is a Japanese law which sets the standards for the Japanese education system.

Summary

The Fundamental Law of Education, as the name suggests, is a law concerning the foundation of Japanese education. Because it acts as the basis for the interpretation and application of various laws & ordinances regarding education, it is also known as and . MEXT translations into English entitle it the Basic Act on Education. The Fundamental Law of Education contains a preamble and 18 Articles. The law sets out the purposes and objectives of education and provides for equal opportunity in

education Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty ...

compulsory education Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government. This education may take place at a registered school or at other places. Compulsory school attendance or compulsory schooling ...

coeducation Mixed-sex education, also known as mixed-gender education, co-education, or coeducation (abbreviated to co-ed or coed), is a system of education where males and females are educated together. Whereas single-sex education was more common up to t ...

, social education, political education,

religious education In secular usage, religious education is the teaching of a particular religion (although in the United Kingdom the term ''religious instruction'' would refer to the teaching of a particular religion, with ''religious education'' referring to t ...

, educational administration, etc. According to the law, the purpose of education is . Article 1 states that the law :shall aim for the full development of personality and strive to nurture the citizens, sound in mind and body, who are imbued with the qualities necessary for those who form a

peace Peace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. ...

ful and democratic

state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States * ''Our S ...

and

society A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Soc ...

. The current Fundamental law was enacted on December 22, 2006, replacing the previous 11-article Act of March 31, 1947 (the 'old fundamental law of Education').

Original 1947 enactment

The old law was created under the auspices of

SCAP SCAP may refer to: * S.C.A.P., an early French manufacturer of cars and engines * Security Content Automation Protocol * '' The Shackled City Adventure Path'', a role-playing game * SREBP cleavage activating protein * Supervisory Capital Assessm ...

, enacted by the 90th session of the Imperial Japanese Diet, which would be the last Imperial Diet conducted under the Imperial Japanese Constitution. It is often said that the old Fundamental Law of Education was written in the spirit of the new

Japanese Constitution The Constitution of Japan (Shinjitai: , Kyūjitai: , Hepburn: ) is the constitution of Japan and the supreme law in the state. Written primarily by American civilian officials working under the Allied occupation of Japan, the constitution ...

, representing a radical means of

education reform Education reform is the name given to the goal of changing public education. The meaning and education methods have changed through debates over what content or experiences result in an educated individual or an educated society. Historically, t ...

, and replacing the pre-World War II

Imperial Rescript on Education The , or IRE for short, was signed by Emperor Meiji of Japan on 30 October 1890 to articulate government policy on the guiding principles of education on the Empire of Japan. The 315 character document was read aloud at all important school events, ...

, which was based partly on

Confucianist Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or ...

thought In their most common sense, the terms thought and thinking refer to conscious cognitive processes that can happen independently of sensory stimulation. Their most paradigmatic forms are judging, reasoning, concept formation, problem solving, an ...

. During the debate about constitutional reform, it was argued that provisions regarding education should be included in the national constitution itself. However, the Minister of Education at that time, Kōtarō Tanaka, proposed the creation of a separate law regarding education. The Ministry of Education then created an Educational Reform Committee, which deliberated over the contents of the Fundamental Law. The law was approved by the Imperial Diet as was written in the original draft, without revision.

Provisions of the Fundamental Law of Education

* ''Preamble'' * Chapter 1 Aims and Principles of Education :* ''Article 1'' Aims of Education :* ''Article 2'' Objectives of Education :: Whilst respect academic freedom, education will aim :* ''Article 3'' Concept of Lifelong Learning :* ''Article 4'' Equal Opportunity in Education :: "Citizens shall all be given equal opportunities to receive education according to their abilities, and shall not be subject to discrimination in education on account of race, creed, sex, social status, economic position, or family origin" :: People living with disabilities or financial hardship will be supported * Chapter 2 Basics of Education Provision :* ''Article 5'' Compulsory Education :: Citizens have an obligation to education their children to "cultivate the foundations for an independent life within society". :: Compulsory education is free. :* ''Article 6'' School Education :: The government regulates the establishment of schools for compulsory education :* ''Article 7'' Universities :: Universities exist to seek truth, create knowledge, disseminate knowledge and specialised skills broadly, etc :: The intellectual autonomy of universities is ensured. :* ''Article 8'' Private Schools :: Government will promote education in private schools :* ''Article 9'' Teachers :* ''Article 10'' Education in the Family :: Parents have the responsibility to teach children basic habits for living, a spirit of independence, and encourage the development of body and mind. :: Families will be supported in this by government. :* ''Article 11'' Early Childhood Education :: Government will promote early childhood education and maintain standards in those environments. :* ''Article 12'' Social Education :: Government will support community education, including "libraries, museums, community halls and other social education facilities, opening the usage of school facilities, providing opportunities to learn, relevant information, and other appropriate means" :* ''Article 13'' Partnership and Cooperation among Schools, Families, and Local Residents :: "Schools, families, local residents, and other relevant persons shall be aware of their respective roles and responsibilities regarding education, and endeavor to develop partnership and cooperation" :* ''Article 14'' Political Education :: Political literacy and citizenship will be promoted :: Schools will refrain from political education and activity. :* ''Article 15'' Religious Education * Chapter 3 Education Administration :* ''Article 16'' Education Administration :: Government will provide for equal opportunities, raise the standards of education, respond to regional circumstances :: Government will work in the spirit of cooperation without improper controls. :* ''Article 17'' Basic Plan for the Promotion of Education :: Government will systematically formulate plans to achieve educational objectives, make it public and report to the diet. * Chapter 4 Enactment of Laws and Regulations :* ''Article 18'' :: "Laws and regulations necessary to implement the provisions stipulated in this Act shall be enacted"

2006 Revisions

Soon after the passing of the Fundamental Law, there were numerous arguments suggesting its revision. Some suggested that ideas of

patriotism Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and sense of attachment to one's country. This attachment can be a combination of many different feelings, language relating to one's own homeland, including ethnic, cultural, political or histor ...

and regard for Japanese traditions were lacking, and others maintained that such provisions could lead to renewed feelings of nationalism and subservience to the state. Such arguments have been brought up repeatedly since the law was first passed. On April 28, 2006, the Cabinet drafted a reformed version of the law which was submitted to the 164th ordinary session of the

National Diet The is the national legislature of Japan. It is composed of a lower house, called the House of Representatives (, ''Shūgiin''), and an upper house, the House of Councillors (, '' Sangiin''). Both houses are directly elected under a paral ...

(sitting from January to June 2006). The draft is composed of a preamble and 18 articles. The new preamble does not include the phrase "the realization of the ideals laid forth in the constitution depend on the education of the people", as is stated in the current law, and includes some additions, such as the phrases "community spirit" and "the inheritance of tradition". In addition, the "purpose of education" has been divided into five items, containing such moral provisions as "to nurture an attitude ..o love our country and our home". On May 2, 2006, the Ministry of Education announced that they had established a "Fundamental Law of Education Reform Promotion Headquarters" under the direction of Kenji Kosaka, the Minister of Education. The first meeting was scheduled for May 8, and a project team was established. The objective of this group is not only to regulate argument in the Diet, but also to assist in initiatives to explain the educational reforms to the public and decide on basic programs promoting education. On December 22, 2006 the complete revision of the Fundamental Law of Education passed and was implemented. It now contains 18 Articles.

Main points of contention

Opinion was divided on whether students should receive education "according to individual ability" or "equally". The new Law does not contain the word "equally" any longer. There was also debate about whether the absolution of school fees at public universities should be limited only to tuition costs, or should also include textbook fees, food costs, commutation costs, etc. There was debate concerning the topic of political neutrality, namely, what kind of political education should be forbidden, and how to harmonize this with the promotion of political interest amongst students. In 1954, the Japanese government, aiming to curb political activity by the

Japan Teachers Union , abbreviated , is Japan's largest and oldest labor union of teachers and school staff. The union is known for its critical stance against the conservative Liberal Democratic Party government on such issues as '' Kimigayo'' (the national anthe ...

, passed a law designed to ensure "political neutrality" in Japanese public schools. In 2004, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi refused to accept a petition—written by Japanese high school students—against the deployment of the

Japan Self-Defense Forces The Japan Self-Defense Forces ( ja, 自衛隊, Jieitai; abbreviated JSDF), also informally known as the Japanese Armed Forces, are the unified ''de facto''Since Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution outlaws the formation of armed forces, th ...

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

, said to be due to the prohibition on political education.

Political Debate

On March 20, 2003, based on the discussions of the People's Educational Reform Council (a consultative body to the Prime Minister dissolved in Dec. 2000), the Central Education Council reported to Minister of Education Atsuko Toyama on the necessity of reform to the Fundamental Law. According to the report, the concepts expressed in the Fundamental Law should continue to be valued; however, in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century, the following reforms would be necessary. #the establishment of a trustworthy schooling system #promotion of university reform, to become leaders in the information age #to restore the educational ability of the family, and to promote a society in which the school, family, and local community cooperate #to foster attitudes to take part in community planning #to foster respect for Japanese traditions and culture, to encourage love for the homeland, and promote the spirit of membership in the international community #the realization of a society based on lifelong learning #to decide on a master plan to encourage education In April 2004, the ruling Liberal Democratic and Komei Parties reached an agreement on the meaning of the term "patriotism" ("to value customs and culture, and to love our country, from which they have developed") and submitted a reform proposal to the Diet, the first such proposal to be submitted to the Diet since the end of World War II. The proposed reforms reflect three influential lines of thinking. #Educational reform is necessary to nurture an educational elite and in order for Japan to continue to be a leader in developing cutting-edge technology. #Problem children responsible for the disintegration of Japanese society (including such problems as youth crime, bullying and truancy) can be dealt with through home discipline, the strengthening of moral education, and community service. #The expansion of the Ministry of Education's realm of authority is critical. The reformed law would give the Ministry of Education a virtually free hand with regards to educational administration.

Moral education

The extent and nature of moral education is a frequent point of debate in government and academia. The old Fundamental law did not contain provisions regarding moral education, although moral education features in the curriculum overseen by the Ministry of Education. Along with other provisions in order to "broaden" the scope of the law, there were added provisions regarding moral education. For example, the objective in Article 2(5) is designed to satisfy both conservative views on patriotism and progressive views on global integration and/or focus on individualism.

References

External links

Basic Act on Education (Act No. 120 of December 22, 2006) - MEXT
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fundamental Law Of Education 1947 in law Education laws and guidelines in Japan