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General Aircraft Limited was a British aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1931 to amalgamation with Blackburn Aircraft in 1949 to become Blackburn and General. Its main products were military gliders and light transport aircraft.
On 27 February 1931, General Aircraft Limited (GAL) was formed to undertake production of aircraft using the 'monospar' wing designs of the Mono-spar Company Ltd. Both firms were headed by Helmut J. Stieger, the Swiss inventor of the technique. GAL produced about 28 examples of the Monospar series of twin-engined light transport aircraft at Croydon Aerodrome between 1932 and 1934. In October 1934, both companies were re-capitalised by investment group British Pacific Trust, and were re-formed in a new company also named General Aircraft Limited. Also included in the new company were the assets of National Flying Services Ltd, the owner of London Air Park, plus adjoining industrial premises built in 1917 by Whitehead Aircraft Ltd. In early 1935, the Crystal Croydon production facilities were transferred to the Hanworth site, near Feltham. Production then restarted with the Monospar ST-12, Monospar ST-18, and Monospar ST-25.Jackson (1974)Smith (2002)Sherwood (1999)London Gazette (1934)
In 1936, GAL received an order to build 89 Hawker Fury, Hawker Fury IIs; this was followed by other sub-contract work including the conversion of 125 Hawker Hinds into trainers. In 1938, the company bought the design of the Cygnet light aircraft from the foundering C.W. Aircraft Ltd and it was further developed as the General Aircraft Cygnet, GAL.42 Cygnet II. GAL also operated an RAF flying training school at Fairoaks Airport, Fairoaks aerodrome, Surrey.
During World War II, GAL became an important designer and manufacturer of gliders. It was part of the Civilian Repair Organisation, to repair Supermarine Spitfires at Hanworth, and Beaufighters at Fairoaks. It also modified Hawker Hurricanes to enable catapult-launching from convoy escort ships. In 1943 Sikorsky helicopters were imported from the US for experimental work. Supplied in crates, they were assembled and flown at Hanworth Aerodrome – one squadron for the RAF, and two squadrons for the Fleet Air Arm. Major overhauls were carried out at Hanworth on the helicopters, plus experimental work in Air Sea Rescue, limited by the weight-lifting capacity of the helicopters.
After World War II, GAL diversified into the construction of pre-fabricated houses and car bodies. The company had designed and built a large transport aircraft, the Blackburn Beverley, GAL.60 Universal. However, GAL realised it did not have the room or capacity to produce the aircraft in quantity, and approached Blackburn Aircraft, Blackburn Aircraft Ltd, that was looking for work to keep its factory at Brough Aerodrome busy. On 1 January 1949, this led to the two companies merging to form the Blackburn and General Aircraft Ltd. The first GAL.60 was transported by road from Hanworth to Brough, and the factory at Hanworth was later closed.
page 6304
*Sherwood, Tim. 1999. Coming in to Land: A Short History of Hounslow, Hanworth and Heston Aerodromes 1911–1946
Heritage Publications (Hounslow Library)
* {{Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1931 1931 establishments in England
History
On 27 February 1931, General Aircraft Limited (GAL) was formed to undertake production of aircraft using the 'monospar' wing designs of the Mono-spar Company Ltd. Both firms were headed by Helmut J. Stieger, the Swiss inventor of the technique. GAL produced about 28 examples of the Monospar series of twin-engined light transport aircraft at Croydon Aerodrome between 1932 and 1934. In October 1934, both companies were re-capitalised by investment group British Pacific Trust, and were re-formed in a new company also named General Aircraft Limited. Also included in the new company were the assets of National Flying Services Ltd, the owner of London Air Park, plus adjoining industrial premises built in 1917 by Whitehead Aircraft Ltd. In early 1935, the Crystal Croydon production facilities were transferred to the Hanworth site, near Feltham. Production then restarted with the Monospar ST-12, Monospar ST-18, and Monospar ST-25.Jackson (1974)Smith (2002)Sherwood (1999)London Gazette (1934)
In 1936, GAL received an order to build 89 Hawker Fury, Hawker Fury IIs; this was followed by other sub-contract work including the conversion of 125 Hawker Hinds into trainers. In 1938, the company bought the design of the Cygnet light aircraft from the foundering C.W. Aircraft Ltd and it was further developed as the General Aircraft Cygnet, GAL.42 Cygnet II. GAL also operated an RAF flying training school at Fairoaks Airport, Fairoaks aerodrome, Surrey.
During World War II, GAL became an important designer and manufacturer of gliders. It was part of the Civilian Repair Organisation, to repair Supermarine Spitfires at Hanworth, and Beaufighters at Fairoaks. It also modified Hawker Hurricanes to enable catapult-launching from convoy escort ships. In 1943 Sikorsky helicopters were imported from the US for experimental work. Supplied in crates, they were assembled and flown at Hanworth Aerodrome – one squadron for the RAF, and two squadrons for the Fleet Air Arm. Major overhauls were carried out at Hanworth on the helicopters, plus experimental work in Air Sea Rescue, limited by the weight-lifting capacity of the helicopters.
After World War II, GAL diversified into the construction of pre-fabricated houses and car bodies. The company had designed and built a large transport aircraft, the Blackburn Beverley, GAL.60 Universal. However, GAL realised it did not have the room or capacity to produce the aircraft in quantity, and approached Blackburn Aircraft, Blackburn Aircraft Ltd, that was looking for work to keep its factory at Brough Aerodrome busy. On 1 January 1949, this led to the two companies merging to form the Blackburn and General Aircraft Ltd. The first GAL.60 was transported by road from Hanworth to Brough, and the factory at Hanworth was later closed.
Designs produced at Croydon (1932–1934)
*General Aircraft Monospar ST-4 *General Aircraft Monospar ST-6 *General Aircraft Monospar ST-10 *General Aircraft Monospar ST-11Designs produced at Hanworth (1935–1939)
*General Aircraft Monospar ST-12 *General Aircraft Monospar ST-18 Croydon *General Aircraft Monospar ST-25 Jubilee *General Aircraft Monospar ST-25 De Luxe *General Aircraft Monospar ST-25 Universal *General Aircraft GAL.26 re-engined experimental version of ST-25 *GAL.32 – design tendered for ''ab initio'' trainer. Not built *General Aircraft Cagnet, General Aircraft GAL.33 Cagnet *General Aircraft Fleet Shadower, General Aircraft GAL.38 Fleet Shadower – a Naval fleet, fleet-following aircraft *General Aircraft GAL.41 pressurised experimental aircraft based on the ST-25 *General Aircraft Cygnet, General Aircraft GAL.42 Cygnet II – a CW design. *General Aircraft Owlet, General Aircraft GAL.45 Owlet *General Aircraft GAL.47 – Air Observation Post, one built *General Aircraft Hotspur, General Aircraft GAL.48 Hotspur – a troop carrying glider *General Aircraft Hamilcar, General Aircraft GAL.49 Hamilcar I – a tank carrying glider *General Aircraft GAL.55 – a two-seat training glider *General Aircraft GAL.56 – a flying wing glider *General Aircraft Hamilcar, General Aircraft GAL.58 Hamilcar X – a powered version of the Hamilcar I *Blackburn Beverley, General Aircraft GAL.60 Universal Freighter – a freight carrying aircraft later becoming the Blackburn BeverleyReferences
Sources
* *Brooks, Robin J. 2000. Thames Valley Airfields in the Second World War: Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Middlesex * *London Gazette. 5 October 193page 6304
*Sherwood, Tim. 1999. Coming in to Land: A Short History of Hounslow, Hanworth and Heston Aerodromes 1911–1946
Heritage Publications (Hounslow Library)
* {{Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1931 1931 establishments in England