Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American film actor known for his natural, authentic, and understated acting style and screen performances. His career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961, and included leading roles in eighty-four feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres. Cooper's ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen. Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider, but soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal
Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe
Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees
The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). In the postwar years, he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead
The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, Cooper played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West
Man of the West (1958). In 1933, he married New York debutante Veronica Balfe; the couple had one daughter. The marriage was interrupted by a three-year separation that was precipitated by Cooper's love affair with Patricia Neal. Cooper received the Academy Award for Best Actor
Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in Sergeant York and High Noon. He also received an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961. He was one of the top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years and was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the twenty five greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema.

Contents

1 Early life 2 Career

2.1 Silent films, 1925–28 2.2 Hollywood stardom, 1929–35 2.3 American folk hero, 1936–43

2.3.1 From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory 2.3.2 From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls

2.4 Mature roles, 1944–52 2.5 Later films, 1953–61

3 Personal life

3.1 Marriage and family 3.2 Romantic relationships 3.3 Friendships, interests, and character 3.4 Political views 3.5 Religion

4 Final year and death 5 Acting style and reputation 6 Career assessment and legacy 7 Awards and nominations 8 Filmography 9 Radio appearances 10 References

10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography

11 External links

Early life[edit]

Cooper dressed as a cowboy, 1903

Cooper was born on May 7, 1901, in Helena, Montana
Helena, Montana to Alice (née Brazier, 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946).[1] His father had emigrated from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire[2] and was a prominent lawyer, rancher, and (later) a Montana Supreme Court justice.[3] His mother had emigrated from Gillingham, Kent
Gillingham, Kent and married Charles in Montana.[4] In 1906, Charles purchased the 600-acre (240 ha) Seven-Bar-Nine[5][6] cattle ranch about fifty miles (eighty kilometers) north of Helena near the town of Craig on the Missouri River.[7] Frank and his older brother Arthur spent their summers there and learned to ride horses, hunt, and fish.[8][9] Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena.[10] Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so in 1909 she took them to England to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School
Dunstable Grammar School in Bedfordshire. While there Cooper and his brother lived with their father's cousins, William and Emily Barton, in their ancestral home in Houghton Regis.[11][12] Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912.[13] While he adapted to English school discipline and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was required to wear.[14] Cooper was baptized into the Anglican Church on December 3, 1911, at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis.[15][16] Cooper's mother accompanied her sons back to the United States in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.[10] When Cooper was fifteen his hip was injured in a car accident. On his doctor's recommendation he returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding.[17] The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled riding style.[18] He left Helena High School
Helena High School after two years in 1918 and returned to the family ranch to work full time as a cowboy.[18] In 1919, Charles arranged for Cooper to attend Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana,[19][20] where English teacher Ida Davis encouraged him to focus on academics and participate in debating and dramatics.[20][21] Cooper later called Davis "the woman partly responsible for me giving up cowboy-ing and going to college."[21]

Cooper at Grinnell College
Grinnell College (top row, second from the left), 1922

Cooper was still attending high school in 1920 when he took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College in Bozeman.[20] His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington.[22] Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.[22] In 1922, Cooper enrolled in Grinnell College
Grinnell College in Iowa
Iowa to continue his art education. Cooper did well academically in most of his courses,[23] but was not accepted into the school's drama club.[23] His drawings and watercolors were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook.[24] During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses.[25][26] Despite a promising first eighteen months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena,[27] where he sold editorial cartoons to the Independent, a local newspaper.[28] In the autumn of 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles[29] to administer the estates of two relatives,[30] and at his father's request Cooper joined them there in late November.[29] After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, Cooper met two friends from Montana[31][32] who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row on Gower Street.[33] They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay "Slim" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director.[31] Wanting money for a professional art course,[29] Cooper worked as a film extra for five dollars a day, and as a stunt rider for twice that amount.[33] (Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over thirty years.)[33] Career[edit] Silent films, 1925–28[edit]

Cooper in The Winning of Barbara Worth, 1926

In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt,[34] Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe
The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix,[35][36] and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones.[35] He worked for several Poverty Row studios, including Famous Players-Lasky
Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film
Fox Film Corporation.[37] While his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns, Cooper found the stunt work‍—‌which sometimes injured horses and riders‍—‌"tough and cruel".[34] Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent.[38] Knowing that other actors were using the name "Frank Cooper", Collins suggested he change his first name to "Gary" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana.[39][40][41] Cooper immediately liked the name.[42][Note 1] Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926).[35] Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926).[44] As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios.[45] On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions
Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week.[46] Cooper's first important film role was in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) with Ronald Colman
Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky,[46] in which he plays a young engineer who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster.[47] Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an "instinctive authenticity", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers.[48] The film was a major success.[49] Critics singled out Cooper as a "dynamic new personality" and future star.[50][51] Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky
Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week.[50] In 1927, with help from Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings, the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award
Academy Award for Best Picture.[52] That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters.[53] In 1928, Paramount paired Cooper with a youthful Fay Wray
Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss—advertising them as the studio's "glorious young lovers".[54] Their on-screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences.[54][55][56] With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers.[56] During this time, he was earning as much as $2,750 per film[57] and receiving a thousand fan letters a week.[58] Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent
Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor
Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride.[59] That year, Cooper also made Lilac Time with Colleen Moore
Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects.[59] It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.[59] Hollywood stardom, 1929–35[edit]

Cooper and Mary Brian
Mary Brian in The Virginian, 1929

Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 with the release of his first sound picture, The Virginian, which was directed by Victor Fleming
Victor Fleming and co-starred Mary Brian
Mary Brian and Walter Huston.[60] Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that have lasted to the present day.[61] According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film.[62] Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his "deep and clear" and "pleasantly drawling" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers.[63] Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas in 1930, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers.[64]

Lili Damita
Lili Damita and Cooper in Fighting Caravans, 1931

One of the more important performances in Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's 1930 film Morocco[65] with Marlene Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences.[66] During production, von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively.[66] Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The 6-foot-3-inch (191 cm) actor approached the 5-foot-4-inch (163 cm) director, physically picked him up by the collar and said, "If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here."[67][68] Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced "one of his best performances", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post.[69] In 1931, after returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans
Fighting Caravans with French actress Lili Damita,[70] Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett
Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves.[71] Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman with Carole Lombard, and His Woman
His Woman with Claudette Colbert.[72] The demands and pressures of making ten films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health, suffering from anemia and jaundice.[66][73] He had lost thirty pounds (fourteen kilograms) during that period,[73][74] and felt lonely, isolated, and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth.[75][76] In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers
Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year.[75] During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama
Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes.[77] After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy,[77] she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya
Mount Kenya in East Africa,[78] where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes.[79][80] His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness.[80] After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras.[81] Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932[82] and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval.[83]

Cooper and Helen Hayes
Helen Hayes in A Farewell to Arms, 1932

In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep
Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead
Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract,[84] Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms,[85] the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway novel.[86] Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner,[87] and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles,[87] playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I.[85] Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance,[88][89] and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures.[87] In 1933, after making Today We Live
Today We Live with Joan Crawford
Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon
One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch
Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living, based on the successful Noël Coward
Noël Coward play.[90][91] Co-starring Miriam Hopkins
Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March,[92] the film received mixed reviews and did not do well at the box office.[93] Cooper's performance—playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman—was singled out for its versatility[94] and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy.[95] Cooper changed his name legally to "Gary Cooper" in August 1933.[96]

Anna Sten
Anna Sten and Cooper in The Wedding Night, 1935

In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13
Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier.[97] Despite Richard Boleslawski's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey's lavish cinematography, the film did poorly at the box office.[98] Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway,[99] Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard
Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple.[100] In the film, he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her, but is eventually won over by the adorable girl.[101] Impressed by Temple's intelligence and charm, Cooper developed a close rapport with her, both on and off screen.[99][Note 2] The film was a box-office success.[98] The following year, Cooper was loaned out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten,[102] who was being groomed as "another Garbo".[103][104] In the film, Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family's New England farm where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor.[102] Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell.[105] Despite receiving generally favorable reviews,[106] the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending.[105] That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway
Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson
Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart,[107] and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal
Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal
Bengal against rebellious local tribes.[108] While the former was more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for six Academy Awards[109] and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films.[110][111] Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper's acting ability, calling him "the best actor of all of them".[99] American folk hero, 1936–43[edit] From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory[edit]

Cooper and Jean Arthur
Jean Arthur in Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, 1936

Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936.[112] After making Frank Borzage's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich at Paramount—in which he delivered a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest[112]—Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Frank Capra's screwball comedy Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures.[113] In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit.[114] Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin
Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the "quintessential American hero"[112]—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness[115][116][117]—to create a new type of "folk hero" for the common man.[112][118] Commenting on Cooper's impact on the character and the film, Capra observed:

As soon as I thought of Gary Cooper, it wasn't possible to conceive anyone else in the role. He could not have been any closer to my idea of Longfellow Deeds, and as soon as he could think in terms of Cooper, Bob Riskin found it easier to develop the Deeds character in terms of dialogue. So it just had to be Cooper. Every line in his face spelled honesty. Our Mr. Deeds had to symbolize uncorruptibility, and in my mind Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper was that symbol.[119]

Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes.[120] In his review in The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was "proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood".[121] For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Academy Award
Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.[122]

Cooper and Jean Arthur
Jean Arthur in The Plainsman, 1936

Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. In Lewis Milestone's adventure film The General Died at Dawn
The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord.[123][124] Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success.[123][125] In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman—his first of four films with the director—Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok
Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier.[126] The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor,[127] due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane
Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of "deepening mythic substance".[128] That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years.[129] In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week[130] when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture.[131] Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement.[132] Cooper continued to make films with both studios, and by 1939 the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country's highest wage earner, at $482,819 (equivalent to $8.49 million in 2017).[131][133][134] In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea.[135] A critical and box-office failure,[136] Cooper referred to it as his "almost picture", saying, "It was almost exciting, and almost interesting. And I was almost good."[136] In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo.[137] Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay,[138] the film became Goldwyn's biggest failure to that date, losing $700,000.[139] During this period, Cooper turned down several important roles,[140] including the role of Rhett Butler
Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind.[141] Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part.[141] He made several overtures to the actor,[142] but Cooper had doubts about the project,[142] and did not feel suited to the role.[129] Cooper later admitted, "It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable
Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right."[129][Note 3]

Cooper and Claudette Colbert
Claudette Colbert in Bluebeard's Eighth Wife, 1938

Back at Paramount, Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife
Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert.[139][145] In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife.[146] Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder,[147] and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert,[145] American audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer.[147] After all, it succeeded only in the European market.[147] In the fall of 1938, Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon, about a sweet-natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful, believing her to be a poor, hard-working lady's maid.[148] The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper.[149] While more successful than its predecessor, the film was Cooper's fourth consecutive box-office failure in the American market.[150] In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films.[150] In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara
Sahara to fight local tribes.[151] Filmed in the same Mojave Desert
Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman,[150][152] Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona.[153] This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount.[153] In Henry Hathaway's The Real Glory (1939), he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals.[154] Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene
Graham Greene who recognized that he "never acted better".[155] From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls[edit] Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan
Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the "law west of the Pecos".[155][156] Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script.[157] The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office,[158] with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors.[159] That same year, Cooper appeared in his first all- Technicolor
Technicolor feature,[160] Cecil B. DeMille's adventure film North West Mounted Police (1940).[161][Note 4] In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion.[163] While not as popular with critics as its predecessor,[164] the film was another box-office success—the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1940.[158][165]

Edward Arnold, Barbara Stanwyck, Cooper, and Walter Brennan
Walter Brennan in Meet John Doe, 1941

The early 1940s were Cooper's prime years as an actor.[166] In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances.[166] When Frank Capra
Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe
Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, "It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script."[167] In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country.[168] Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time,[169] Meet John Doe
Meet John Doe was received as a "national event"[169] with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941.[170] In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a "splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal"[171] and praised his "utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority".[170] Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote, "Gary Cooper, of course, is 'John Doe' to the life and in the whole—shy, bewildered, non-aggressive, but a veritable tiger when aroused."[172]

Joan Fontaine
Joan Fontaine and Cooper at the Academy Awards, 1942

That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks.[173] In the biographical film Sergeant York, Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York,[174] one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I.[175] The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor.[174][176] Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee
Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common.[177] Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called "one of extraordinary conviction and versatility", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called "one of his best".[178] After the film's release, Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his "powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty".[179] York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros.[180] Sergeant York became the top-grossing film of the year and was nominated for eleven Academy Awards.[179][181] Accepting his first Academy Award
Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart, Cooper said, "It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award. Shucks, I've been in the business sixteen years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these. That's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech."[181]

Barbara Stanwyck
Barbara Stanwyck and Cooper in Ball of Fire, 1941

Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks
Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire
Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck.[182] In the film, Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia. While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books.[183] The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder
Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills.[183] In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with "great skill and comic emphasis" and that his performance was "utterly delightful".[184] Though small in scale, Ball of Fire
Ball of Fire was one of the top-grossing films of the year[185]—Cooper's fourth consecutive picture to make the top twenty.[185] Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract.[186] In Sam Wood's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees,[187] Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig
Lou Gehrig who established a record with the New York Yankees
New York Yankees for playing in 2,130 consecutive games.[188] Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) —now commonly called "Lou Gehrig's disease".[189] Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball[190] and was not left-handed like Gehrig.[189] After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband,[189] Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans.[191] Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid, believable swing.[192] The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes.[193] The film was one of the year's top ten pictures[194] and received eleven Academy Award
Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's third).[195]

Ingrid Bergman
Ingrid Bergman and Cooper in For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1943

Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan,[196] an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War.[197] The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood
Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay.[196] After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942, Ingrid Bergman
Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina
Vera Zorina as the female lead—a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway.[198] The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were "rapturous" and passionate.[199][200] Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with "the true stature and authority of stars".[201] While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning,[202][203] For Whom the Bell Tolls
For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award
Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth).[200]

Cooper signing an autograph for a servicewoman in Brisbane
Brisbane during his tour of the South West Pacific, November 1943

Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II,[166] but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops.[194] In June 1943, he visited military hospitals in San Diego,[194] and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen
Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen.[204] In late 1943, Cooper undertook a 23,000-mile (37,000 km) tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel
Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari.[194][204][205] Traveling on a B-24A Liberator bomber,[194] the group toured the Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Brisbane—where General Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling[194]—New Guinea, Jayapura, and throughout the Solomon Islands.[206] The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops.[207] Cooper met with the servicemen and women, visited military hospitals, introduced his attractive colleagues, and participated in occasional skits.[207] The shows concluded with Cooper's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig's farewell speech.[207] When he returned to the United States, he visited military hospitals throughout the country.[207] Cooper later called his time with the troops the "greatest emotional experience" of his life.[205] Mature roles, 1944–52[edit]

Cooper and Loretta Young
Loretta Young in Along Came Jones, 1945

In 1944, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell
The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day—his third movie with the director.[208] In the film, Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell, who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety.[209] Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year.[210] With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded, Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Leo Spitz, William Goetz, and Nunnally Johnson.[211] The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown
Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman.[212] The film received poor reviews,[213] with the New York Daily News calling it "delightful nonsense",[214] and Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticizing Cooper's "somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning".[215] The film was barely profitable.[216] In 1945, Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International.[217] In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image,[218] Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones who is mistaken for a ruthless killer.[218] Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal.[219] It was also International's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios
Universal Studios in 1946.[220]

Cooper and Ingrid Bergman
Ingrid Bergman in Saratoga Trunk, 1945

Cooper's career during the post-war years drifted in new directions as American society was changing.[221] While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings.[222] In November 1945, Cooper appeared in Sam Wood's nineteenth-century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman, about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune-hunter.[223] Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies.[224] Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk
Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office[225] and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros.[226] Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program.[227] Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer,[228] Cooper was uneasy with the role and was unable to convey the "inner sense" of the character.[229] The film received poor reviews and was a box-office failure.[230] In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered
Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century.[231] The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee
James Agee acknowledged the picture had "some authentic flavor of the period".[232] This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper's most lucrative, earning the actor over $300,000 (equal to $3,287,928 today) in salary and percentage of profits.[233] Unconquered
Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years.[232]

Cooper in The Fountainhead, 1949

In 1948, after making Leo McCarey's romantic comedy Good Sam,[234] Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios
Universal Studios and signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $295,000 (equal to $3,004,751 today) per picture.[235] His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead
The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal
Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey.[236] In the film, Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards.[237] Based on the novel by Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her Objectivist philosophy and attacks the concepts of altruism and collectivism while promoting the virtues of selfishness and individualism.[238] For most critics, Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark.[239] In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther concluded he was "Mr. Deeds out of his element".[240] Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves' war drama Task Force (1949), about a retiring rear admiral who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers.[241] Cooper's performance and the Technicolor
Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period.[242] In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf
Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951).[243]

Cooper and Grace Kelly
Grace Kelly in High Noon, 1952

Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon
High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly
Grace Kelly for United Artists.[244] In the film, Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane
Will Kane who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge. Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone.[245] During the filming, Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers.[246] His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes "photographed as self-doubt", according to biographer Hector Arce,[247] and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance.[246] Considered one of the first "adult" Westerns for its theme of moral courage,[248] High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter.[249] Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote that Cooper was "at the top of his form",[250] and John McCarten, in The New Yorker, wrote that Cooper was never more effective.[251] The film earned $3.75 million in the United States[249] and $18 million worldwide.[252] Following the example of his friend James Stewart,[253] Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percent of the profits, and ended up making $600,000.[252] Cooper's understated performance was widely praised,[247][251] and earned him his second Academy Award
Academy Award for Best Actor.[254][Note 5] Later films, 1953–61[edit] After appearing in André de Toth's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle (1952)[256]—a standard Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor[257]—Cooper made four films outside the United States.[258] In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor.[259] Cooper endured spartan living conditions, long hours, and ill health during the three-month location shoot on the island of Upolu
Upolu in Western Samoa.[260] Despite its beautiful cinematography, the film received poor reviews.[261] Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico.[258] In Hugo Fregonese's action adventure film Blowing Wild
Blowing Wild (1953) with Barbara Stanwyck, he plays a wildcatter in Mexico who gets involved with an oil company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair.[262] In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband.[263] That same year, he appeared in Robert Aldrich's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster. In the film, Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866.[264] All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office.[265] For his work in Vera Cruz, Cooper earned $1.4 million in salary and percent of the gross.[266]

Cooper and Dorothy McGuire
Dorothy McGuire in Friendly Persuasion, 1956

During this period, Cooper struggled with health problems. As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild
Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well.[266] During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing.[266] In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I
World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters.[267] Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast,[268] and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality.[269] In 1956, Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire.[270] Like Sergeant York and High Noon, the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty.[271] For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor.[272] The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, was awarded the Palme d'Or
Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to earn $8 million worldwide.[271][273]

Cooper and Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn in Love in the Afternoon, 1957

In 1956, Cooper traveled to France to make Billy Wilder's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier.[274] In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman.[275] Despite receiving some positive reviews—including from Bosley Crowther who praised the film's "charming performances"[276]—most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part.[277] While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success.[277] The following year, Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne's romantic drama Ten North Frederick.[278] In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara,[279] Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate.[278] While Cooper brought "conviction and controlled anguish" to his performance, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers,[279] it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a "hapless film".[280]

Cooper in Man of the West, 1958

Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films.[281] In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West
Man of the West (1958) with Julie London
Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members.[282] The film has been called Cooper's "most pathological Western", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism.[279] According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, "understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man".[283] Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars[284] and is considered Cooper's last great film.[280] After his Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. contract ended, Cooper formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption.[285] In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past.[286] Cooper delivered a "powerful and persuasive" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman.[287] In Robert Rossen's historical adventure They Came to Cordura
They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth, he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor
Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916.[288] While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part.[289] In Michael Anderson's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston, Cooper plays a disgraced merchant marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship in order to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name.[290] Like its two predecessors, the film was physically demanding.[291] Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes.[291] Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption[292]—what Joseph Conrad
Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim
Lord Jim called the "struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be".[292][293] Personal life[edit] Marriage and family[edit]

Veronica Balfe and Cooper, November 1933

Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, twenty-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe,[Note 6] on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons.[295][296][297] Called "Rocky" by her family and friends, she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools.[298] Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields.[298] Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue
Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933.[299] According to his friends, the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper, who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life.[300] Athletic and a lover of the outdoors, Rocky shared many of Cooper's interests, including riding, skiing, and skeet-shooting.[301] She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society.[302] Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles
Los Angeles area in Encino (1933–36),[300] Brentwood (1936–53),[300] and Holmby Hills (1954–61),[303] and owned a vacation home in Aspen, Colorado
Aspen, Colorado (1949–53).[304][Note 7] Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937.[305] By all accounts, he was a patient and affectionate father, teaching Maria to ride a bicycle, play tennis, ski, and ride horses.[305] Sharing many of her parents' interests, she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them.[305] Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing.[306][Note 8] As a family they vacationed together in Sun Valley, Idaho, spent time at Rocky's parents' country house in Southampton, New York, and took frequent trips to Europe.[302] Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16, 1951, when Cooper moved out of their home.[307] For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter.[308] Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953,[309][310] and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954.[266] Romantic relationships[edit]

Patricia Neal
Patricia Neal and Cooper in The Fountainhead, 1949

Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce.[311][Note 9] Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings, which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor.[315] In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur.[316] In 1929, while filming The Wolf Song, Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez, which was the most important romance of his early life.[317] During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930[318] and with Carole Lombard
Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931.[319] During his year abroad in 1931–32, Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso, while staying at her Villa Madama
Villa Madama in Rome.[77] After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls.[320] Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943.[321] In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star.[322] At first they kept their affair discreet, but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood, and Cooper's wife confronted him with the rumors, which he admitted were true. He also confessed that he was in love with Neal, and continued to see her.[323][324] Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951,[307] but he did not seek a divorce.[325] Neal later claimed that Cooper hit her after she went on a date with Kirk Douglas, and that he arranged for her to have an abortion when she became pregnant with Cooper's child.[326] Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951.[327] During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly,[328] Lorraine Chanel,[329] and Gisèle Pascal.[330] Friendships, interests, and character[edit]

For me the really satisfying things I do are offered me, free, for nothing. Ever go out in the fall and do a little hunting? See the frost on the grass and the leaves turning? Spend a day in the hills alone, or with good companions? Watch a sunset and a moonrise? Notice a bird in the wind? A stream in the woods, a storm at sea, cross the country by train, and catch a glimpse of something beautiful in the desert, or the farmlands? Free to everybody ...[331] — Gary Cooper

Ernest Hemingway, Bobbi Powell, and Cooper at Silver Creek, Idaho, 1959

Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940.[332] The previous year, Hemingway drew upon Cooper's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls.[333] The two shared a passion for the outdoors,[332] and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley. Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling—Cooper kept a copy of the poem "If—" in his dressing room—and retained as adults Kipling's sense of boyish adventure.[334] As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona,[332] once telling a friend, "If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it. He's just too good to be true."[334] They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years.[335][Note 10] Cooper's social life generally centered on sports, outdoor activities, and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry, including directors Henry Hathaway, Howard Hawks, William Wellman, and Fred Zinnemann, and actors Joel McCrea, James Stewart, Barbara Stanwyck, and Robert Taylor.[337][338][339] As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving.[340][341] He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing, and over the years, he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, and Georgia O'Keeffe.[342] Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956.[342] Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg.[343][344] Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective, and loved the solitude of outdoor activities.[345] Not unlike his screen persona, his communication style frequently consisted of long silences[345] with an occasional "yup" and "shucks".[346][347] He once said, "If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet."[348] According to his friends, Cooper could also be an articulate, well-informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses, guns, and Western history to film production, sports cars, and modern art.[348] He was modest and unpretentious,[345] frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments.[349] His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor.[348] Cooper maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie star status—never sought special treatment or refused to work with a director or leading lady.[350] His close friend Joel McCrea
Joel McCrea recalled, "Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him."[350] Political views[edit] Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie
Wendell Willkie in 1940.[235] When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey
Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting "foreign" ideas.[351] In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election,[351] Cooper said, "I disagree with the New Deal
New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again."[351][352] He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters.[353] Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals,[354] a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the "American way of life" and opposing communism and fascism.[355] The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne
John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry.[356] On October 23, 1947, Cooper appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any "communistic influence" in Hollywood.[357] Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be "very un-American".[357] He also testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were "tinged with communist ideas".[357] Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals during his testimony.[357][358] Religion[edit] Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in England,[15] and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States.[359] While he was never an observant Christian during his adult life, many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side.[360] On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics,[361] to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII.[362] Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time, but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation.[363] In the coming years, Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior,[360] and started discussing Catholicism
Catholicism with his family.[361][364] He began attending church with them regularly,[364] and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance.[360][364] After several months of study, Cooper was baptized as a Roman Catholic on April 9, 1959, before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills.[359][364] Final year and death[edit]

Cooper's grave in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton, New York

On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon.[365] He fell ill again on May 31 and underwent further surgery at Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles
Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine.[365] After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France[366] before traveling to England in the fall to make his last film, The Naked Edge.[365] In December 1960, he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West,[367] which was part of the company's Project 20 series.[368][Note 11] On December 27, his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper's cancer had spread to his lungs and bones and was inoperable.[370] His family decided not to tell him immediately.[371] On January 9, 1961, Cooper attended a dinner that was given in his honor and hosted by Frank Sinatra
Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin
Dean Martin at the Friars Club.[367] The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends[372] and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, "The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community."[373] In mid-January, Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together.[371] Cooper and Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time.[374] On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying.[375] He later told his family, "We'll pray for a miracle; but if not, and that's God's will, that's all right too."[376] On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar.[377] Speaking to Cooper, an emotional Stewart said, "Coop, I want you to know I'll get it to you right away. With it goes all the friendship and affection and the admiration and deep respect of all of us. We're very, very proud of you, Coop."[377][Note 12] The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying.[335] In the coming days he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement, including telegrams from Pope John XXIII[379] and Queen Elizabeth II,[346][379] and a telephone call from President John F. Kennedy.[346][379] In his last public statement on May 4, Cooper said, "I know that what is happening is God's will. I am not afraid of the future."[380] He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 p.m., six days after his sixtieth birthday.[381][382] A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope
Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich.[383][Note 13] Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.[385] In May 1974, after his family relocated to New York, Cooper's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton.[386][387] His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry.[386] Acting style and reputation[edit]

Naturalness is hard to talk about, but I guess it boils down to this: You find out what people expect of your type of character and then you give them what they want. That way, an actor never seems unnatural or affected no matter what role he plays.[388] — Gary Cooper

Cooper's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics: his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed, to appear natural and authentic in his roles, and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg
Lee Strasberg once observed: "The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy. They try not to act but to be themselves, to respond or react. They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters."[180] Film director François Truffaut
François Truffaut ranked Cooper among "the greatest actors" because of his ability to deliver great performances "without direction".[180] This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced that he was simply "playing himself".[389] Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen. Actor John Barrymore
John Barrymore said of Cooper, "This fellow is the world's greatest actor. He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn—namely, to be natural."[87] Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep
Devil and the Deep agreed, "In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside, from his own clear way of looking at life."[87] William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a "superb actor, a master of movie acting".[390] In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene
Graham Greene wrote, "Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting. Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore."[87] Cooper's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors. Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements.[391] Commenting on Cooper's performance in Sergeant York, director Howard Hawks
Howard Hawks observed, "He worked very hard and yet he didn't seem to be working. He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good. But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he'd been thinking."[173] Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, "What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach. On the screen he's perfect, yet on the set you'd swear it's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures."[392] His fellow actors also admired his abilities as an actor. Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper, actress Ingrid Bergman
Ingrid Bergman concluded, "The personality of this man was so enormous, so overpowering—and that expression in his eyes and his face, it was so delicate and so underplayed. You just didn't notice it until you saw it on the screen. I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with."[199] Career assessment and legacy[edit]

Cooper's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Cooper's career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961.[393] During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role.[394] He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women,[395] and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films. He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958.[129] According to Quigley's annual poll, Cooper was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years, appearing in the top ten in 1936–37, 1941–49, and 1951–57.[396] He topped the list in 1953.[396] In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise.[396] At the time of his death, it was estimated that his films grossed well over $200 million[393] (equivalent to $1.64 billion in 2017). In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action.[389] In the rest he played a wide range of characters, included doctors, professors, artists, architects, clerks, and baseball players.[389] Cooper's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career.[397] In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian).[397] After becoming a major star, his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas (A Farewell to Arms).[397] During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr. Deeds, Meet John Doe, and For Whom the Bell Tolls).[397] In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone ( The Fountainhead
The Fountainhead and High Noon).[398] In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West).[399] The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity[400] who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man.[401] On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry.[402] He was also awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana.[403] On May 6, 1961, he was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts.[367] On July 30, 1961, he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello
David di Donatello Special
Special Award in Italy for his career achievements.[404] In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.[405] In 2015, he was inducted into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame.[406] The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood.[407] Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes.[408] His Lou Gehrig line, "Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time.[409] More than a half century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances.[410] Charlton Heston
Charlton Heston once observed, "He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived."[411] Awards and nominations[edit]

Year Award Category Film Result Ref

1937 Academy Award Best Actor Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Nominated [122]

1937 New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Actor Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Nominated [412]

1941 New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Actor Sergeant York Won [272]

1942 Academy Award Best Actor Sergeant York Won [413]

1943 Academy Award Best Actor The Pride of the Yankees Nominated [195]

1944 Academy Award Best Actor For Whom the Bell Tolls Nominated [414]

1952 Photoplay
Photoplay Award Most Popular Male Star High Noon Won [272]

1953 Academy Award Best Actor High Noon Won [415]

1953 Golden Globe Award Best Actor High Noon Won [272]

1957 Golden Globe Award Best Actor Friendly Persuasion Nominated [272]

1959 Laurel Awards Top Action Performance The Hanging Tree Won [416]

1960 Laurel Award Top Action Performance They Came to Cordura Won [416]

1961 Academy Award Academy Honorary Award — Won [378]

Filmography[edit] Main article: Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role.[417][418]

The Winning of Barbara Worth
The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur
Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned
The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride
Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel
The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song
Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming
A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans
Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman
His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep
Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million
If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live
Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon
One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13
Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal
Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night
The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson
Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn
The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman
The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea
Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo
The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife
Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory
The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe
Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire
Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees
The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell
The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown
Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk
Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered
Unconquered (1947) Good Sam
Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead
The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf
Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now
You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country
It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums
Distant Drums (1951) High Noon
High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild
Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil
Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell
The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick
Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West
Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree
The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura
They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge
The Naked Edge (1961) (final role)

Radio appearances[edit]

Date Program Episode/source

April 7, 1935 Lux Radio Theatre The Prince Chap

February 1, 1937 Lux Radio Theatre Mr. Deeds Goes To Town

May 2, 1938 Lux Radio Theatre The Prisoner Of Shark Island

September 23, 1940 Lux Radio Theatre The Westerner

September 28, 1941 Screen Guild Theater Meet John Doe

April 20, 1942 Lux Radio Theatre North West Mounted Police

October 4, 1943 Lux Radio Theatre The Pride Of The Yankees

October 23, 1944 Lux Radio Theatre The Story Of Dr. Wassell

December 11, 1944 Lux Radio Theatre Casanova Brown

February 12, 1945 Lux Radio Theatre For Whom The Bell Tolls

References[edit] Notes[edit]

^ Cooper's popularity is largely responsible for the popularity of the given name Gary from the 1930s to the present day.[43] ^ Cooper bought the child actress toys and taught her how to draw using colored pencils during setups. He found it mildly irritating to be corrected by the five-year-old, who knew everyone's lines.[99] ^ Cooper also turned down the leading roles in John Ford's Stagecoach (1939)[143] and Alfred Hitchcock's Foreign Correspondent (1940).[144] ^ Cooper previously appeared in the all-star feature Paramount on Parade (1930), which included scenes in two-color Technicolor, including his "Let Us Drink to the Girl of My Dreams" sequence.[162] He also appeared as himself in the Technicolor
Technicolor short films Star Night at the Coconut Grove (1935) and La Fiesta de Santa Barbara
La Fiesta de Santa Barbara (1936).[37] ^ John Wayne
John Wayne accepted the Oscar for Cooper who was out of the country at the time, saying, "Coop and I have been friends, hunting and fishing, for more years than I like to remember. He's one of the nicest fellows I know. I don't know anybody any nicer."[255] ^ Balfe worked briefly as an actress in 1933 using the professional name Sandra Shaw.[294] She appeared in uncredited bit parts in No Other Woman, King Kong, and Blood Money.[294] ^ After their wedding, Cooper and his wife lived on a 10-acre (4.0 ha) ranch at 4723 White Oak Avenue in Encino, from 1933 to 1936.[300] In 1936, they built a large white Bermuda-Georgian house at 11940 Chaparal in Brentwood, where they lived from 1936 to 1953.[300] In 1948, they purchased 15 acres (6.1 ha) of land in Aspen, Colorado, and built a four-bedroom house, where they vacationed from 1949 to 1953.[304] In July 1953, they began building a lavish, 6,000-square-foot (560 m2) mansion on 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) of land at 200 North Baroda Drive in Holmby Hills—a modernistic four-bedroom house with an open floor plan, floor-to-ceiling windows, and a sculpted garden.[303] They lived there from September 1954 until his death.[303] ^ Maria attended the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles
Los Angeles for four years and became an artist, with exhibitions in Los Angeles
Los Angeles and New York.[306] ^ Cooper and Bow began their affair during the production of one of her most popular films, It (1927), for which she had the studio film an extra scene that included Cooper.[312] During the "It girl" publicity campaign,[313] columnists started referring to Cooper as the "It boy".[314] ^ Cooper's friendship with Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway is explored in the documentary Cooper & Hemingway: The True Gen (2013).[336] ^ In March 1961, Cooper traveled to New York to record the off-camera narration for the documentary—his last work as an actor.[369] ^ The award dedication read, "To Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper for his many memorable screen performances and the international recognition he, as an individual, has gained for the motion picture industry."[378] ^ Hemingway was too ill to attend the funeral.[384] He took his own life on July 2, 1961, less than two months after Cooper died.[384]

Citations[edit]

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Gary Cooper Dies". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved September 20, 2014.  ^ Meyers 1998, p. 320. ^ " Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper Dies of Cancer at 60". Los Angeles
Los Angeles Times. May 14, 1961. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.  ^ Meyers 1998, pp. 320–321. ^ a b Kaminsky 1979, p. 214. ^ Swindell 1980, p. 304. ^ a b Meyers 1998, p. 322. ^ Janis 1999, p. 167. ^ Meyers 1998, p. 120. ^ a b c Kaminsky 1979, p. 2. ^ Dickens 1970, pp. 18–19. ^ Kaminsky 1979, pp. 2–3. ^ Meyers 1998, p. 165. ^ a b Dickens 1970, p. 2. ^ Kaminsky 1979, p. 1. ^ Meyers 1998, p. xi. ^ a b c "Top Ten Money Making Stars". Quigley Publishing. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2014.  ^ a b c d Kaminsky 1979, p. 219. ^ Kaminsky 1979, pp. 219–220. ^ Kaminsky 1979, pp. 220–221. ^ Dickens 1970, p. 1. ^ Meyers 1998, p. 324. ^ "Gary Cooper". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2014.  ^ Ricker, Amanda (May 27, 2011). "Bozeman's Hollywood star: Gary Cooper". Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Retrieved October 25, 2015.  ^ "David speciale 1961". Premi David di Donatello. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2015.  ^ "Great Western Performers". National Cowboy Museum. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2014.  ^ "Hall of Fame Inductees - Gary Cooper". Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum. Retrieved January 8, 2018.  ^ "AFI's 50 Greatest American Screen Legends". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2014.  ^ "AFI's 100 Greatest Heroes & Villains". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2014.  ^ "AFI's 100 Greatest Movie Quotes of All Time". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2014.  ^ Meyers 1998, pp. 323–324. ^ Kaminsky 1979, p. 206. ^ " Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936): Awards". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.  ^ "The 14th Academy Awards, 1942". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2015.  ^ "The 16th Academy Awards, 1944". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015.  ^ "The 25th Academy Awards, 1953". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2015.  ^ a b Hoffmann 2012, p. 41. ^ Swindell 1980, pp. 308–328. ^ Dickens 1970, pp. 29–278.

Bibliography[edit]

Arce, Hector (1979). Gary Cooper: An Intimate Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-688-0-3604-1.  Baker, Carlos (1969). Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-02-001690-8.  Benson, Nigel (1986). Dunstable in Detail. Dunstable, Bedfordshire, UK: The Book Castle. ISBN 978-0-950-97732-4.  Carpozi Jr., George (1970). The Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper Story. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House. ISBN 978-0-870-0-0075-1.  Conrad, Joseph (1992) [1900]. Lord Jim. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-40544-3.  Dickens, Homer (1970). The Films of Gary Cooper. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-806-50010-2.  Hanks, Patrick; Hodges, Flavia (2003). A Dictionary of First Names. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-192-11651-2.  Hoffmann, Henryk (2012). Western Movie References in American Literature. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-786-46638-2.  Janis, Maria Cooper (1999). Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper Off Camera: A Daughter Remembers. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 978-0-810-94130-4.  Jordan, David M. (2011). FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00970-8.  Kaminsky, Stuart (1979). Coop: The Life and Legend of Gary Cooper. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-16955-8.  McGilligan, Patrick (2003). Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light. New York: Regan Books. ISBN 978-0-060-39322-9.  Meyers, Jeffrey (1998). Gary Cooper: American Hero. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-15494-3.  Owens, Robert (2004). Medal of Honor: Historical Facts and Figures. Nashville: Turner Publishing. ISBN 978-1-563-11995-8.  Rainey, Buck (1990). Those Fabulous Serial Heroines: Their Lives and Films. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-810-81911-5.  Roberts, Randy; Olson, James S. (1997). John Wayne: American. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books. ISBN 978-0-803-28970-3.  Schickel, Richard (1985). "Introduction". Gary Cooper. Legends. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-77307-2.  Selznick, David O. (2000). Rudy Behlmer, ed. Memo from David O. Selznick. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-375-75531-6.  Shearer, Stephen Michael (2006). Patricia Neal: An Unquiet Life. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-813-12391-2.  Swindell, Larry (1980). The Last Hero: A Biography of Gary Cooper. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-14316-5.  Wayne, Jane Ellen (1988). Cooper's Women. New York: Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 978-0-131-72438-9. 

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gary Cooper.

Official website Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper on IMDb Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper at the TCM Movie Database Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper at AllMovie

Awards for Gary Cooper

v t e

Academy Award
Academy Award for Best Actor

1928–1950

Emil Jannings
Emil Jannings (1928) Warner Baxter
Warner Baxter (1929) George Arliss
George Arliss (1930) Lionel Barrymore
Lionel Barrymore (1931) Fredric March
Fredric March / Wallace Beery
Wallace Beery (1932) Charles Laughton
Charles Laughton (1933) Clark Gable
Clark Gable (1934) Victor McLaglen
Victor McLaglen (1935) Paul Muni
Paul Muni (1936) Spencer Tracy
Spencer Tracy (1937) Spencer Tracy
Spencer Tracy (1938) Robert Donat
Robert Donat (1939) James Stewart
James Stewart (1940) Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney
James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas
Paul Lukas (1943) Bing Crosby
Bing Crosby (1944) Ray Milland
Ray Milland (1945) Fredric March
Fredric March (1946) Ronald Colman
Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford
Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer
José Ferrer (1950)

1951–1975

Humphrey Bogart
Humphrey Bogart (1951) Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (1952) William Holden
William Holden (1953) Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine
Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner
Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness
Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven
David Niven (1958) Charlton Heston
Charlton Heston (1959) Burt Lancaster
Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell
Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier
Sidney Poitier (1963) Rex Harrison
Rex Harrison (1964) Lee Marvin
Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield
Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger
Rod Steiger (1967) Cliff Robertson
Cliff Robertson (1968) John Wayne
John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott1 (1970) Gene Hackman
Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando1 (1972) Jack Lemmon
Jack Lemmon (1973) Art Carney
Art Carney (1974) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1975)

1976–2000

Peter Finch
Peter Finch (1976) Richard Dreyfuss
Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight
Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda
Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley
Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall
Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham
F. Murray Abraham (1984) William Hurt
William Hurt (1985) Paul Newman
Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas
Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons
Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins
Anthony Hopkins (1991) Al Pacino
Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage
Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush
Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni
Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey
Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe
Russell Crowe (2000)

2001–present

Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody
Adrien Brody (2002) Sean Penn
Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx
Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman
Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker
Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn
Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges
Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth
Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin
Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey
Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne
Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck
Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman
Gary Oldman (2017)

1 refused award that year

v t e

Academy Honorary Award

1928–1950

Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin (1928) Walt Disney
Walt Disney (1932) Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple (1934) D. W. Griffith
D. W. Griffith (1935) The March of Time
The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson (1936) Edgar Bergen
Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett
Mack Sennett (1937) J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney
Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin
Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney
Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings, Jan Domela, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Loren L. Ryder, Harry D. Mills, Louis Mesenkop, Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner
Harry Warner (1938) Douglas Fairbanks
Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland
Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund (Jean Hersholt, Ralph Morgan, Ralph Block, Conrad Nagel)/ Technicolor
Technicolor Company (1939) Bob Hope
Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson (1940) Walt Disney, William Garity, John N. A. Hawkins, and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski
Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information (1941) Charles Boyer
Charles Boyer / Noël Coward
Noël Coward / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1942) George Pal
George Pal (1943) Bob Hope
Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien
Margaret O'Brien (1944) Republic Studio, Daniel J. Bloomberg, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger
Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner (1945) Harold Russell
Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch
Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. (1946) James Baskett
James Baskett / Thomas Armat, William Nicholas Selig, Albert E. Smith, and George Kirke Spoor
George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine (1947) Walter Wanger
Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent
Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman
Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor
Adolph Zukor (1948) Jean Hersholt
Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire
Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille
Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief (1949) Louis B. Mayer
Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy
George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga (1950)

1951–1975

Gene Kelly
Gene Kelly / Rashomon
Rashomon (1951) Merian C. Cooper
Merian C. Cooper / Bob Hope
Bob Hope / Harold Lloyd
Harold Lloyd / George Mitchell / Joseph M. Schenck / Forbidden Games
Forbidden Games (1952) 20th Century- Fox Film
Fox Film Corporation / Bell & Howell Company / Joseph Breen / Pete Smith (1953) Bausch & Lomb Optical Company / Danny Kaye
Danny Kaye / Kemp Niver / Greta Garbo / Jon Whiteley
Jon Whiteley / Vincent Winter / Gate of Hell (1954) Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1955) Eddie Cantor
Eddie Cantor (1956) Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers / Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson / Charles Brackett / B. B. Kahane (1957) Maurice Chevalier
Maurice Chevalier (1958) Buster Keaton
Buster Keaton / Lee de Forest
Lee de Forest (1959) Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper / Stan Laurel
Stan Laurel / Hayley Mills
Hayley Mills (1960) William L. Hendricks / Fred L. Metzler / Jerome Robbins
Jerome Robbins (1961) William J. Tuttle
William J. Tuttle (1964) Bob Hope
Bob Hope (1965) Yakima Canutt
Yakima Canutt / Y. Frank Freeman
Y. Frank Freeman (1966) Arthur Freed (1967) John Chambers / Onna White (1968) Cary Grant
Cary Grant (1969) Lillian Gish
Lillian Gish / Orson Welles
Orson Welles (1970) Charlie Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin (1971) Charles S. Boren / Edward G. Robinson
Edward G. Robinson (1972) Henri Langlois
Henri Langlois / Groucho Marx
Groucho Marx (1973) Howard Hawks
Howard Hawks / Jean Renoir
Jean Renoir (1974) Mary Pickford
Mary Pickford (1975)

1976–2000

Margaret Booth (1977) Walter Lantz
Walter Lantz / Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier / King Vidor
King Vidor / Museum of Modern Art Department of Film (1978) Hal Elias / Alec Guinness
Alec Guinness (1979) Henry Fonda
Henry Fonda (1980) Barbara Stanwyck
Barbara Stanwyck (1981) Mickey Rooney
Mickey Rooney (1982) Hal Roach
Hal Roach (1983) James Stewart
James Stewart / National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Arts (1984) Paul Newman
Paul Newman / Alex North (1985) Ralph Bellamy
Ralph Bellamy (1986) Eastman Kodak
Kodak Company / National Film Board of Canada
National Film Board of Canada (1988) Akira Kurosawa
Akira Kurosawa (1989) Sophia Loren
Sophia Loren / Myrna Loy
Myrna Loy (1990) Satyajit Ray
Satyajit Ray (1991) Federico Fellini
Federico Fellini (1992) Deborah Kerr
Deborah Kerr (1993) Michelangelo Antonioni
Michelangelo Antonioni (1994) Kirk Douglas
Kirk Douglas / Chuck Jones
Chuck Jones (1995) Michael Kidd
Michael Kidd (1996) Stanley Donen
Stanley Donen (1997) Elia Kazan
Elia Kazan (1998) Andrzej Wajda
Andrzej Wajda (1999) Jack Cardiff
Jack Cardiff / Ernest Lehman (2000)

2001–present

Sidney Poitier
Sidney Poitier / Robert Redford
Robert Redford (2001) Peter O'Toole
Peter O'Toole (2002) Blake Edwards
Blake Edwards (2003) Sidney Lumet
Sidney Lumet (2004) Robert Altman
Robert Altman (2005) Ennio Morricone
Ennio Morricone (2006) Robert F. Boyle (2007) Lauren Bacall
Lauren Bacall / Roger Corman
Roger Corman / Gordon Willis
Gordon Willis (2009) Kevin Brownlow / Jean-Luc Godard
Jean-Luc Godard / Eli Wallach
Eli Wallach (2010) James Earl Jones
James Earl Jones / Dick Smith (2011) D. A. Pennebaker
D. A. Pennebaker / Hal Needham
Hal Needham / George Stevens Jr.
George Stevens Jr. (2012) Angela Lansbury
Angela Lansbury / Steve Martin
Steve Martin / Piero Tosi (2013) Jean-Claude Carrière
Jean-Claude Carrière / Hayao Miyazaki
Hayao Miyazaki / Maureen O'Hara
Maureen O'Hara (2014) Spike Lee
Spike Lee / Gena Rowlands
Gena Rowlands (2015) Jackie Chan
Jackie Chan / Lynn Stalmaster / Anne V. Coates / Frederick Wiseman (2016) Charles Burnett / Owen Roizman / Donald Sutherland
Donald Sutherland / Agnès Varda (2017)

v t e

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama

Paul Lukas
Paul Lukas (1943) Alexander Knox
Alexander Knox (1944) Ray Milland
Ray Milland (1945) Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (1946) Ronald Colman
Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford
Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer
José Ferrer (1950) Fredric March
Fredric March (1951) Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (1952) Spencer Tracy
Spencer Tracy (1953) Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine
Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas
Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness
Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven
David Niven (1958) Anthony Franciosa
Anthony Franciosa (1959) Burt Lancaster
Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell
Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier
Sidney Poitier (1963) Peter O'Toole
Peter O'Toole (1964) Omar Sharif
Omar Sharif (1965) Paul Scofield
Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger
Rod Steiger (1967) Peter O'Toole
Peter O'Toole (1968) John Wayne
John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott
George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman
Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (1972) Al Pacino
Al Pacino (1973) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1975) Peter Finch
Peter Finch (1976) Richard Burton
Richard Burton (1977) Jon Voight
Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda
Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley
Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall
Robert Duvall / Tom Courtenay
Tom Courtenay (1983) F. Murray Abraham
F. Murray Abraham (1984) Jon Voight
Jon Voight (1985) Bob Hoskins
Bob Hoskins (1986) Michael Douglas
Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1988) Tom Cruise
Tom Cruise (1989) Jeremy Irons
Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte
Nick Nolte (1991) Al Pacino
Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage
Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush
Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda
Peter Fonda (1997) Jim Carrey
Jim Carrey (1998) Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington (1999) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (2000) Russell Crowe
Russell Crowe (2001) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (2002) Sean Penn
Sean Penn (2003) Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo DiCaprio (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman
Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker
Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke
Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeff Bridges
Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth
Colin Firth (2010) George Clooney
George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey
Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne
Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck
Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman
Gary Oldman (2017)

v t e

New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor

Charles Laughton
Charles Laughton (1935) Walter Huston
Walter Huston (1936) Paul Muni
Paul Muni (1937) James Cagney
James Cagney (1938) James Stewart
James Stewart (1939) Charlie Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin (1940) Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney
James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas
Paul Lukas (1943) Barry Fitzgerald
Barry Fitzgerald (1944) Ray Milland
Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier (1946) William Powell
William Powell (1947) Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford
Broderick Crawford (1949) Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (1950) Arthur Kennedy
Arthur Kennedy (1951) Ralph Richardson
Ralph Richardson (1952) Burt Lancaster
Burt Lancaster (1953) Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine
Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas
Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness
Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven
David Niven (1958) James Stewart
James Stewart (1959) Burt Lancaster
Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell
Maximilian Schell (1961) No award (1962) Albert Finney
Albert Finney (1963) Rex Harrison
Rex Harrison (1964) Oskar Werner
Oskar Werner (1965) Paul Scofield
Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger
Rod Steiger (1967) Alan Arkin
Alan Arkin (1968) Jon Voight
Jon Voight (1969) George C. Scott
George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman
Gene Hackman (1971) Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier (1972) Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (1973) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1975) Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (1976) John Gielgud
John Gielgud (1977) Jon Voight
Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster
Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley
Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall
Robert Duvall (1983) Steve Martin
Steve Martin (1984) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1985) Bob Hoskins
Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1987) Jeremy Irons
Jeremy Irons (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (1990) Anthony Hopkins
Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington (1992) David Thewlis
David Thewlis (1993) Paul Newman
Paul Newman (1994) Nicolas Cage
Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush
Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda
Peter Fonda (1997) Nick Nolte
Nick Nolte (1998) Richard Farnsworth
Richard Farnsworth (1999) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (2000) Tom Wilkinson
Tom Wilkinson (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray
Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti
Paul Giamatti (2004) Heath Ledger
Heath Ledger (2005) Forest Whitaker
Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn
Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney
George Clooney (2009) Colin Firth
Colin Firth (2010) Brad Pitt
Brad Pitt (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Robert Redford
Robert Redford (2013) Timothy Spall
Timothy Spall (2014) Michael Keaton
Michael Keaton (2015) Casey Affleck
Casey Affleck (2016) Timothée Chalamet
Timothée Chalamet (2017)

Authority control

WorldCat Identities VIAF: 64191304 LCCN: n79116412 ISNI: 0000 0001 2136 7002 GND: 118522043 SUDOC: 027312127 BNF: cb13892714x (data) NLA: 35030965 NDL: 00620522 NKC: jn20000700326 BNE: XX1092900 SNAC: w6gt641t

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