Gaucho literature
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Gaucho literature, also known as gauchesco ("gauchoesque") genre was a literary movement purporting to use the language of the
gaucho A gaucho () or gaúcho () is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The figure of the gaucho is a folk symbol of Argentina, Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and the south of Chilean Patagonia. Gauchos became greatly admired and ...
s, comparable to the American cowboy, and reflecting their mentality. Although earlier works have been identified as gauchoesque, the movement particularly thrived from the 1870s to 1920s in Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil after which the movement petered out, although some works continued to be written. Gauchoesque works continue to be read and studied as a significant part of Argentine literary history.Henderson, Helene, and Jay P. Pederson, editors, ''Twentieth-Century Literary Movements Dictionary'', Detroit: Omnigraphics Inc., 2000 The movement arose as writers in those countries developed their understanding of their national identities. Three great poets in this trend were, José Hernández, Estanislao del Campo and
Hilario Ascasubi Hilario Ascasubi (1807 – November 17, 1875) was an Argentine poet, politician and diplomat. He played an active role in the resistance to the dictatorship of Juan Manuel de Rosas. Ascasubi was also a prominent figure in gaucho literature. ...
. The influence of
folk music Folk music is a music genre that includes traditional folk music and the contemporary genre that evolved from the former during the 20th-century folk revival. Some types of folk music may be called world music. Traditional folk music has b ...
and a countrified language has always, to some extent, been felt in popular literature, as, for example, in the folk-flavoured
poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...
of the
Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
an gauchoesque poet
Bartolomé Hidalgo Bartolomé José Hidalgo (Montevideo, 24 August 1788 - Morón, 28 November 1822) was a Uruguayan writer and poet. Alongside Hilario Ascasubi he is considered one of the initiators of Gaucho literature. Nowadays the most important literary awar ...
(
1788 Events January–March * January 1 – The first edition of ''The Times'', previously ''The Daily Universal Register'', is published in London. * January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fourth U.S ...
1822); unless otherwise noted, each year in this article links to its corresponding "
ear An ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of ...
in literature" article). And the influx on the soul which the gaucho exercises can be felt on the work of much later writers who loved the country scene of Argentina and Uruguay, such as
Ricardo Güiraldes Ricardo Güiraldes (13 February 1886 — 8 October 1927)Escuela Normal Superior de Chascomús was an Argentine novelist and poet, one of the most significant Argentine writers of his era, particularly known for his 1926 novel ''Don Segundo Sombra' ...
, Benito Lynch and
Enrique Amorim Enrique Amorim (July 25, 1900 – July 28, 1960) was an Uruguayan novelist and writer, best known for his story ''Las quitanderas'' whose plot centers on rural prostitution; also known for his left-wing politics. Biography Enrique Amorim was b ...
. This is particularly true of even the most modern Uruguayan literature. With Mark Twain's attempt to reproduce the dialect of
Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas t ...
boys, slaves, "injuns", etc., gauchoesque literature actually aspires to use, to ''perpetuate'' what purports to be the actual language of the gauchos.


Significant works and authors of Gaucho literature

Each year links to its corresponding "
ear An ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of ...
in literature" article, except for poetry, which links to its "
ear An ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of ...
in poetry" article:


Poetry

*
Hilario Ascasubi Hilario Ascasubi (1807 – November 17, 1875) was an Argentine poet, politician and diplomat. He played an active role in the resistance to the dictatorship of Juan Manuel de Rosas. Ascasubi was also a prominent figure in gaucho literature. ...
, ''Santos Vega o los Mellizos de la Flor'' ( 1851) * Estanislao del Campo, ''Fausto'' (
1866 Events January–March * January 1 ** Fisk University, a historically black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee. ** The last issue of the abolitionist magazine '' The Liberator'' is published. * January 6 – Ottoman t ...
) * Jose Hernandez, ''Martin Fierro'' (first part
1872 Events January–March * January 12 – Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first ruler crowned in that city in over 500 years. * February 2 – The government of the United Kingdom buys a number of forts on ...
, second part 1879) *
Rafael Obligado Rafael Obligado (27 January 1851 – 8 March 1920) was an Argentine poet and playwright. Obligado was the son of María Jacinta Ortiz Urién and Luis Obligado y Saavedra. During the 1880s, he became known as ''el poeta del Paraná'' (the poet of ...
, ''Santos Vega'' (1885) * Leopoldo Lugones " Romances del rio Seco" "La guerra gaucha" y otros * Delfina Benigna da Cunha


Novels

* Eduardo Gutiérrez, ''
Juan Moreira Juan Moreira (? - April 1874) is a well-known figure in the history of Argentina. An outlaw, gaucho and folk-hero, he is considered one of the most renowned Argentinian rural bandits. Early life Moreira was born in the administrative area of La ...
'' (
1880 Events January–March * January 22 – Toowong State School is founded in Queensland, Australia. * January – The international White slave trade affair scandal in Brussels is exposed and attracts international infamy. * February ...
) *
William Henry Hudson William Henry Hudson (4 August 1841 – 18 August 1922) – known in Argentina as Guillermo Enrique Hudson – was an Anglo-Argentine author, naturalist and ornithologist. Life Hudson was the son of Daniel Hudson and his wife Catherine (), ...
, '' The Purple Land'' ( 1885) * Benito Lynch: ** ''The Englishman of the Bones'' (
1924 Events January * January 12 – Gopinath Saha shoots Ernest Day, whom he has mistaken for Sir Charles Tegart, the police commissioner of Calcutta, and is arrested soon after. * January 20– 30 – Kuomintang in China holds ...
) ** '' The Romance of a Gaucho'' (
1930 Events January * January 15 – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. This is the closest moon distance at in recent history, and the next one will b ...
) *
Ricardo Güiraldes Ricardo Güiraldes (13 February 1886 — 8 October 1927)Escuela Normal Superior de Chascomús was an Argentine novelist and poet, one of the most significant Argentine writers of his era, particularly known for his 1926 novel ''Don Segundo Sombra' ...
, ''Don Segundo Sombra'' (
1926 Events January * January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece. * January 8 **Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz. ** Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuy ascends the throne, the last monarch of Viet ...
)


Other Argentine writers

In chronological order by birth year; * Juan Godoy (
1793 The French Republic introduced the French Revolutionary Calendar starting with the year I. Events January–June * January 7 – The Ebel riot occurs in Sweden. * January 9 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fl ...
1864) *
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (; born Domingo Faustino Fidel Valentín Sarmiento y Albarracín; 15 February 1811 – 11 September 1888) was an Argentine activist, intellectual, writer, statesman and the second President of Argentina. His writing s ...
(
1811 Events January–March * January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana. * January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Br ...
1888 In Germany, 1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors. Currently, it is the year that, when written in Roman numerals, has the most digits (13). The next year that also has 13 digits is the year 2388. The record will be surpassed as late ...
)


Other Uruguayan writers

*
Bartolomé Hidalgo Bartolomé José Hidalgo (Montevideo, 24 August 1788 - Morón, 28 November 1822) was a Uruguayan writer and poet. Alongside Hilario Ascasubi he is considered one of the initiators of Gaucho literature. Nowadays the most important literary awar ...
(
1788 Events January–March * January 1 – The first edition of ''The Times'', previously ''The Daily Universal Register'', is published in London. * January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fourth U.S ...
1822 Events January–March * January 1 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus. *January 3 - The famous French explorer, Aimé Bonpland, is made prisoner in Paraguay accused of being a spy. ...
) * Eduardo Acevedo Díaz ( 18511921) * Javier de Viana (
1868 Events January–March * January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries. * January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Jap ...
1926 Events January * January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece. * January 8 **Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz. ** Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuy ascends the throne, the last monarch of Viet ...
) * Justino Zavala Muniz (
1898 Events January–March * January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, B ...
1968 The year was highlighted by protests and other unrests that occurred worldwide. Events January–February * January 5 – " Prague Spring": Alexander Dubček is chosen as leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. * Janu ...
) * Serafín J. García * Alcides de María * Orosmán Moratorio * Wenceslao Varela


References

* Andermann, Jens, Mapas de poder. Una arqueología literaria del espacio argentino, Rosario, Beatriz Viterbo, 2000. * Ansaldi, Waldo, "La forja de un dictador. El caso de Juan Manuel de Rosas", en Julio Labastida Martín del Campo (coord.), Dictaduras y dictadores, México, Siglo XXI, 1986. * Aragón, R. y J. Calvetti, Genio y figura de José Hernández, Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1972. * Arrieta, Rafael Alberto, “Estanislao del Campo”, en Rafael Alberto Arrieta (dir.), Historia de la literatura Argentina, III, Buenos Aires, Peuser, 1959. * Ayestarán, Lauro, La primitiva poesía gauchesca en el Uruguay (1812–1838), Montevideo, El Siglo Ilustrado, 1950. * Barba, Fernando E., Los autonomistas del 70, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1982. * Borello, Rodolfo: ''Hidalgo, iniciador de la poesía gauchesca'' Madrid, 1966 * Borello, Rodolfo y otros, Trayectoria de la poesía gauchesca, Buenos Aires, Plus Ultra, 1977. * Borello, Rodolfo, Hernández: poesía y política, Buenos Aires, Plus Ultra, 1973. * Borges, Jorge Luis y Margarita Guerrero, El “Martín Fierro”
953 Year 953 ( CMLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Battle of Marash: Emir Sayf al-Dawla marches north into the Byzantine Empire an ...
en Jorge Luis Borges, Obras completas en colaboración, Barcelona, Emecé, cuarta edición, 1997. * Borges, Jorge Luis, “La poesía gauchesca”, Discusión, Buenos Aires, Emecé, 1952. * Caillava, Domingo A., Historia de la literatura gauchesca en el Uruguay. 1810-1940, Montevideo, Claudio García & Cia., 1945. * Caillet-Bois, Julio, “Hilario Ascasubi”, en Rafael Alberto Arrieta (dir.), Historia de la literatura Argentina, III, Buenos Aires, Peuser, 1959. * Chávez, Fermín, José Hernández. Periodista, político y poeta, Buenos Aires, Plus Ultra, 1973. * Eujanián, Alejandro, “La cultura: público, autores y editores”, en Marta Bonaudo (dir.), Nueva Historia Argentina, IV, Liberalismo, estado y orden burgués (1852–1880), Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1999. * Galván Moreno, Celestino, El periodismo argentino, Buenos Aires, Claridad, 1944. * Goldman, Noemí (directora), Revolución, república, confederación, 1806-1852 (Nueva historia Argentina, vol. 3), Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1999. * Goldman, Noemí y Ricardo Salvatore (compiladores), Caudillismos rioplatenses. Nuevas miradas a un viejo problema, Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1998. * Gramuglio, María T. y Beatriz Sarlo (selección, prólogo y notas), Martín Fierro y su crítica, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina,1980. * Gramuglio, María T. y Beatriz Sarlo, “José Hernández” y "Martín Fierro", en Historia de la literatura Argentina, 2. Del romanticismo al naturalismo, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1980-1986. * Gramuglio, María T., “Continuidad entre la Ida y la Vuelta de `Martín Fierro´”, en Punto de Vista, II, 7, noviembre de 1979. * Gramuglio, María Teresa y Beatriz Sarlo, “José Hernández”, en Susana Zanetti, (directora), Historia de la literatura Argentina, 2, Del romanticismo al naturalismo, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1980-1986. * Halperín Donghi, Tulio, Revolución y guerra, México, Siglo XXI, 1979. * Halperín Donghi, Tulio, Una nación para el desierto argentino, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1982. * Jitrik, Noé, “El tema del canto en el Martín Fierro, de José Hernández”, El fuego de la especie, Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI, 1971. * Jitrik, Noé, José Hernández, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1971. * Lois, Élida, “Estudio filológico preliminar”, en José Hernández, Martín Fierro, Edición crítica, Coordinadores Élida Lois y Ángel Núñez, París-Madrid, Archivos, 2001. * Ludmer, Josefina, El género gauchesco. Un tratado sobre la patria, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1988. * Lugones, Leopoldo, El payador y antología de poesía y prosa, Prólogo Jorge Luis Borges, Selección, notas y cronología Guillermo Ara, Caracas, Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1979. * Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel, Muerte y transfiguración de Martín Fierro, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1948. * Mujica Lainez, Manuel, Vidas del Gallo y el Pollo, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1966. * Myers, Jorge, Orden y virtud. El discurso republicano en el régimen rosista, Bernal, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1995. * Pagés Larraya, Antonio, Prosas del Martín Fierro. Buenos Aires, Raigal, 1952. * Pivel Devoto, Juan E. y Alcira Ranieri de Pivel Devoto, Historia de la República Oriental del Uruguay (1830–1930), Montevideo, Raúl Artagave y Cia., 1945. * Prieto, Adolfo, “La culminación de la poesía gauchesca”, en Rodolfo Borello y otros, Trayectoria..., 1997 (op. cit.). * Prieto, Adolfo, El discurso criollista en la formación de la Argentina moderna, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1988. * Rama, Ángel, "El sistema literario de la poesía gauchesca", prólogo a Poesía gauchesca, Caracas, Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1977. * Rama, Ángel, Los gauchipolíticos rioplatenses, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1982. * Ramos, Julio, Desencuentros de la modernidad en América Latina. Literatura y política en el siglo XIX, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1989. * Rivera, Jorge B., "La paga del gauchesco", en Clarín, Buenos Aires, 18 de mayo de 1989. * Rivera, Jorge B., “Ingreso, difusión e instalación modelar del Martín Fierro en el contexto de la cultura argentina”, en José Hernández, Martín Fierro, Edición crítica (Ángel Núñez y Élida Lois, coordinadores), Paris-Madrid, Colección Archivos, 51, 2001. * Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo, Historia social del gaucho, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1982. * Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo, Luis Pérez y la biografía de Rosas escrita en verso en 1830, Buenos Aires, Clío, 1957. * Rojas, Ricardo, Historia de la literatura Argentina. Ensayo filosófico sobre la evolución de la cultura en el Plata 917-1922 I y II, Los gauchescos, Buenos Aires, Kraft, 1960. * Roman, Claudia (Selección, presentación y notas), El terror de las musas. Lectores contemporáneos del Fausto criollo (1866–1870), Buenos Aires, 2002. * Romano, Eduardo, “Poesía tradicional, poesía popular, poesía cultivada”, Sobre poesía popular Argentina, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1983. * Sábato, Hilda, “La vida pública en Buenos Aires”, en Marta Bonaudo (dir.), Liberalismo, estado y orden burgués (1852–1880), Nueva historia Argentina, IV, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1999. * Salvatore, Ricardo D., “El imperio de la ley. Delito, estado y sociedad en la era rosista”, en Delito y Sociedad. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 4-5, 1994. * Salvatore, Ricardo D., “Reclutamiento militar, disciplinamiento y proletarización en la era de Rosas”, en Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana “Dr. E. Ravignani”, Tercera Serie, 5, primer semestre de 1992. * Sansone, Eneida, “La poesía gauchesca, de Hidalgo al Viejo Pancho”, en Capítulo oriental. Historia de la literatura uruguaya, Montevideo, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1968. * Scobie, James R., La lucha por la consolidación de la nacionalidad Argentina. 1852-1862, Buenos Aires, Hachette, 1964. * Schvartzman, Julio, “El gaucho letrado”, Microcrítica, Buenos Aires, Biblos, 1986. * Sosa de Newton, Lily, Genio y figura de Hilario Ascasubi, Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1981. * Vidart, Daniel y otros, El gaucho y la literatura gauchesca, Cuadernos de Marcha, 6, Montevideo, octubre de 1967. * Villanueva, Amaro, Crítica y pico. El sentido essential del Martín Fierro, Buenos Aires, Plus Ultra, 1972. * Weinberg, Félix, “La poesía gauchesca de Hidalgo a Ascasubi”, en Rodolfo Borello y otros, Trayectoria..., 1997 (op. cit.). * Zorraquín Becú, Horacio, Tiempo y vida de José Hernández (1834–1886), Buenos Aires, Emecé, 1972.


Notes

{{reflist Argentine literature Uruguayan literature Brazilian literature Literary genres Gaucho culture