George Barret, Sr.
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

George Barret Sr. ( – 29 May 1784) was an Irish landscape artist best known for his
oil painting Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. It has been the most common technique for artistic painting on wood panel or canvas for several centuries, spreading from Europe to the rest of ...
s, but also sometimes produced watercolours. He left Ireland in 1762 to move to London where he soon gained recognition as a leading artist of the period. He exhibited at the
Society of Artists of Great Britain The Society of Artists of Great Britain was founded in London in May 1761 by an association of artists in order to provide a venue for the public exhibition of recent work by living artists, such as was having success in the long-established P ...
and was able to gain patronage from many leading art collectors. Barrett with other leading members left the Society in 1768 to found the Royal Academy, where he continued to exhibit until 1782. Barrett appears to have travelled extensively in England including the Lake District and the Isle of Wight, Wales, and Scotland to undertake commissions for his patrons. He suffered from
asthma Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, co ...
and this caused him to move in 1772 to Westbourne Green, at the time a country village to the west of
Paddington Paddington is an area within the City of Westminster, in Central London. First a medieval parish then a metropolitan borough, it was integrated with Westminster and Greater London in 1965. Three important landmarks of the district are Padd ...
. While he earned considerable quantities of money from his paintings, he has been described as being ‘'feckless'’ with money. He was helped in 1782 by
Edmund Burke Edmund Burke (; 12 January NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS">New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS/nowiki>_1729_–_9_July_1797)_was_an_NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">N ...
, with whom he had become friends when Burke attended Trinity College, Dublin. On Burke's recommendation he obtained the appointment of master painter of
Chelsea Hospital The Royal Hospital Chelsea is a retirement home and nursing home for some 300 veterans of the British Army. Founded as an almshouse, the ancient sense of the word "hospital", it is a site located on Royal Hospital Road in Chelsea, London, Che ...
, a post he held until his death in 1784. At the time of his death his widow and children were left destitute, but the Royal Academy granted her a pension of thirty pounds a year.


Life


Early life in Ireland

Born in
Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 c ...
, the son of a cloth merchant, some time between 1728 and 1732, Barret began his career apprenticed to a staymaker. By 1747 he had started learning to draw at Robert West's academy at George's Lane which was sponsored by
Dublin Society The Royal Dublin Society (RDS) ( ga, Cumann Ríoga Bhaile Átha Cliath) is an Irish philanthropic organisation and members club which was founded as the 'Dublin Society' on 25 June 1731 with the aim to see Ireland thrive culturally and economi ...
, and later studied under James Mannin. After completing his studies he taught drawing at the Academy. He was a friend of
Edmund Burke Edmund Burke (; 12 January NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS">New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS/nowiki>_1729_–_9_July_1797)_was_an_NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">N ...
while Burke was an undergraduate at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1757 Burke published
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful ''A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful'' is a 1757 treatise on aesthetics written by Edmund Burke. It was the first complete philosophical exposition for separating the beautiful and the sublime into th ...
, and the influence of Burke's thinking can be detected in some of Barret's early paintings, such as the Powerscourt Waterfall. A version of this painting in the
Walker Art Gallery The Walker Art Gallery is an art gallery in Liverpool, which houses one of the largest art collections in England outside London. It is part of the National Museums Liverpool group. History of the Gallery The Walker Art Gallery's collection ...
in Liverpool is said to have been painted for Edmund Burke.


Italianate paintings

Early in his career Barret produced many oil paintings of classical scenery, often incorporating mythological figures. There is no evidence that he travelled to Italy. Most, if not all, of the paintings appear to have been commissioned for houses in Ireland.
Thomas Bodkin Professor Thomas Patrick Bodkin (21 July 1887 – 24 April 1961) was an Irish lawyer, art historian, art collector and curator. Bodkin was Director of the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1927 to 1935 and founding Director of the ...
considered that the oil paintings of Tivoli in Italy to be more likely to be work of his son George Barret junior. who also produced many works with classical themes. However, these can now be securely attributed to the elder Barret. A source of Barret's earliest landscape paintings came from the re-working of engravings of classical Italianate scenes of artists such as Claude Lorrain. A pair of paintings sold in 2013, came from the collection of the Rev. Samuel Madden (1686–1765). Madden established a series of prizes at Trinity College, Dublin, to reward agricultural and artistic enterprise, designed an important landscape garden on the shores of Lough Erne, founded the Dublin (later Royal) Society, and left an important collection of 17th- and 18th-century Italian pictures to Trinity College. These two paintings were based on engravings of two paintings by Claude Lorrain. One of these is after ''Landscape with a rural dance'', which belonged to the
Duke of Kingston Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain, with the title Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull being a title in the Peerage of England. The Earldom was created on 25 July 1628 for Robert Pierrepont, 1st Viscount Newark. Th ...
. The second is a ''Landscape with Argus guarding Io'', purchased by the first
Earl of Leicester Earl of Leicester is a title that has been created seven times. The first title was granted during the 12th century in the Peerage of England. The current title is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and was created in 1837. Early creatio ...
and still at
Holkham Hall Holkham Hall ( or ) is an 18th-century country house near the village of Holkham, Norfolk, England, constructed in the Neo-Palladian style for the 1st Earl of Leicester,The Earldom of Leicester has been, to date, created seven times. Thomas C ...
, in which Barret has reversed the image in his painting. There are a number of other Italianate paintings showing ruins which Barret probably painted before developing his series of Irish landscapes. Barret's first major patron was probably
Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown (11 March 1701 – 2 October 1783) was an Irish peer and politician. Background He was the son of Joseph Leeson, a brewer in Dublin, and Mary Brice, daughter of Alderman Andrew Brice, Sheriff of Dublin. His ...
, who built the
Palladian Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry, perspective and ...
mansion,
Russborough House Russborough House is a stately house near the Blessington Lakes in County Wicklow, Republic of Ireland. Located between the towns of Blessington and Ballymore Eustace, it is an outstanding example of Palladian architecture, designed by Richard ...
in the southern part of County Wicklow.
Richard Cassels Richard Cassels (1690 – 1751), also known as Richard Castle, was an architect who ranks with Edward Lovett Pearce as one of the greatest architects working in Ireland in the 18th century. Cassels was born in 1690 in Kassel, Germany. Althou ...
was the architect and the house was furnished by Joseph Leeson, who travelled on grand tours of Europe in 1744 and again in 1750, amassing a large art collection of paintings, sculpture, furniture, and antiques. This was augmented by classical landscapes and local landscapes. Barret's paintings were used as a decorative scheme in the newly created dining room Many of Barret's paintings passed with the Milltown bequest to the National Gallery of Ireland in 1902. Another source that was used extensively by Barret were engravings by Piranesi which were published in 1748 in ''Antichita romane de' tempi della Repubblica, e de' primi imperatori''. A landscape commissioned by Lord Bective for Headfort, Kells, Co. Meath is based on the ''Tempietto del Clitunno'' a temple on the river Clitunnonear
Spoleto Spoleto (, also , , ; la, Spoletum) is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east-central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines. It is S. of Trevi, N. of Terni, SE of Perugia; SE of Florence; and N of Rome. History Spolet ...
, in central Umbria, north of Rome.


Irish patrons

Following work for Samuel Madden and the Earl of Milltown, Barret started to produce paintings of Irish landscapes. These portrayed the actual landscape and not capriccio scenery. This was a natural progression from his previous idealised Italianate scenery. Barret is particularly associated with Edward Wingfield who in 1751 became
Viscount Powerscourt Viscount Powerscourt ( ) is a title that has been created three times in the Peerage of Ireland, each time for members of the Wingfield family. It was created first in 1618 for the Chief Governor of Ireland, Richard Wingfield. However, this creat ...
. Wingfield owned Powerscourt House and extensive estates to the south of Dublin in County Wicklow. These included the scenic river Dargle with its craggy red rocks and impressive
Powerscourt Waterfall Powerscourt Waterfall ( ga, Eas Chonaill) is the second highest waterfall in Ireland at high, it is located at the base of the Glensoulan Valley on the River Dargle near Enniskerry, County Wicklow. Powerscourt is overlooked by the peaks of D ...
that is the second highest in Ireland. Scenery on the Dargle often figures in Barret's surviving oil paintings and he also painted at Avoca in the south of County Wicklow. A ''View of Powerscourt House under the Sugar Loaf Mountain'' is now at the
Yale Center for British Art Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the worl ...
, and a version of Barret's ''Powerscourt Waterfall'' is in the National Gallery of Ireland. Barret was likely introduced to the
Marquess of Rockingham Marquess of Rockingham, in the County of Northampton, was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1746 for Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Earl of Malton. The Watson family descended from Lewis Watson, Member of Parliament f ...
by Edmund Burke, who had become his private secretary. The Marquess' s Irish seat was at Coolatin, Co. Wicklow. Barret was employed to draw the remains of Killtimon Castle, Co. Wicklow, and a copy after his drawing survives in the Royal Irish Academy An oil painting by Barret, with a wooded mountainous river landscape with anglers by a waterfall in the foreground and a ruined tower house in the distance, which relates to these views, was sold in 2003. A further Irish patron of Barret was the Thomas Conolly of Castletown House of Celbridge to the west of Dublin. He inherited Castletown House in 1758 and his wife
Lady Louisa Conolly Lady Louisa Conolly (5 December 1743 – August 1821) was an English-born Irish noblewoman. She was the third of the famous Lennox Sisters, and was notable among them for leading a wholly uncontroversial life filled with good works. Biograph ...
(who was the daughter of
Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duke of Aubigny, (18 May 17018 August 1750) of Goodwood House near Chichester in Sussex, was a British nobleman and politician. He was the son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmo ...
), set about redecoration and refurbishment of this
Palladian Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry, perspective and ...
mansion. Barret supplied a painting of the house in the distance with wooded parkland and a river. The trees are depicted in outline and not in Barret's later spindly way. John Harris remarks that it is ''softly and atmospherically painted, and of course, is free from the influence of Wilson and other London based painters''. As he could not find adequate employment in Ireland, Barret moved to London in 1762.


Move to England and patronage

Following his move to London in 1762 Barrett rapidly established himself as the leading landscape artist working in oil paint. In 1764 he was exhibiting at both the Free Society of Artists and the
Society of Artists of Great Britain The Society of Artists of Great Britain was founded in London in May 1761 by an association of artists in order to provide a venue for the public exhibition of recent work by living artists, such as was having success in the long-established P ...
. Barret was awarded the premium prize of 50 guineas for the ''Large Landscape with Figures'' which he exhibited at the Free Society exhibition in 1764, and this was purchased a year later by the Marquess of Rockingham for £100 guineas. At the Society of Artists he displayed four paintings including views on the Dargle and Powerscourt Waterfall, paintings that he must have brought with him from Ireland. In 1768 a rift developed in the Society of Artists of Great Britain. A faction led by
Sir William Chambers __NOTOC__ Sir William Chambers (23 February 1723 – 10 March 1796) was a Swedish-Scottish architect, based in London. Among his best-known works are Somerset House, and the pagoda at Kew. Chambers was a founder member of the Royal Academy. Bio ...
, at the suggestion of Barret, petitioned the King for the foundation of the Royal Academy. Barret is mentioned as a nominated member in the foundation document. Barret specialised particularly in wild and mountainous natural landscapes; of the 31 paintings he showed at the Royal Academy between 1769 and 1782, more than a third depicted such scenery. He very occasionally undertook portraits, an example of which is the portrait of William Constable at Burton Constable Hall. He also painted a number of pictures of animals such as the water spaniel belonging to Lord Edward Bentinck, that was exhibited at the Society of Artists of Great Britain in 1768. On arriving in London Barret was able to build on the contacts that he had made in Ireland and particularly with the political faction that had grown up around
Marquess of Rockingham Marquess of Rockingham, in the County of Northampton, was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1746 for Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Earl of Malton. The Watson family descended from Lewis Watson, Member of Parliament f ...
known as the ''Rockinghamites'' or
Rockingham Whigs The Rockingham Whigs (or Rockinghamites) in 18th century British politics were a faction of the Whigs led by Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, from about 1762 until his death in 1782. The Rockingham Whigs briefly held power fr ...
. Rockingham was to become
prime minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...
in 1765–1766 and again in 1782. The connection was through Edmund Burke, Rockingham's private secretary and prominent Rockinghamites who commissioned paintings from Barrett were the Duke of Portland, the Earl of Albemarle and Sir George Colebrook. His patrons were mainly the rich landowner who wished to have their estates and parks recorded. Barret soon found himself with numerous commissions and it was rumoured that he was earning up £2000 a year, a princely sum for an artist at the time.Bodkin, p. 6 Contemporary accounts suggest that Barret was a highly sociable character and got on well with people and other artists. Even though Richard Wilson made disparaging remarks about both Barret and
Gainsborough Gainsborough or Gainsboro may refer to: Places * Gainsborough, Ipswich, Suffolk, England ** Gainsborough Ward, Ipswich * Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, a town in England ** Gainsborough (UK Parliament constituency) * Gainsborough, New South Wales, ...
at the same time, Bodkin maintains that Wilson and Barret were personal friends. It is noticeable that many of the landowners who patronised Barret were in the process of building impressive new mansions which would require large oil paintings to decorate the reception rooms. The Duke of Portland at Welbeck Abbey, Sir Peter Leicester at Tabley and the Marquess of Rockingham were all employing Carr of York as an architect and this may provide a link between his early commissions after Barret arrived from Ireland. The Duke of Portland commissioned a dozen paintings of trees and the landscape at
Welbeck Abbey Welbeck Abbey in the Dukeries in North Nottinghamshire was the site of a monastery belonging to the Premonstratensian order in England and after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, a country house residence of the Dukes of Portland. It is o ...
from Barrett. The paintings were undertaken between 1765 and 1771 and Barret was paid 80
guineas The guinea (; commonly abbreviated gn., or gns. in plural) was a coin, minted in Great Britain between 1663 and 1814, that contained approximately one-quarter of an ounce of gold. The name came from the Guinea region in West Africa, from where m ...
for the largest paintings, 60 guineas for the middle sized and 40 guineas for the smaller paintings. Most of these paintings are now on display at the Portland Gallery at Welbeck.


Sir Peter Byrne Leicester.

The catalogue of paintings in the collection of Sir John Leicester of Tabley House near Knutsford that was published in 1821 includes a sketch of a painting by Barret. The painting has not been traced, but it shows a view of
Beeston Castle Beeston Castle is a former Royal castle in Beeston, Cheshire, England (), perched on a rocky sandstone crag above the Cheshire Plain. It was built in the 1220s by Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester (1170–1232), on his return from th ...
from a distance. It could be that this painting was originally a pair with the painting by Barret of the gate towers at Beeston Castle in the
Grosvenor Museum Grosvenor Museum is a museum in Chester, Cheshire, in the United Kingdom. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. Its full title is The Grosvenor Museum of Natural History and Archa ...
. Sir John Leicester, who was a great collector of paintings, may well have inherited this painting from his father Sir Peter Byrne Leicester. If this is the case it could provide an Irish connection between Leicester and Barret. (Sir Peter Byrne Leicester was the son of Sir John Byrne, Bt., of Timogue, County Laois, by his wife Meriel (nee Leicester). Aged 10 he inherited a large Cheshire estate through the maternal line and two years later in 1744 legally took the Leicester surname.) Sir Peter Byrne Leicester inherited these estates which are close to the Powerscourt Estates, so providing a possible link for the commissioning of the Beeston Castle painting. Barret painted for the
Duke of Buccleuch Duke of Buccleuch (pronounced ), formerly also spelt Duke of Buccleugh, is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created twice on 20 April 1663, first for James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and second suo jure for his wife Anne Scott, 4th Cou ...
from about 1768 to 1771. These were probably for
Dalkeith Palace Dalkeith Palace is a country house in Dalkeith, Midlothian, Scotland. It was the seat of the Dukes of Buccleuch from 1642 until 1914, and is owned by the Buccleuch Living Heritage Trust. The present palace was built 1701–1711 on the site of th ...
. Barret exhibited ''Part of Melrose Abbey by Moonlight'' at the Royal Academy in 1769, which is now at
Drumlanrig Castle Drumlanrig Castle is situated on the Queensberry Estate in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The category A listed castle is the Dumfriesshire home of the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry. It is open to the public at set times. Co ...
.
Ellis Waterhouse Sir Ellis Kirkham Waterhouse (16 February 1905 – 7 September 1985) was an English art historian and museum director who specialised in Roman baroque and English painting. He was Director of the National Galleries of Scotland (1949–52) a ...
notes seven views of Dalkeith Park by Barret in the Buccleuch collection at Bowhill, Selkirk. These, Waterhouse remarks, ''are his most memorable surviving works. They were a conscious attempt at providing a native British type of landscape composition in opposition to Richard Wilson's Italianising patterns''.
George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle KG PC (London, 8 April 1724 – 13 October 1772), styled Viscount Bury until 1754, was a British general and nobleman. He is best known for his decisive victory over the Spanish during capture of Havana i ...
, a noted military commander and another prominent member of the
Rockingham Whigs The Rockingham Whigs (or Rockinghamites) in 18th century British politics were a faction of the Whigs led by Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, from about 1762 until his death in 1782. The Rockingham Whigs briefly held power fr ...
was also a patron of Barret. Albemarle lived at
Bagshot Park Bagshot Park is a royal residence located near Bagshot, a village south of Windsor. It is on Bagshot Heath, a tract of formerly open land in Surrey and Berkshire. Bagshot Park occupies within the designated area of Windsor Great Park. The ...
on the
Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole, making it "the sovereign's public estate", which is neither government property nor part of the monarch's priv ...
to the south of Windsor. Albemarle had Bagshot Park remodelled for him by James Paine between 1766 and 1772. One of the painting he commissioned was ''The Long Walk, Windsor, with Brood Mares and Foals'', which included the famous racehorse Eclipse. This painting became part of the
John Julius Angerstein John Julius Angerstein (1735 – 22 January 1823) was a London businessman and Lloyd's underwriter, a patron of the fine arts and a collector. It was the prospect that his collection of paintings was about to be sold by his estate in 182 ...
collection and was purchased at auction for Queen Victoria in 1883. He appears to have been commissioned a number of paintings for the Lowther family, of scenes in the vicinity of Lowther Castle in
Westmorland Westmorland (, formerly also spelt ''Westmoreland'';R. Wilkinson The British Isles, Sheet The British IslesVision of Britain/ref> is a historic county in North West England spanning the southern Lake District and the northern Dales. It had an ...
. These include ''A view looking east towards Knipe Scar from Lowther Park'', where the sportsmen in the painting were the work of
Philip Reinagle Philip Reinagle (1749 – 27 November 1833) was an English painter of animals, landscapes, and botanical scenes. The son of a Hungarian musician living in Edinburgh, Reinagle came to London in 1763 and after serving an apprenticeship, later bec ...
and the dogs are by
George Stubbs George Stubbs (25 August 1724 – 10 July 1806) was an English painter, best known for his paintings of horses. Self-trained, Stubbs learnt his skills independently from other great artists of the 18th century such as Joshua Reynolds, Reynold ...
. Sir George Colebrooke of Gatton Park in Surrey commissioned at least two paintings from Barret. Colebrooke was a London banker and also became chairman of the
East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and South ...
. He became the Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Gatton in 1754 as a member of the Whig party and held office under the Marquess of Rockingham. However, his financial speculations led to his downfall and he was declared bankrupt in 1777. Sir George Colebrook had commissioned Capability Brown in 1762 to landscape Gatton and a painting by Barret, sold at
Sotheby's Sotheby's () is a British-founded American multinational corporation with headquarters in New York City. It is one of the world's largest brokers of fine and decorative art, jewellery, and collectibles. It has 80 locations in 40 countries, an ...
in 2013, shows workmen completing the landscaping. This painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy with its counterpart, a view from the house overlooking the lake and the newly landscaped parkland This painting shows Barret being influenced by Richard Wilson and moving towards a picturesque scene centred around a lake. William Lock, a connoisseur and art critic, commissioned
Thomas Sandby Thomas Sandby (1721 – 25 June 1798) was an English draughtsman, watercolour artist, architect and teacher. In 1743 he was appointed private secretary to the Duke of Cumberland, who later appointed him Deputy Ranger of Windsor Great Park, wh ...
in 1774 to build a new house for him at
Norbury Park Norbury Park is a swathe of mixed wooded and agricultural land associated with its Georgian manor house near Leatherhead and Dorking, Surrey, which appears in the Domesday Book of 1086. It occupies mostly prominent land reaching into a bend in th ...
near Mickleham in Surrey. Lock was in correspondence with William Gilpin and the house was sited to take full advantage of the picturesque qualities of the area. Inside, the house in the ''Painted Room'' Barret was assisted by Giovanni Battista Cipriani, Pastorini and Gilpin, with Cipriani doing the figures, Gilpin the cattle and Pastorini the sky.Bodkin, p. 12 Eight painted pilasters appear to support a leafy arbour of trellis work, open to the sky: and on the walls of the room are views of distant countryside. Three are painted as a pastiche of scenes in Cumberland. One is natural, the view to the south towards Box Hill. At sunset, the light from the setting sun coincides on the western wall with the direction of light from a painted sunset so all the landscapes appear to be illumined by the same source. Barret also supplied an oil painting of the tree-lined drive at Norbury Park to William Lock. This is now in
Norwich Castle Museum Norwich Castle is a medieval royal fortification in the city of Norwich, in the English county of Norfolk. William the Conqueror (1066–1087) ordered its construction in the aftermath of the Norman conquest of England. The castle was used as a ...
. File:Gatton Park by George Barret c.1770.png, ''Gatton Park'', c. 1770 File:Norbury Park.png, ''The Drive, Norbury Park'', 1775


Philip Medows and Views of Richmond and the Thames

Another patron of Barret was Philip Medows, who was married to Lady Frances Pierrepont, sister of Evelyn Pierrepont, Duke of Kingston. Medows was the deputy ranger of
Richmond Park Richmond Park, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, is the largest of London's Royal Parks, and is of national and international importance for wildlife conservation. It was created by Charles I in the 17th century as a deer park ...
, a position he held under
Sir Robert Walpole Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745; known between 1725 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole) was a British statesman and Whig politician who, as First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Leade ...
, who had been the Ranger of the Park. A print engraved of 1779 by William Watts shows the Richmond Lodge, the residence of William Medows, which suggests that Barret had painted a picture of the building, which is now greatly altered and is known as
Thatched House Lodge Thatched House Lodge is a Grade II-listed building, dating from the 17th century, in Richmond Park in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in London, England. It was the home of British prime minister Sir Robert Walpole and, since 1963 ...
. Barret also painted numerous views of the River Thames in the area of the Terrace on Richmond Hill, some of which might have been commissioned by Medows.
Sir Joshua Reynolds Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter, specialising in portraits. John Russell said he was one of the major European painters of the 18th century. He promoted the "Grand Style" in painting which depen ...
had a house built for himself close to the Terrace.


William Constable of Burton Constable Hall

Documents in the Burton Constable archives record the payment in August 1776 of £63 to ''Mr Barret the Lansdcape Painter for a Journey from London making drawings'' and in March 1777 of £63 on account ''of three Landscape Paintings, Views of Burton Constable''. These are still at Burton Constable, one showing the house with parkland in front. There is also a portrait of William Constable by Barret in the house.


Work in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight

In the mid-1770s Barret was undertaking work for patrons in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. An example of this is a painting in the
National Gallery of Scotland The Scottish National Gallery (formerly the National Gallery of Scotland) is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, close to Princes Street. The building was designed in a neoclassical style by W ...
of the Thistlethwaite family with their house, Southwick Park, set in parkland behind them. This painting is very similar to the painting of Burton Constable Hall, and in both instances, the animals and figures are by Barret rather than by
Sawrey Gilpin Sawrey Gilpin (30 October 1733 – 8 March 1807) was an English animal painter, illustrator, and etcher who specialised in paintings of horses and dogs. He was made a Royal Academician. Life and work Gilpin was born in Carlisle in Cumbr ...


Charles Townley

It is probable that
Charles Townley Charles Townley FRS (1 October 1737 – 3 January 1805) was a wealthy English country gentleman, antiquary and collector, a member of the Towneley family. He travelled on three Grand Tours to Italy, buying antique sculpture, vases, coins, manu ...
, the noted antiquary and connoisseur, was also a patron of Barret. Townley returned from the
Grand Tour The Grand Tour was the principally 17th- to early 19th-century custom of a traditional trip through Europe, with Italy as a key destination, undertaken by upper-class young European men of sufficient means and rank (typically accompanied by a tut ...
in the mid-1770s, and it is likely to be after this that he commissioned the painting of his country house
Towneley Hall Towneley Park is owned and managed by Burnley Borough Council and is the largest and most popular park in Burnley, Lancashire, England. The main entrance to the park is within a mile of the town centre and the park extends to the south east, cov ...
. This a typical late Barret, similar to the Southwick Park and Burton Constable paintings, with the house placed towards the centre and framed with trees to the side. This painting is now in the Towneley Hall Museum and Art Gallery. File:The Terrace, Richmond Hill ,overlooking the river Thames c.1775.jpg, ''The Terrace, Richmond Hill, overlooking the River Thames'', c. 1775 File:The Entrance Front, Burton Constable 1777.png, ''Burton Constable Hall and Parkland'', 1777 File:Southwick Park,.png, Southwick Park with Robert Thistlethwaite and his wife, with his two sons on horseback File:Towneley Hall.png, ''Towneley Hall, Lancashire''


Later views of the Lake District

In 1781 Barret exhibited a painting at the Royal Academy of a ''View of Windermere Lake in Westmoreland, the effect, the sun beginning to appear in the morning, with the mists breaking and dispersing''. This may be the same painting as the painting which is signed in brown paint ''G. Barret / 1781'' that is now in the
National Gallery of Victoria The National Gallery of Victoria, popularly known as the NGV, is an art museum in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1861, it is Australia's oldest and most visited art museum. The NGV houses an encyclopedic art collection across two ...
, Australia Barret appears to visited the Lake District in 1781, and not only produced other versions of this painting, which shows Belle Island, but also other views of Windermere and
Ullswater Ullswater is the second largest lake in the English Lake District, being about long and wide, with a maximum depth a little over . It was scooped out by a glacier in the Last Ice Age. Geography It is a typical Lake District "ribbon lake", ...
, both as paintings and gouache. The Belle Isle view was also published as an engraving. During the 1770s the scenery of Lake District became a popular attraction for tourists, aesthetes and painters and particularly after Thomas West's Guide to the Lakes of 1778, which commended ''the noble scenes of Poussin exhibited on Windermere-Water''. Lake Windermere, with Belle Isle, its largest island, was one of the principal attractions. Barret would appear to be selling these views to tourists who had visited the Lakes. The island in Lake Windermere, formerly Longholme, was bought by Thomas English in 1772. The architect
John Plaw John Plaw (1745-1820) was an architect who was born in London but later emigrated to the Colony of Prince Edward Island in North America. He is known for favouring circular designs in the classical style. There are two known surviving examples ...
built a three-story rotunda house (just discernable in the painting) with a massive classical portico. In 1781 he sold the site to Isabella Curwen, whose husband, John Christian Curwen, renamed the island Belle Isle. File:Barret, Belle Island, Windermere.png, ''Belle Island, Windermere'' File:Barret Lake Ullswater.png, ''Goauche of Lake Ullswater'', 1781


Wales

George Barret produced a notable series of paintings of scenery in Wales, some of which have considerable similarity to views by Richard Wilson. A few of these paintings may have been completed shortly after his arrival in England. An oil-painting of Hawarden Castle in
Flintshire , settlement_type = County , image_skyline = , image_alt = , image_caption = , image_flag = , image_shield = Arms of Flint ...
was exhibited by Barret at the Society of Artists in Great Britain in 1765. However, it seems likely that most of Barret's Welsh paintings were produced towards the end of his life. In the mid-1770s Wales was becoming an increasingly popular destination for wealthy tourists. In the summer of 1777
Henry Penruddocke Wyndham Henry Penruddocke Wyndham (1736–1819) MP JP FSA FRS, was a British Whig Member of Parliament, topographer and author. Background Wyndham was born on 4 June 1736, the eldest surviving son of Henry Wyndham of St Edmund's College, Sal ...
made his second tour through Wales accompanied by the Swiss artist
Samuel Hieronymus Grimm Samuel Hieronymus Grimm (18 January 1733 – 14 April 1794)''The Gentleman's Magazine, 1794, p399 was an 18th-century Swiss landscape artist who worked in oils (until 1764), watercolours, and pen and ink media. Grimm specialised in documenting h ...
, who is very likely to have known Barret. Wyndham's ''Tour through Monmouthshire and Wales'' published in 1781, started with at the
Severn , name_etymology = , image = SevernFromCastleCB.JPG , image_size = 288 , image_caption = The river seen from Shrewsbury Castle , map = RiverSevernMap.jpg , map_size = 288 , map_c ...
and worked round the Welsh coast to
Snowdonia Snowdonia or Eryri (), is a mountainous region in northwestern Wales and a national park of in area. It was the first to be designated of the three national parks in Wales, in 1951. Name and extent It was a commonly held belief that the na ...
before returning along the Welsh borders. This was a route followed by many tourists and Wyndham's book was the first published guidebook with illustrations of the scenery. Surviving oil-paintings by Barret suggest that he must have made a similar tour, starting in the south and many of his oil paintings are taken from similar viewpoints to those used by Grimm. The
Government Art Collection The Government Art Collection (GAC) is the collection of artworks owned by the UK government and administered by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The GAC's artworks are used to decorate major government buildings in t ...
has oil-paintings by Barret of both the Severn and Wye confluence and
Cilgerran Castle Cilgerran Castle ( cy, Castell Cilgerran) is a 13th-century ruined castle located in Cilgerran, Pembrokeshire, Wales, near Cardigan. The first castle on the site was thought to have been built by Gerald of Windsor around 1110–1115, and it ...
on the borders of Cardiganshire and Pembrokeshire. There are a number of paintings which may portray scenery in
Merionethshire , HQ= Dolgellau , Government= Merionethshire County Council (1889-1974) , Origin= , Status= , Start= 1284 , End= , Code= MER , CodeName= ...
and in Snowdonia Barret produced a number of paintings of Snowdon from Llyn Nantle and
Llyn Padarn Llyn Padarn is a glacially formed lake in Snowdonia, Gwynedd, north Wales, and is an example of a moraine dammed lake. The lake is approximately long (about 240 acres) and at its deepest point is deep, and is one of the largest natural lakes ...
. Unlike Richard Wilson he did not paint Caernarfon Castle, but he did produce at least five different versions of a painting of
Conway Castle Conwy Castle ( cy, Castell Conwy; ) is a fortification in Conwy, located in North Wales. It was built by Edward I, during his conquest of Wales, between 1283 and 1287. Constructed as part of a wider project to create the walled town of Conw ...
. File:Barret The Confluence of the Severn and the Wye.png, ''The Confluence of the Severn and the Wye'' File:George Barret, Sen. - A view of Llanberis, with Dolbarden Castle, Caernarvonshire, North Wales.jpg, ''A view of Llanberis, with Dolbarden Castle, Caernarvonshire, North Wales'' File:Barret Conway Castle.png, ''Conway Castle with rainbow after a storm'', c. 1778


Later life

Around 1770 Barret is known to have been living in Orchard street an extension of Baker Street in London, and he has been linked to the young Anglo- Irish aristocrat and aspiring politician, the Hon. Edward Augustus Stratford. Stratford of
Baltinglass Baltinglass, historically known as Baltinglas (), is a town in south-west County Wicklow, Ireland. It is located on the River Slaney near the border with County Carlow and County Kildare, on the N81 road. Etymology The town's Irish name, ''Be ...
, Co. Wicklow (who became Earl of Aldborough) who was developing the land belonging to the City of London Corporation, called the Lord Mayor's Banqueting House Ground. Stratford laid out Stratford Place, a planned cul-de-sac of superior Georgian houses, culminating in a single grand mansion at the end, which is unique in London. Early on Stratford Place was grouped with Portland Place and the Adelphi Terrace in a trio of London's finest showpiece developments. According to a story published in 1783, Stratford had learned of the site from Barret, then resident in Orchard Street, whom he had consulted 'about purchasing or building a town house'. In later life Barret became increasingly impoverished. He appears to have been forced to sell the contents of his studio in 1771, shortly before moving out to Westbourne Green. It appears that larger landscape oils were going out of fashion and Barret may have concentrated more on producing watercolours and gouaches for sale. Barret had married Frances Percy in 1757 while still living in Dublin. Four of their children (George, James, Joseph and Mary) also became painters.
George George may refer to: People * George (given name) * George (surname) * George (singer), American-Canadian singer George Nozuka, known by the mononym George * George Washington, First President of the United States * George W. Bush, 43rd Presid ...
(1767–1842) achieved particular notability, as an early member of the
Society of Painters in Water Colours The Royal Watercolour Society is a British institution of painters working in watercolours. The Society is a centre of excellence for water-based media on paper, which allows for a diverse and interesting range of approaches to the medium of wat ...
, where he exhibited prolifically. James Barret succeeded his father as the master painter of
Chelsea Hospital The Royal Hospital Chelsea is a retirement home and nursing home for some 300 veterans of the British Army. Founded as an almshouse, the ancient sense of the word "hospital", it is a site located on Royal Hospital Road in Chelsea, London, Che ...
and exhibited oils and watercolours at the Royal Academy between 1785 and 1819. George Barrett Senior died in Westbourne Green in 1784.


Work with other artists

Barret often worked with other artists, particularly when depicting animals. The Lowther painting of Knipe Scar included dogs that were painted by
George Stubbs George Stubbs (25 August 1724 – 10 July 1806) was an English painter, best known for his paintings of horses. Self-trained, Stubbs learnt his skills independently from other great artists of the 18th century such as Joshua Reynolds, Reynold ...
and the sportsmen by
Philip Reinagle Philip Reinagle (1749 – 27 November 1833) was an English painter of animals, landscapes, and botanical scenes. The son of a Hungarian musician living in Edinburgh, Reinagle came to London in 1763 and after serving an apprenticeship, later bec ...
and a painting sold in 1802 had figures attributed to Francis Wheatley. In the 1770s he was increasingly working with
Sawrey Gilpin Sawrey Gilpin (30 October 1733 – 8 March 1807) was an English animal painter, illustrator, and etcher who specialised in paintings of horses and dogs. He was made a Royal Academician. Life and work Gilpin was born in Carlisle in Cumbr ...
, a leading animal painter. A good example of their joint work is the view of
Llyn Padarn Llyn Padarn is a glacially formed lake in Snowdonia, Gwynedd, north Wales, and is an example of a moraine dammed lake. The lake is approximately long (about 240 acres) and at its deepest point is deep, and is one of the largest natural lakes ...
and
Dolbadarn Castle Dolbadarn Castle ( ; cy, Castell Dolbadarn ) is a fortification built by the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great during the early 13th century, at the base of the Llanberis Pass, in northern Wales. The castle was important both militarily and a ...
in
Nottingham Castle Museum Nottingham Castle is a Stuart Restoration-era ducal mansion in Nottingham, England, built on the site of a Norman castle built starting in 1068, and added to extensively through the medieval period, when it was an important royal fortress and ...
which shows a party about to board the ferry crossing the lake to
Llanberis (; ) is a village, community and electoral ward in Gwynedd, northwest Wales, on the southern bank of the lake and at the foot of Snowdon, the highest mountain in Wales. It is a centre for outdoor activities in Snowdonia, including walking ...
. The figures and animals are by Gilpin. Barret's co-operation with other artists including Gilpin at Norbury Park has already been noticed and it seems likely that he also provided the landscape backdrop for some of the artists with whom he worked. However Barret was competent in painting his own figures and animals and Bodkin remarks that such ''collaborations afford Barret's desire for friendly intercourse with his fellows, rather than to work on his own''.


Watercolours, gouache, etchings and prints

While Barret is better known for his oil paintings, he was also a notable
watercolourist Watercolor (American English) or watercolour (British English; see spelling differences), also ''aquarelle'' (; from Italian diminutive of Latin ''aqua'' "water"), is a painting method”Watercolor may be as old as art itself, going back to t ...
. Thomas Bodkin wrote ''His watercolours are rare, and far surpass those of his . They are painted with great fluency.....The bold blueness of their skies, though usually now much faded, excites much admiration, when the distaste of the eighteen century for primary colour in landscape is remembered. Like
John Sell Cotman John Sell Cotman (16 May 1782 – 24 July 1842) was an English marine and landscape painter, etcher, illustrator, author and a leading member of the Norwich School of painters. Born in Norwich, the son of a silk merchant and lace dealer, Co ...
, he was fond of painting watercolour landscapes in monochrome. These were executed at times in Indian ink and at times in washes of pale blue''.


Gouache

Later in his career, Barret specialised in the
Gouache Gouache (; ), body color, or opaque watercolor is a water-medium paint consisting of natural pigment, water, a binding agent (usually gum arabic or dextrin), and sometimes additional inert material. Gouache is designed to be opaque. Gouache ...
technique which had been introduced into Britain by the Italian artist
Marco Ricci Marco Ricci (6 June 1676 – 21 January 1730) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. Early years He was born at Belluno and received his first instruction in art from his uncle, Sebastiano Ricci, likely in Milan in 1694–6.Giacometti, Mar ...
between 1708 and 1726. A dated example of G Barret (22 February 1781) shows ''Lake Ullswater: a party of tourists gathering to enjoy the prospects at the head of the lake''. This suggests that Barret had made a tour in the Lake District in the year previous to 1781when he exhibited at the Royal Academy a ''View of Windermere Lake, in Westmoreland, the effect, the sun beginning to appear in the morning, with the mists breaking and dispersing (no.40)''. A gouache view of Ullswater in the National Gallery of Ireland, was used for an engraving by Samuel Middiman for ''Select Views in Great Britain''. Middiman describes the view of the bold promontory of Hollin Fell, in the centre, taken from Soulby Fell, with: 'the vast chaos of mountains that guard the Head of the lake beyond. Barret has included an elegant group of figures enjoying a picnic on Soulby-Fell on the right of the composition; a ferry transports more tourists and their horses across the lake to the base of this hill.


Prints and etchings

Prints of Barret's work were published by William Watts in his ''Views of the Seats of the English Nobility and Gentry'' in 1779–1789 and in Samuel Middiman's ''Select Views in Great Britain'' published in 1783–1789. Watts engraved six views by Barrett of Claremont House in Surrey, Burton Constable Hall, the Lodge at Richmond Park, Kedleston House in Derbyshire and Cadland Park in Hampshire. Middimans views were of Winnadermere , Ulleswater and
Shanklin Chine Shanklin Chine is a geological feature and tourist attraction in the town of Shanklin, on the Isle of Wight, England. A wooded coastal ravine, it contains waterfalls, trees and lush vegetation, with footpaths and walkways allowing paid access f ...
. The National Library of Wales also has a number of prints of paintings by Barret, engraved by Roberts, of scenery in
Snowdonia Snowdonia or Eryri (), is a mountainous region in northwestern Wales and a national park of in area. It was the first to be designated of the three national parks in Wales, in 1951. Name and extent It was a commonly held belief that the na ...
.


Modern assessment

In the 19th century Barret's work faded into obscurity and it became the practice to ascribe many landscape paintings, often by minor artists, to Barrett. In 1920 Thomas Bodkin, Director of the
National Gallery of Ireland The National Gallery of Ireland ( ga, Gailearaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann) houses the national collection of Irish and European art. It is located in the centre of Dublin with one entrance on Merrion Square, beside Leinster House, and another on ...
wrote an impassioned plea that greater prominence should be given to Barret's work. However, at that time, Barret was largely unrepresented in Museum and Art Gallery Collections in the British Isles. Since the Second World War a considerable number of Barrets have entered public collections and the Barrets at
Burton Constable Hall Burton Constable Hall is a large Elizabethan country house in England, with 18th- and 19th-century interiors and a fine 18th-century cabinet of curiosities. The hall, a Grade I listed building, is set in a park designed by Capability Brown ...
are now available for public view. In 2016 the Portland Gallery at
Welbeck Abbey Welbeck Abbey in the Dukeries in North Nottinghamshire was the site of a monastery belonging to the Premonstratensian order in England and after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, a country house residence of the Dukes of Portland. It is o ...
was opened, displaying the Duke of Portland's notable collection of Barrets. On the art market, the auction record for a work by George Barret, Sr. was set in 2005, when the painting, ''Wooded Landscape with Fishermen Hauling in Their Nets'', was sold at Christie's, London, for £512,000.George Barret, Senior
Visual Arts Cork. Retrieved 6 December 2020
This has created a much wider appreciation of Barret's work, but as yet, unlike other major artists of the period, no detailed discussion and ''catalogue raisonné'' of his work has been published.


References


Sources

*Bodkin T. (1920) ''Four Irish Landscape Painters: George Barret R.A.'', Irish Academic Press, 2nd ed. 1987.

*Constable W. G., (1953), ''Richard Wilson'', English Master Painters, R&KP, London (Contains a biography of Barret pp. 144–5) *Crookshank A. and The Knight of Glin (2002) ''Ireland's Painters'', 1600–1940 (Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art), Yale University Press. *Goulding R.W. and Adams C.K.(1936). ''Catalogue of the Pictures belonging to the Duke of Portland. K.G.'' *Harris J. (1979), ''The Artist and the Country House: A history of country house and garden painting 1540–1870''. Sotheby Parke Burnet Publications. . *Monkhouse W. C., ''Barret, George (1732?–1784)'', rev.
Anne Crookshank Anne Olivia Crookshank ''HRHA'' (3 January 1927 – 18 October 2016) was a pioneering Irish art historian, and emeritus professor of the history of art at Trinity College Dublin, the department she established in 1966. Early life Crookshank wa ...
, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 200
accessed 12 June 2007
*Wynne, Michael. ''Reflections on "Art and Oratory"'', Éire-Ireland, 5, 2 (Summer 1970), pp. 95–102. *Ramm, John. 'Apostle of Light' (Principally about Barret Jnr.), 'Antique Dealer & Collectors Guide', October 2000, Volume54, No.3. *
Ellis Waterhouse Sir Ellis Kirkham Waterhouse (16 February 1905 – 7 September 1985) was an English art historian and museum director who specialised in Roman baroque and English painting. He was Director of the National Galleries of Scotland (1949–52) a ...
(1981) ''The Dictionary of British 18th Century Painters in Oils and Crayons'', Antique Collestors Club, Woodbridge,


External links

*
Barret at Visual Arts CorkA wooded mountainous river landscape
(oil on canvas – Christie's)
Portrait of the artist
(National Portrait gallery, London) {{DEFAULTSORT:Barret, George Sr. 1730 births 1784 deaths 18th-century Irish painters Irish male painters Landscape artists Artists from Dublin (city) Irish landscape painters Royal Academicians Irish emigrants to Great Britain