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George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (21 October 144918 February 1478), was the 6th son of
George was born on 21 October 1449 in Dublin at a time when his father, the Duke of York, had begun to challenge Henry VI of England, Henry VI for the crown. His godfather was James FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond. He was the second of the three sons of Richard and Cecily who survived their father and became a potential claimant for the crown. His father died in 1460. In 1461 his elder brother, Edward, became King of England as Edward IV and George was made Duke of Clarence. Despite his youth, he was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the same year.
Having been mentioned as a possible husband for Mary of Burgundy, Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold, Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Clarence came under the influence of his first cousin Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and in July 1469 was married in Église Notre-Dame de Calais to the earl's elder daughter Isabel Neville.
Clarence had actively supported his elder brother's claim to the throne, but when his father-in-law (known as "the Kingmaker") deserted Edward IV to ally with Margaret of Anjou, consort of the deposed King Henry, Clarence supported him and was deprived of his office as Lord Lieutenant. Clarence joined Warwick in France, taking his pregnant wife. She gave birth to their first child, a girl, on 16 April 1470, in a ship off Calais. The child died shortly afterwards. Henry VI rewarded Clarence by making him next in line to the throne after Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, his own son, justifying the exclusion of Edward IV both by attainder for his treason against the House of Lancaster as well as his Edward IV of England#Was Edward illegitimate?, alleged illegitimacy. After a short time, Clarence realized that his loyalty to his father-in-law was misplaced: Warwick had his younger daughter, Anne Neville, Clarence's sister-in-law, marry Henry VI's son in December 1470. This demonstrated that his father-in-law was less interested in making him king than in serving his own interests and, since it now seemed unlikely that Warwick would replace Edward IV with Clarence, Clarence was secretly reconciled with Edward.
Warwick's efforts to keep Henry VI on the throne ultimately failed and Warwick was killed at the battle of Barnet in April 1471. The re-instated King Edward IV restored his brother Clarence to royal favour by making him Great Chamberlain of England. As his father-in-law had died, Clarence became ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Warwick, but did not inherit the entire Warwick estate as his younger brother, Richard III of England, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, had married () Anne Neville, who had been widowed in 1471. Edward intervened and eventually divided the estates between his brothers. Clarence was created, by right of his wife, first Earl of WarwickHicks, Michael
"George, duke of Clarence"
''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', 23 September 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2019. on 25 March 1472, and first Earl of Salisbury in a new creation. In 1475 Clarence's wife Isabel gave birth to a son, Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, Edward, later Earl of Warwick. Isabel died on 22 December 1476, two months after giving birth to a short-lived son named Richard (5 October 14761 January 1477). George and Isabel are buried together at Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire (traditional), Gloucestershire. Their surviving children, Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, Margaret and Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, Edward, were cared for by their aunt, Anne Neville, until she died in 1485 when Edward was 10 years old.
Clarence married Isabel Neville in Calais, at that time controlled by Kingdom of England, England, on 11 July 1469. Together they had four children:
* Anne of Clarence (16 April 1470c. 17 April 1470), who was born and died in a ship off Calais. Identified by some sources as a girl but by others as an unnamed boy.Hicks, Michael (1998). ''Warwick the Kingmaker'', p. 287. Blackwell, Oxford. .
* Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 147327 May 1541); married Sir Richard Pole; executed by Henry VIII of England, Henry VIII.
* Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (25 February 147528 November 1499); the last legitimate Plantagenet heir of the direct male line; executed by Henry VII of England, Henry VII on grounds of attempting to escape from the Tower of London.
* Richard of Clarence (5 October 14761 January 1477); born at Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucestershire; died at Warwick Castle and buried in Warwick.
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), also named Richard Plantagenet, was a leading English magnate and claimant to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. He was a member of the ruling House of Plantage ...
, and Cecily Neville, and the brother of Kingdom of England, English kings Edward IV and Richard III. He played an important role in the dynastic struggle between rival factions of the House of Plantagenet, Plantagenets now known as the Wars of the Roses.
Though a member of the House of York, he switched sides to support the House of Lancaster, Lancastrians, before reverting to the Yorkists. He was later convicted of treason against his brother, Edward IV, and was executed. He appears as a character in William Shakespeare's plays ''Henry VI, Part 3'' and ''Richard III (play), Richard III'', in which his death is attributed to the machinations of Richard.
Life
George was born on 21 October 1449 in Dublin at a time when his father, the Duke of York, had begun to challenge Henry VI of England, Henry VI for the crown. His godfather was James FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond. He was the second of the three sons of Richard and Cecily who survived their father and became a potential claimant for the crown. His father died in 1460. In 1461 his elder brother, Edward, became King of England as Edward IV and George was made Duke of Clarence. Despite his youth, he was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the same year.
Having been mentioned as a possible husband for Mary of Burgundy, Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold, Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Clarence came under the influence of his first cousin Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and in July 1469 was married in Église Notre-Dame de Calais to the earl's elder daughter Isabel Neville.
Clarence had actively supported his elder brother's claim to the throne, but when his father-in-law (known as "the Kingmaker") deserted Edward IV to ally with Margaret of Anjou, consort of the deposed King Henry, Clarence supported him and was deprived of his office as Lord Lieutenant. Clarence joined Warwick in France, taking his pregnant wife. She gave birth to their first child, a girl, on 16 April 1470, in a ship off Calais. The child died shortly afterwards. Henry VI rewarded Clarence by making him next in line to the throne after Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, his own son, justifying the exclusion of Edward IV both by attainder for his treason against the House of Lancaster as well as his Edward IV of England#Was Edward illegitimate?, alleged illegitimacy. After a short time, Clarence realized that his loyalty to his father-in-law was misplaced: Warwick had his younger daughter, Anne Neville, Clarence's sister-in-law, marry Henry VI's son in December 1470. This demonstrated that his father-in-law was less interested in making him king than in serving his own interests and, since it now seemed unlikely that Warwick would replace Edward IV with Clarence, Clarence was secretly reconciled with Edward.
Warwick's efforts to keep Henry VI on the throne ultimately failed and Warwick was killed at the battle of Barnet in April 1471. The re-instated King Edward IV restored his brother Clarence to royal favour by making him Great Chamberlain of England. As his father-in-law had died, Clarence became ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Warwick, but did not inherit the entire Warwick estate as his younger brother, Richard III of England, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, had married () Anne Neville, who had been widowed in 1471. Edward intervened and eventually divided the estates between his brothers. Clarence was created, by right of his wife, first Earl of WarwickHicks, Michael"George, duke of Clarence"
''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', 23 September 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2019. on 25 March 1472, and first Earl of Salisbury in a new creation. In 1475 Clarence's wife Isabel gave birth to a son, Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, Edward, later Earl of Warwick. Isabel died on 22 December 1476, two months after giving birth to a short-lived son named Richard (5 October 14761 January 1477). George and Isabel are buried together at Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire (traditional), Gloucestershire. Their surviving children, Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, Margaret and Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, Edward, were cared for by their aunt, Anne Neville, until she died in 1485 when Edward was 10 years old.
Death
Though most historians now believe Isabel's death was a result of either consumption or childbed fever, Clarence was convinced she had been poisoned by one of her ladies-in-waiting, Isabel Neville#Death, Ankarette Twynyho, whom, as a consequence, he had judicially murdered in April 1477, by summarily arresting her and bullying a jury at Warwick into convicting her of murder by poisoning. She was hanged immediately after trial with John Thursby, a fellow defendant. She was posthumously pardoned in 1478 by King Edward. Clarence's mental state, never stable, deteriorated from that point and led to his involvement in yet another rebellion against his brother Edward. In 1477 Clarence was again a suitor for the hand of Mary, who had just become List of Burgundian consorts, duchess of Burgundy. Edward objected to the match, and Clarence left the court. The arrest and committal to the Tower of London of one of Clarence's retainers, an Oxford astronomer named John Stacey, led to his confession under torture that he had "imagined and compassed" the death of the king, and used the black arts to accomplish this. He implicated one Thomas Burdett, and one Thomas Blake, a chaplain at Stacey's college (Merton College, Oxford). All three were tried for treason, convicted, and condemned to be drawn to Tyburn and hanged. Blake was saved at the eleventh hour by a plea for his life from James Goldwell, Bishop of Norwich, but the other two were put to death as ordered. This was a clear warning to Clarence, which he chose to ignore. He appointed John Goddard to burst into Parliament and regale the House with Burdett and Stacey's declarations of innocence that they had made before their deaths. Goddard was a very unwise choice, as he was an ex-Lancastrian who had expounded Henry VI's claim to the throne. Edward summoned Clarence to Windsor, severely upbraided him, accused him of treason, and ordered his immediate arrest and confinement. Clarence was imprisoned in the Tower of London and put on trial for treason against his brother Edward IV. Clarence was not present – Edward himself prosecuted his brother, and demanded that Parliament pass a bill of attainder against his brother, declaring that he was guilty of "unnatural, loathly treasons" which were aggravated by the fact that Clarence was his brother, who, if anyone did, owed him loyalty and love. Following his conviction and attainder, he was "privately executed" at the Tower on 18 February 1478, by tradition in the Bowyer Tower, and soon after the event, a rumour spread that he had been List of unusual deaths, drowned in a Butt (unit), butt of Malvasia, Malmsey wine. A reason for Edward to have his brother executed may have been that George had "threatened to question the legality of the royal marriage" and he may have discovered from Bishop Robert Stillington of Bath and Wells that George "had probably let slip the secret of the precontract" for Edward's marriage with Lady Eleanor Talbot, although others dispute this.In Shakespeare
Clarence is a principal character in two of William Shakespeare's history plays: ''Henry VI, Part 3'' and ''Richard III (play), Richard III.'' Shakespeare portrays Clarence as weak-willed and changeable. His initial defection from Edward IV of England, Edward IV to Warwick is prompted by outrage at Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. Despite several speeches proclaiming loyalty to Warwick, and to Henry VI, Clarence defects back to Edward's side when he sees his brothers again; it takes only a few lines for his brothers to shame him into rejoining the Yorkist party. Several lines reference his penchant for wine. ''Richard III'' opens with Gloucester having framed Clarence for treason, using a soothsayer to sow doubt in the King's mind about his brother, and in the first scene Clarence is arrested and taken to the Tower. Gloucester nimbly stage-manages Clarence's death, fast-tracking the order of execution and intercepting the King's pardon when Edward changes his mind. In Act One Scene Four, Clarence recounts a terrifying nightmare in which he has been pushed (accidentally) into the ocean by Gloucester and drowns, then finds himself in hell, accused of perjury by the ghosts of Warwick and Prince Edward. When he is attacked by assassins sent by Gloucester, he pleads eloquently and nobly but is stabbed and drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine. It is Clarence's death that sends Edward into a fatal attack of remorse. Clarence is the first character to die in the play; his ghost later appears to Gloucester, then already Richard III, and Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII of England, before the Battle of Bosworth Field, cursing his brother and encouraging Henry.Children
Clarence married Isabel Neville in Calais, at that time controlled by Kingdom of England, England, on 11 July 1469. Together they had four children:
* Anne of Clarence (16 April 1470c. 17 April 1470), who was born and died in a ship off Calais. Identified by some sources as a girl but by others as an unnamed boy.Hicks, Michael (1998). ''Warwick the Kingmaker'', p. 287. Blackwell, Oxford. .
* Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 147327 May 1541); married Sir Richard Pole; executed by Henry VIII of England, Henry VIII.
* Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (25 February 147528 November 1499); the last legitimate Plantagenet heir of the direct male line; executed by Henry VII of England, Henry VII on grounds of attempting to escape from the Tower of London.
* Richard of Clarence (5 October 14761 January 1477); born at Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucestershire; died at Warwick Castle and buried in Warwick.
Genealogy
References
Sources
* * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Clarence, George Plantagenet, 1st Duke Of 1449 births 1478 deaths 15th-century English nobility Normans in Ireland Burials at Tewkesbury Abbey Dukes of Clarence Earls of Salisbury Executed English people Executed royalty, Clarence, George, Duke of People convicted under a bill of attainder Executions at the Tower of London Heirs to the English throne House of York, George, Duke of Clarence Knights of the Bath Knights of the Garter People executed by drowning People executed under the Plantagenets for treason against England People executed under the Yorkists Nobility from Dublin (city) People of the Wars of the Roses Prisoners in the Tower of London Lords Lieutenant of Ireland Younger sons of dukes Lords of Glamorgan