Fredric Warburg

Fredric John Warburg (27 November 1898 – 25 May 1981) was a British publisher best known for his association with the author George Orwell. During a career spanning a large part of the 20th century and ending in 1971, Warburg published Orwell's major books ''Animal Farm'' (1945) and ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' (1949), as well as works by other leading figures such as Thomas Mann and Franz Kafka. Other notable publications included '' The Third Eye'' by Lobsang Rampa, Pierre Boulle's ''The Bridge over the River Kwai'', Adolf Hitler's '' Mein Kampf'' and William Shirer's ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich''.

Warburg is an important figure in the history and study of Cold War propaganda due to his work with Orwell's widow Sonia Orwell in a collaboration with the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret propaganda wing of the British Foreign Office, which helped to increase the fame of ''Animal Farm'' and ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''. With Warburg's support, the IRD was able to translate ''Animal Farm'' into more than 16 different languages, and for British embassies to disseminate the book in more than 14 countries for propaganda purposes. Warburg was also involved in the sale of the movie rights to ''Animal Farm'' to the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). This deal resulted in the creation of the 1954 propaganda film ''Animal Farm'', which became the first feature-length animated film ever to be made in Britain.

Life

Warburg was born on 27 November 1898 in Paddington, London, to John Cimon Warburg (1867, London – 1931, London), a photographer, and his wife Violet Amalia (1868, Melbourne – 1925, London) (''née'' Sichel), both of Jewish descent. John Cimon was the oldest son of Fredric Elias Warburg (1832, Gothenburg, Sweden – 1899, London) and Emma (1844–1925) (''née'' Raphael).

At the age of nine, Fredric Warburg was sent to Wilkinson's boys' preparatory school. He later won a scholarship to Westminster School. He recalled his first two years there as "among the most hateful of my life". While he excelled academically, as a Jew he often felt an outsider. He found refuge and solace in his love of books.

In summer 1917, Warburg was commissioned to serve as an officer in the Royal Artillery. He was stationed in the Ypres area until the end of the war. After the war he began studying chemistry at Christ Church, Oxford, but later switched to classics and philosophy, receiving his MA in 1922.

Warburg's first marriage (5 July 1922), to May Nellie Holt (born 20 May 1902, Hampstead, North West London), produced three sons: David (22 August 1923–10 November 1987), Hew Francis (8 April 1925–10 April 1983) and Jeremy Fredric (14 October 1928–9 June 1986). The marriage ended in divorce in 1932, and on 21 January 1933 Warburg married the painter and designer Pamela Bryer (née de Bayou, widowed) (20 March 1905–1978). They had a son who died of a brain haemorrhage within 24 hours of his birth, on 13 March 1933.

During the Second World War, Warburg served as a corporal in the Home Guard, in the same section in which Orwell held the rank of sergeant.

Warburg died of heart failure at University College Hospital, London, on 25 May 1981, at the age of 82.

Publishing career

Warburg started his publishing career in 1922, as an apprentice at Routledge & Sons, where he came under the tutelage of William Swan Stallybrass, a man he regarded as "the greatest scholar-publisher of his day". After Stallybrass died in 1931 Warburg became increasingly dissatisfied with Routledge and in 1935 he was dismissed. Later that year he and Roger Senhouse purchased the publishing firm of Martin Secker, which had gone into receivership, and renamed it Secker & Warburg. The firm became renowned for its independent left-wing position, being both anti- fascist and anti- Communist, which put it at loggerheads with many intellectuals of the time. Among the books the firm published were C. L. R. James's ''World Revolution'', Reg Groves's ''We Shall Rise Again'', Boris Souvarine's ''Stalin'' and André Gide's ''Back from the USSR''. When George Orwell parted company with Victor Gollancz, over publication of ''The Road to Wigan Pier'' (1937), it was to Secker & Warburg that he took his next book, ''Homage to Catalonia'' (1938). The firm published all of Orwell's books from then on, and he and Warburg became intimate friends. In 1940, Warburg introduced Orwell to another of his firm's authors, T. R. Fyvel, and between the three of them they planned the creation of Searchlight Books. According to Eric Williams, Warburg refused to publish his doctoral thesis (which became the basis of his book ''Capitalism and Slavery'', and argued that Britain's desire to abolish slavery was economical, not humanitarian, in nature) refused to publish, saying that "such a book... would be contrary to the British tradition".

With its financial position devastated by paper shortages during and after the war, Secker & Warburg was forced to join the Heinemann publishing group in 1952. During the 1950s and 1960s Secker & Warburg published books by authors including Simone de Beauvoir, Colette, Alberto Moravia, Günter Grass, Angus Wilson, Melvyn Bragg and Julian Gloag.
In 1961 Warburg was made a director of the Heinemann group, a post he retained until his retirement in 1971. He also published two volumes of autobiography: ''An Occupation for Gentlemen'' (1959, described by Walter Allen as "the record of a vocation rather than the story of it author's intimate life") and ''All Authors are Equal'' (1973).

Controversy

In 1952 Warburg became a member of the committee of the Society for Cultural Freedom (SCF), an organisation established, in the words of Warburg's friend T. R. Fyvel, to "promote western culture and defend it against the Communist culture of the East". The SCF produced a cultural magazine, ''Encounter'', which received sustained criticism in the 1960s when it emerged that much of the money used to produce the magazine had come directly from the CIA, without the knowledge of most of its contributors and supporters, including Warburg.

In 1954 Secker & Warburg was prosecuted for obscenity after publishing '' The Philanderer'', a novel by US writer Stanley Kauffmann. Warburg was offered the chance to plead guilty and escape with a minimal fine, but opted for trial by jury at the Old Bailey. The book was found not to be obscene and the summary by the presiding judge, at the trial, Sir Wintringham Stable, was added as an appendix to later editions of ''The Philanderer''.

Bibliography

* ''An Occupation for Gentlemen''. London: Hutchinson, 1959
* ''All Authors Are Equal: The Publishing Life of Fredric Warburg, 1936–1971''. London: Hutchinson, 1973.

Notes

External links

*Jane Potter
"Warburg, Fredric John (1898–1981)"
in ''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', 23 September 2004.
*Richard Lance Keeble
"Warburg and the Making of George Orwell"
The Orwell Society, 11 August 2020.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warburg, Fredric
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
British Jewish writers
Publishers (people) from London
People educated at Westminster School, London
English Jews
Fredric
Royal Artillery officers
British Home Guard soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
1898 births
1981 deaths
People from Paddington
20th-century English businesspeople