Alaouite
Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco)
Knight Grand Cross with swords of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands)
Grand Officer of the Order of the Sun (Peru)
Member 1st Class of the
Order of Suvorov
Order of Suvorov (Soviet Union)
Foreign decorations and medals[edit]
Croix de Guerre
Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 with bronze palm (France, WWI)
Medal for the Centennial of the Republic of Liberia
Silver Medal for Bravery (Montenegro)
Medal of Solidarity, 2nd Class (Panama)
Queen
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (United Kingdom)
Civilian honors[edit]
1943 - Awarded the American Legion's Distinguished Service Medal.
October 16, 1945 - presented with permanent membership in the Reserve
Officers Association by President Harry Truman.
1946 - awarded the
United States
United States Congressional Gold Medal.[90]
1948 - awarded the Grand Lodge of New York's Distinguished Achievement
Award for his role and contributions during and after World War II.
1953 -
Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize for the Marshall Plan.
1959 - Karlspreis (International
Charlemagne Prize
Charlemagne Prize of the city of
Aachen).
1965–1978 - The
United States
United States Postal Service honored him with a
Prominent Americans series
Prominent Americans series 20¢ postage stamp.
Namesakes[edit]
1960 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, originally the Army
Ballistic Missile Agency at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama,
became a NASA field center and was renamed.
The British Parliament established the
Marshall Scholarship
Marshall Scholarship in
recognition of Marshall's contributions to Anglo-American relations.
Many buildings and streets throughout the U.S. and other nations are
named in his honor.
George C. Marshall Award, the highest award given to a chapter in
Kappa Alpha Order.
George C. Marshall High School, founded in 1962 and located in Falls
Church, Virginia, is the only public high school in the United States
named for Marshall. The nickname of the school – "The Statesmen" –
appropriately reflects his life and contributions.
George C. Marshall International Center, a non-profit organization
that oversees Marshall's Leesburg home as a museum and works to
interpret Marshall's legacy.
The Marshall Elementary School is in the Laurel Highlands School
District, Uniontown, Pennsylvania.
George C. Marshall Elementary School: located in Vancouver,
Washington.
The
George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies
George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
George Catlett Marshall Medal, awarded by the Association of the
United States
United States Army. Awarded to
Bob Hope
Bob Hope in 1972.
The George C. Marshall Award, awarded to a citizen of Leesburg,
Virginia
Virginia who has demonstrated an exemplary commitment to the
community.
Bibliography[edit]
Behrman, Greg. The Most Noble Adventure: The
Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan and How
America Helped Rebuild Europe. New York: Free Press, 2008.
Cray, Ed. General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and
Statesman. Norton, 1990. 847 pp.
Harold I. Gullan; "Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall
Prepare for War, 1938–41." Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume:
28#3 1998. pp. 510+ online edition
Hein, David. "In War for Peace: General George C. Marshall's Core
Convictions and Ethical Leadership". Touchstone 26, no. 2 (March/April
2013): 41–48.
Hein, David. "General George C. Marshall: Why He Still Matters."
Marshall magazine (George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, VA), Fall
2016, pp. 12–17.
Jordan, Jonathan W., American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command
Led America to Victory in
World War II
World War II (NAL/Caliber 2015).
May, Ernest R. "1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. Out of War in
China". Journal of Military History 2002 66(4): 1001–10.
ISSN 0899-3718
Levine, Steven I. "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese
Civil War: the
Marshall Mission
Marshall Mission and Manchuria." Diplomatic History
1979 3(4): 349–375. ISSN 0145-2096
Parrish, Thomas. Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War.
1989. 608 pp.
Forrest Pogue, Viking, (1963–87) Four-volume authorized biography:
complete text is online
George C. Marshall: Education of a General, 1880–1939 George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1943 George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943–1945 George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945–1959
Steele, Richard W. The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy. 1973. 239 pp. Mark C. Stoler, George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century. (1989) 252pp Unger, Debi and Irwin with Stanley Hirshson. George Marshall: a Biography. Harper, 2014. ISBN 9780060577193
See also[edit]
Biography portal
World War I
World War I portal
World War II
World War II portal
United States
United States
Army
Army portal
German Marshall Fund George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies George C. Marshall Foundation USS George C. Marshall (SSBN-654)
References[edit]
^ Marshall Papers Pentagon Office Selected Correspondence Box 69
Folder 18 George C. Marshall Foundation
http://www.marshallfoundation.org
^ U.S. officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full
active duty pay for life.Spencer C. Tucker (2011). The Encyclopedia of
the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO.
p. 1685. ISBN 978-1-85109-961-0.
^ "George C. Marshall –
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman Administration". Office of
the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office.
^ "George Catlett Marshall, U.S.
Army
Army Chief of Staff, Secretary of
State". CNN. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved
2007-12-12.
^ a b "General George C Marshall". general-wedemeyer.com. Retrieved 7
September 2015.
^ W. Del Testa, David; Florence Lemoine; John Strickland (2001).
Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists.
p. 120.
^ a b New York Times: January 8, 1949, p. 1.
^
George Marshall
George Marshall Childhood
^ Higginbotham, Don (1985).
George Washington
George Washington and the American
Military Tradition. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8203-2400-5.
^ Uldrich, Jack (2005). Soldier, Statesman, Peacemaker: Leadership
Lessons From George C. Marshall. pp. 14–15.
^ Groom, Winston (2015). The Generals: Patton, MacArthur, Marshall,
and the Winning of World War II. Washington, DC: National Geographic.
p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4262-1549-0.
^ "All-Southern Football Team". The Times. February 10, 1901.
p. 10. Retrieved March 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ W. H. Hoge (1901). "All Southern Football Team". Spalding's Football
Guide: 123. Retrieved March 10, 2015 – via Google books.
^ Risjord, Norman K. (2006). Giants in Their Time: Representative
Americans from the Jazz Age to the Cold War. Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-7425-2784-3.
^ Pops, Gerald M. (2009). Ethical Leadership in Turbulent Times:
Modeling the Public Career of George. Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-7391-2476-5.
^ Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). Encyclopedia of World War
II. 1. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 547.
ISBN 978-0-8160-6022-1.
^ "George Catlett Marshall: A Chronology". Biography: George C.
Marshall. Lexington, VA: The George C. Marshall Foundation. Retrieved
August 24, 2016.
^ Stoler, Mark (1989). George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the
American Century. pp. 21–25.
^ a b c d e f g h "George C. Marshall: Timeline".
^ Calhoun, Mark T. (2012). "General Lesley J. McNair: Little-Known
Architect of the U.S. Army" (PDF). kuscholarworks.ku.edu/. Lawrence,
KS: University of Kansas. p. 43.
^ "General Lesley J. McNair: Little-Known Architect of the U.S. Army",
p. 43.
^ Davenport, Matthew J. (2015). First Over There. New York: St.
Martins. ISBN 1250056446.
^ Marshall, George C. (1976). Memoirs of My Services in the World War,
1917–1918 (PDF). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. p. 93.
ISBN 978-0-395-20725-3.
^ a b Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918,
p. 93.
^ Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918,
pp. 93–94.
^ Lengel, Edward G. (2008). To Conquer Hell. New York: Henry Holt.
ISBN 0-8050-7931-9.
^ Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2006). World War I: A
Student Encyclopedia. I, A–D. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
p. 1186. ISBN 978-1-85109-879-8.
^ a b World War I: A Student Encyclopedia, p. 1186.
^ Campbell, James (September 30, 2008). The Ghost Mountain Boys: Their
Epic March and the Terrifying Battle for New Guinea – The Forgotten
War of the South Pacific. Three Rivers Press. p. 400.
ISBN 978-0-307-33597-5.
^ "Home". www.georgecmarshall.org. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
^ George C. Marshall's Early Career. georgecmarshall.org
^ , Bland, Larry I., George C. Marshall and the Education of Army
Leaders, Military Review 68 (October 1988) 27–51, Ft. Leavenworth,
Kansas
^ a b Ossad, Steven L., Command Failures: Lessons Learned from Lloyd
R. Fredendall,
Army
Army Magazine, March 2003
^ Ambrose, Stephen, Citizen Soldiers: The U.S.
Army
Army from the Normandy
Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany June 7, 1944 – May
7, 1945, New York: Simon & Schuster (1997), pp. 271–84
^ Keast, William R. (Maj), Provision of Enlisted Replacements, Army
Ground Forces Study No. 7, Washington, D.C.: Historical Section –
Headquarters
Army
Army Ground Forces, 314.7(1 Sept 1946)GNHIS September 1,
1945
^ George, John B. (Lt. Col), Shots Fired In Anger, NRA Press (1981),
ISBN 0-935998-42-X, pp. 13–21
^ a b c d Keast, William R. (Maj), Provision of Enlisted Replacements
^ Hanford, William B., A Dangerous Assignment, Stackpole Books,
ISBN 978-0-8117-3485-1, p. viii
^ a b Vandergriff, Donald E., Seven Wars and a Century Later, a Failed
System, Article
^ a b Ambrose, Stephen, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 277–84
^ Henry, Mark R., The US
Army
Army in World War II: Northwest Europe,
Osprey Publishing (2001), ISBN 1-84176-086-2,
ISBN 978-1-84176-086-5, pp. 12–14
^ a b c Henry, Mark R., The US
Army
Army in World War II: Northwest Europe,
Osprey Publishing (2001), ISBN 1-84176-086-2,
ISBN 978-1-84176-086-5, pp. 12–14
^ Ambrose, Stephen, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 271–84
^ Ambrose, Stephen, Citizen Soldiers, p. 277
^ Buell, Thomas B.; John H. Bradley. The Second World War: Europe and
the Mediterranean. p. 258.
^ Pogue, Forrest C. "The Supreme Commander". ibiblio.org. OFFICE OF
THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
^ Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the
Pearl Harbor Attack, Congress of the United States, Seventy-Ninth
Congress (Washington, D.C.), Part 39, pp. 144–45.
^ Conclusions and Recommendations of the Joint Committee on the
Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Congress of the United
States, Seventy-Ninth Congress (Washington, D.C.) pp. 252, 265
^ Stoler, Mark A. (1989). George C. Marshall. pp. 145–51.
^ Tsou, Tang (1963). America's Failure in China, 1941–50.
^ Harold M. Tanner (18 March 2013). The Battle for Manchuria and the
Fate of China: Siping, 1946. Indiana University Press. p. 15.
ISBN 978-0-253-00734-6.
^ "蔣介石敗退台灣最恨誰?日記顯示並非毛澤東" [Who
did
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek hate most with his withdraw to Taiwan? Diary says
it's not Mao Zedong]. Xin Hua Net. July 31, 2013.
^ "The Marshall Plan". georgecmarshall.org. Archived from the original
on January 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
^ McCullough, David (1992). Truman. New York: Simon and Schuster.
p. 717. ISBN 0-671-86920-5.
^ Behrman, Greg (2007). The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan
and the Time When America Helped Save Europe. Free Press.
ISBN 0-7432-8263-9.
^ "President Truman's Decision to Recognize Israel". Retrieved
2009-02-17.
^ "Truman Adviser Recalls May 14, 1948 US Decision to Recognize
Israel". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. May–June 1991.
p. 17. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
^ "Recognition of Israel". The Truman Library. Retrieved
2009-02-17.
^ Uldrich, Jack (2005). Soldier, Statesman, Peacemaker: Leadership
Lessons from George C. Marshall. AMACOM Books.
ISBN 9780814415962. Marshall even went to great lengths to
prevent himself from falling prey to the allures of power. He had
always refused to vote because he subscribed to the belief that a
professional soldier should remain above politics, but he took a
number of other steps to insulate himself from the corrupting
influence of power once he became chief of staff.
^ Lewis, Adrian (2012). The American Culture of War: The History of US
Military Force from
World War II
World War II to Operation Enduring Freedon.
Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-0415890199.
^ "Diary entries, 6–7, April 1951, Truman Papers". Harry S. Truman
Library and Museum. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
^ "1-070, Editorial Note on Becoming General Liggett's Aide, February
1915". marshallfoundation.org. George C. Marshall Foundation.
Retrieved July 4, 2016.
^ Puryear, Edgar F. Jr. (2000). American Generalship: Character Is
Everything: The Art of Command. New York, NY: Random House.
p. 191. ISBN 978-0-89141-770-5.
^ "History of the Marshall Plan". marshallfoundation.org. George C.
Marshall Foundation. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
^ Farinacci, Donald J. (2010). Truman and MacArthur: Adversaries for a
Common Cause. Bennington, VT: Merriam Press. p. 253.
ISBN 978-0-557-40902-0.
^ "
Orson Welles
Orson Welles talks about Cornelia Lunt". YouTube.
^ Jeffers, H. Paul; Axelrod, Alan (2010). Marshall: Lessons in
Leadership. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 6–8, 10, 12.
ISBN 978-0-230-11425-8.
^ a b c Marshall: Lessons in Leadership, pp. 6–8, 10, 12.
^ Parmelee, H. C. (August 15, 1918). "Personal: Mr. Stuart B.
Marshall". Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering. Vol. XIX
no. 4. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Company. p. 214.
^ Glenn, Justin (2014). The Washingtons: A Family History. 5 (Part
One). El Dorado, CA: Savas Publishing. p. 568.
ISBN 978-1-940669-30-4.
^ Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, p. 214.
^ "A Greenburg Resident: General Marshall's Sister Dies at 85".
Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, PA. June 12, 1962. p. 22.
(Subscription required (help)).
^ Stevens, Sharon Ritenour; Williams, Alice Trump (2009). Images of
America: Lexington. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 123.
ISBN 978-0-7385-6818-8.
^ Mullins, Richard J. (January 1, 2017). "The General's Goiter: The
Outcome of a Subtotal Thyroidectomy Performed on
United States
United States Army
General George Catlett Marshall". Journal of the American College of
Surgeons. New York, NY: American College of Surgeons.
p. 79.
^ Brooks, David (2015). The Road to Character. New York, NY: Random
House. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-8129-9325-7.
^
https://gw.geneanet.org/tdowling?lang=en&p=george+catlett&n=marshall&oc=1
^ "Pershing is Best Man for His Former Aide". The Morning News.
Wilmington, DE. Associated Press. October 16, 1930. p. 9.
(Subscription required (help)).
^
http://www.podles.org/dialogue/katherine-boyce-tupper-wife-of-a-murder-victim-and-wife-of-a-general-3074.htm
^ [1]
^ "Pershing is Best Man for His Former Aide".
^ Pearson, Richard (December 20, 1978). "Katherine Marshall, 96,
Dies". Washington Post. Washington, DC.
^ "Katherine Marshall, 96, Dies".
^ Marshall, Katherine Tupper (1946). Together: Annals of an
Army
Army Wife.
New York, NY: Tupper and Love. p. Title.
^ "Famous Masons". MWGLNY. January 2014. Archived from the original on
2013-11-10.
^ "The Marshall House". www.georgecmarshall.org. Retrieved 11 July
2016.
^ Wheeler, Linda (20 February 2015). "Restoration of Marshall House in
Leesburg Enters Home Stretch". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 11
July 2016.
^ From 1917 to 1945 Chiefs of Staff of the U.S.
Army
Army were usually
promoted to the rank of general (O-10) temporarily for their term of
office.
^ Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States
Army. 1948. Vol. 1.
^ "Homenagem á Missão Militar Norte Americana". Correio Paulistano.
VASP. 4 June 1939. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives Archived July 23,
2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Primary sources[edit]
The Papers of George Catlett Marshall: (Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds.)
Vol. 1: The Soldierly Spirit," December 1880 – June 1939. (1981) Vol. 2: "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941. (1986) Vol. 3: The Right Man for the Job, December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943. (1991) Vol. 4: "Aggressive and Determined Leadership," June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944. (1996) Vol. 5: "The Finest Soldier," January 1, 1945 – January 7, 1947. (2003) Vol. 6: "The Whole World Hangs in the Balance," January 8, 1947 – September 30, 1949. (2012) Vol. 7: "The Man of the Age," October 1, 1949 – October 16, 1959. (2016), xxxviii, 1046 pp.
Bland, Larry; Jeans, Roger B.; and Wilkinson, Mark, ed. George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945 – January 1947. Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1998. 661 pp. Marshall, George C. George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue. Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1991. 698 pp. online edition George Catlett Marshall. Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918 (1976) Thompson, Rachel Yarnell. Marshall – A Statesman Shaped in the Crucible of War. George C. Marshall International Center, 2014.
Further reading[edit]
The Infantry Journal Incorporated (1939). Infantry in Battle (PDF). Washington, DC: Garrett and Massey. ISBN 0-940328-04-6. [permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: George Marshall
Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Marshall.
Wikisource
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
George Marshall
Brief biography at the official Nobel Prize site
The Marshall Foundation
George C. Marshall Center, Garmisch Germany
The
Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan Speech MP3
The Marshall Films Collection
Marshall Scholarships
The
Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan Speech[permanent dead link]
The Marshall House
The Marshall House (Dodona Manor)
"George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace" (Smithsonian Institution)
Annotated bibliography for
George Marshall
George Marshall from the Alsos Digital
Library for Nuclear Issues
The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, Chapter XIX,
General of the
Army
Army George C. Marshall,
Special
Special Military Funeral, 16
– October 20, 1959 by B. C. Mossman and
M. W. Stark.
United States
United States
Army
Army Center of Military History,
1991. CMH Pub 90-1.
The George C. Marshall Index at the
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential
Library and Museum, Part 1 and Part 2
"General George C. Marshall and Vancouver". City of Vancouver
Washington. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Task Force Marshall Information Page
Joint Committee on The Investigation of Pearl Harbor, 79th Congress
The short film Big Picture: The General Marshall Story is available
for free download at the Internet Archive
Rachel Yarnell Thompson's Marshall Biography: Marshall – A Statesman
Shaped in the Crucible of War
George Marshall
George Marshall on IMDb
Newspaper clippings about
George Marshall
George Marshall in the 20th Century Press
Archives of the
German National Library of Economics
German National Library of Economics (ZBW).
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1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
Tito–Stalin Split
Berlin Blockade
Western betrayal
Iron Curtain
Eastern Bloc
Western Bloc
Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War (Second round)
Malayan Emergency
Albanian Subversion
1950s
Papua conflict
Bamboo Curtain
Korean War
McCarthyism
Egyptian Revolution of 1952
1953 Iranian coup d'état
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
Dirty War
Dirty War (Mexico)
Bricker Amendment
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
Partition of Vietnam
Vietnam War
First Taiwan Strait Crisis
Geneva Summit (1955)
Bandung Conference
Poznań 1956 protests
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Suez Crisis
"We will bury you"
Operation Gladio
Arab Cold War
Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution
Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino-Soviet split
1960s
Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet–Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War
Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence
Cuban Missile Crisis Sino-Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ conflict Greek military junta of 1967–74 Years of Lead (Italy) USS Pueblo incident Six-Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al-Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino-Soviet border conflict CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion Corrective Move
1970s
Détente
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Black September
Black September in Jordan
Corrective Movement (Syria)
Cambodian Civil War
Koza riot
Realpolitik
Ping-pong diplomacy
Ugandan-Tanzanian War
1971 Turkish military memorandum
Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
Four Power Agreement on Berlin
Bangladesh Liberation War
1972 Nixon visit to China
North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
Yemenite War of 1972
NDF Rebellion
Eritrean Civil Wars
1973 Chilean coup d'état
Yom Kippur War
1973 oil crisis
Carnation Revolution
Spanish transition
Metapolitefsi
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Rhodesian Bush War
Angolan Civil War
Mozambican Civil War
Oromo conflict
Ogaden War
Ethiopian Civil War
Lebanese Civil War
Sino-Albanian split
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Sino-Vietnamese War
Operation Condor
Dirty War
Dirty War (Argentina)
1976 Argentine coup d'état
Korean Air Lines Flight 902
Yemenite War of 1979
Grand Mosque seizure
Iranian Revolution
Saur Revolution
New Jewel Movement
1979 Herat uprising
Seven Days to the River Rhine
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
1980s
Soviet–Afghan War
1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
1980 Turkish coup d'état
Peruvian conflict
Casamance conflict
Ugandan Bush War
Lord's Resistance
Army
Army insurgency
Eritrean Civil Wars
1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
Ndogboyosoi War
United States
United States invasion of Grenada
Able Archer 83
Star Wars
Iran–Iraq War
Somali Rebellion
1986 Black Sea incident
1988 Black Sea bumping incident
South Yemen Civil War
Bougainville Civil War
8888 Uprising
Solidarity
Soviet reaction
Contras
Central American crisis
RYAN
Korean Air Lines Flight 007
People Power Revolution
Glasnost
Perestroika
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Afghan Civil War
United States
United States invasion of Panama
1988 Polish strikes
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
Revolutions of 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Velvet Revolution
Romanian Revolution
Peaceful Revolution
Die Wende
1990s
Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
Frozen conflicts
Abkhazia China-Taiwan Korea Nagorno-Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino-Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute
Foreign policy
Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War
Ideologies
Capitalism
Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Thatcherism
Communism
Marxism–Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism
Other
Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third-Worldism White supremacy Apartheid
Organizations
ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi
Propaganda
Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia
Races
Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race
See also
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Soviet espionage in the United States
Soviet Union–
United States
United States relations
USSR–USA summits
Russian espionage in the United States
American espionage in the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union and Russian Federation
Russia–
NATO
NATO relations
Brinkmanship
CIA and the Cultural Cold War
Cold War
Cold War II
Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts
v t e
Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George Marshall
1954
United Nations
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Albert Lutuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus Pauling
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red
Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
1966
1967
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981
United Nations
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998 John Hume / David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
v t e
Time Persons of the Year
1927–1950
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh (1927)
Walter Chrysler
Walter Chrysler (1928)
Owen D. Young
Owen D. Young (1929)
Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
Pierre Laval
Pierre Laval (1931)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
Hugh S. Johnson
Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
Haile Selassie
Haile Selassie (1935)
Wallis Simpson
Wallis Simpson (1936)
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek /
Soong Mei-ling
Soong Mei-ling (1937)
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (1938)
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin (1939)
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill (1940)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin (1942)
George Marshall
George Marshall (1943)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (1945)
James F. Byrnes
James F. Byrnes (1946)
George Marshall
George Marshall (1947)
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (1948)
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill (1949)
The American Fighting-Man (1950)
1951–1975
Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (1952)
Konrad Adenauer
Konrad Adenauer (1953)
John Foster Dulles
John Foster Dulles (1954)
Harlow Curtice
Harlow Curtice (1955)
Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle (1958)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
U.S. Scientists:
George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald
A. Glaser /
Joshua Lederberg
Joshua Lederberg /
Willard Libby
Willard Libby /
Linus Pauling
Linus Pauling / Edward
Purcell / Isidor Rabi /
Emilio Segrè
Emilio Segrè /
William Shockley
William Shockley / Edward
Teller / Charles Townes /
James Van Allen
James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy (1961)
Pope John XXIII
Pope John XXIII (1962)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
William Westmoreland
William Westmoreland (1965)
The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
The
Apollo 8
Apollo 8 Astronauts:
William Anders
William Anders /
Frank Borman
Frank Borman / Jim Lovell
(1968)
The Middle Americans (1969)
Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt (1970)
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon (1971)
Henry Kissinger
Henry Kissinger /
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon (1972)
John Sirica
John Sirica (1973)
King Faisal (1974)
American Women:
Susan Brownmiller /
Kathleen Byerly
Kathleen Byerly /
Alison Cheek /
Jill Conway /
Betty Ford
Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan
/
Billie Jean King
Billie Jean King /
Susie Sharp /
Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)
1976–2000
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter (1976)
Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat (1977)
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (1978)
Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan (1980)
Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa (1981)
The Computer (1982)
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan /
Yuri Andropov
Yuri Andropov (1983)
Peter Ueberroth
Peter Ueberroth (1984)
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (1985)
Corazon Aquino
Corazon Aquino (1986)
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
The Endangered Earth (1988)
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
George H. W. Bush
George H. W. Bush (1990)
Ted Turner
Ted Turner (1991)
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton (1992)
The Peacemakers:
Yasser Arafat
Yasser Arafat /
F. W. de Klerk
F. W. de Klerk /
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela /
Yitzhak Rabin
Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II (1994)
Newt Gingrich
Newt Gingrich (1995)
David Ho
David Ho (1996)
Andrew Grove
Andrew Grove (1997)
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton /
Ken Starr
Ken Starr (1998)
Jeffrey P. Bezos (1999)
George W. Bush
George W. Bush (2000)
2001–present
Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper /
Coleen Rowley
Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins
(2002)
The American Soldier (2003)
George W. Bush
George W. Bush (2004)
The Good Samaritans:
Bono
Bono /
Bill Gates
Bill Gates /
Melinda Gates
Melinda Gates (2005)
You (2006)
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin (2007)
Barack Obama
Barack Obama (2008)
Ben Bernanke
Ben Bernanke (2009)
Mark Zuckerberg
Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
The Protester (2011)
Barack Obama
Barack Obama (2012)
Pope Francis
Pope Francis (2013)
Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
Kent Brantly
Kent Brantly / Ella
Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
Salome Karwah
Salome Karwah (2014)
Angela Merkel
Angela Merkel (2015)
Donald Trump
Donald Trump (2016)
The Silence Breakers (2017)
Book
v t e
Cabinet of President
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (1945–53)
Vice President
None (1945–49)
Alben W. Barkley
Alben W. Barkley (1949–53)
Secretary of State
Edward R. Stettinius Jr. (1945)
James F. Byrnes
James F. Byrnes (1945–47)
George C. Marshall (1947–49)
Dean G. Acheson (1949–53)
Secretary of the Treasury
Henry Morgenthau Jr.
Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1945)
Fred M. Vinson
Fred M. Vinson (1945–46)
John W. Snyder (1946–53)
Secretary of War
Henry L. Stimson
Henry L. Stimson (1945)
Robert P. Patterson
Robert P. Patterson (1945–47)
Kenneth C. Royall (1947)
Secretary of Defense
James V. Forrestal (1947–49)
Louis A. Johnson
Louis A. Johnson (1949–50)
George C. Marshall (1950–51)
Robert A. Lovett
Robert A. Lovett (1951–53)
Attorney General
Francis B. Biddle (1945)
Tom C. Clark
Tom C. Clark (1945–49)
J. Howard McGrath
J. Howard McGrath (1949–52)
James P. McGranery (1952–53)
Postmaster General
Frank C. Walker (1945)
Robert E. Hannegan
Robert E. Hannegan (1945–47)
Jesse Monroe Donaldson (1947–53)
Secretary of the Navy
James V. Forrestal (1945–47)
Secretary of the Interior
Harold L. Ickes
Harold L. Ickes (1945–46)
Julius A. Krug (1946–49)
Oscar Littleton Chapman (1949–53)
Secretary of Agriculture
Claude Raymond Wickard (1945)
Clinton P. Anderson (1945–48)
Charles F. Brannan
Charles F. Brannan (1948–53)
Secretary of Commerce
Henry A. Wallace
Henry A. Wallace (1945–46)
W. Averell Harriman
W. Averell Harriman (1946–48)
Charles Sawyer (1948–53)
Secretary of Labor
Frances Perkins
Frances Perkins (1945)
Lewis B. Schwellenbach
Lewis B. Schwellenbach (1945–48)
Maurice J. Tobin
Maurice J. Tobin (1948–53)
v t e
Recipients of the Charlemagne Prize
1950–1975
1950 Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi 1951 Hendrik Brugmans 1952 Alcide De Gasperi 1953 Jean Monnet 1954 Konrad Adenauer 1955 1956 Winston Churchill 1957 Paul-Henri Spaak 1958 Robert Schuman 1959 George Marshall 1960 Joseph Bech 1961 Walter Hallstein 1962 1963 Edward Heath 1964 Antonio Segni 1965 1966 Jens Otto Krag 1967 Joseph Luns 1968 1969 European Commission 1970 François Seydoux de Clausonne 1971 1972 Roy Jenkins 1973 Salvador de Madariaga 1974 1975
1976–2000
1976 Leo Tindemans 1977 Walter Scheel 1978 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1979 Emilio Colombo 1980 1981 Simone Veil 1982 King Juan Carlos I 1983 1984 1985 1986 People of Luxembourg 1987 Henry Kissinger 1988 François Mitterrand / Helmut Kohl 1989 Brother Roger 1990 Gyula Horn 1991 Václav Havel 1992 Jacques Delors 1993 Felipe González 1994 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1995 Franz Vranitzky 1996 Queen Beatrix 1997 Roman Herzog 1998 Bronisław Geremek 1999 Tony Blair 2000 Bill Clinton
2001–present
2001 György Konrád 2002 Euro 2003 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2004 Pat Cox / Pope John Paul II1 2005 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 2006 Jean-Claude Juncker 2007 Javier Solana 2008 Angela Merkel 2009 Andrea Riccardi 2010 Donald Tusk 2011 Jean-Claude Trichet 2012 Wolfgang Schäuble 2013 Dalia Grybauskaitė 2014 Herman Van Rompuy 2015 Martin Schulz 2016 Pope Francis 2017 Timothy Garton Ash
1 Received extraordinary prize.
Authority control
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