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Frederick, Prince of Wales, (Frederick Louis, ; 31 January 170731 March 1751), was the eldest son and heir apparent of King George II of Great Britain. He grew estranged from his parents, King George and Caroline of Ansbach, Queen Caroline. Frederick was the father of King George III.
Under the Act of Settlement 1701, Act of Settlement passed by the English Parliament in 1701, Frederick was fourth in the line of succession to the British throne at birth, after his great-grandmother Sophia of Hanover, Sophia, Dowager Electress of Hanover; his grandfather George I of Great Britain, George, Elector of Hanover; and his father, George, Electoral Prince of Hanover. The Elector ascended the British throne in 1714. After his grandfather died and his father became king in 1727, Frederick moved to Great Britain and was created Prince of Wales in 1729. He predeceased his father, however, and upon the latter's death in 1760, the throne passed to Frederick's eldest son, George III.
Prince Frederick Louis was born on in Hanover, Holy Roman Empire (Germany), as Duke Friedrich Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, to Caroline of Ansbach and George II of Great Britain, Prince George, son of George I of Great Britain, George, Elector of Hanover. The Elector was also one of Frederick's two godfathers, as well as the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI and I and first cousin once removed and heir presumptive to Queen Anne of Great Britain. However, Sophia died before Anne, in June 1714 when aged 83, which elevated the Elector to heir-presumptive; Queen Anne died on 1 August the same year, and Sophia's son became George I of Great Britain, King George I. This made Frederick's father first-in-line to the British throne and Frederick himself second-in-line. Frederick's other godfather was his grand-uncle Frederick I of Prussia, Frederick I, King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia. Frederick was nicknamed "Griff" within the family.
In the year of Anne's death and the coronation of George I, Frederick's parents, George, Prince of Wales (later George II of Great Britain, George II), and Caroline of Ansbach, were called upon to leave Hanover for Great Britain when Frederick was only seven years old. He was left in the care of his grand-uncle Ernest, Duke of York and Albany, Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, and did not see his parents again for 14 years.
In 1722, Frederick was inoculated against smallpox by Charles Maitland (physician), Charles Maitland on the instructions of his mother, Caroline. His grandfather George I created him Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely,''London Gazette'' — creation as Prince of Wales
/ref> Earl of Eltham in the county of Kent, Viscount of Launceston in the county of Cornwall, and Baron of Snaudon in the county of Carnarvon, on 26 July 1726.''London Gazette'' — creation as Duke of Edinburgh
/ref> The latter two titles have been interpreted differently since: the ''of''s are omitted and ''Snaudon'' rendered as ''Snowdon''. Frederick arrived in Great Britain in 1728, the year after his father had become George II of Great Britain, King George II. By then, George and Caroline had had several younger children, and Frederick, himself now Prince of Wales, was a high-spirited young man fond of drinking, gambling and women. The long separation had damaged the relationship with his parents, and they would never be close to him. 1728 also saw the foundation of Fredericksburg, Virginia, which was named after himhis other namesakes are Prince Frederick, Maryland (1722), Fort William Henry (Pemaquid Beach, Maine), Fort Frederick, Maine (1729–30), Fort Frederick Heritage Preserve, Fort Frederick, South Carolina (1730–34), Fort Frederick (Albany), Fort Frederick, New York (completed 1735), and Fort Frederica National Monument, Fort Frederica, Georgia (founded 1736); while Fort Frederick State Park, Fort Frederick, Maryland, Point Frederick (Kingston, Ontario), Point Frederick, Ontario, Fort Frederick (Kingston, Ontario), Fort Frederick, Ontario and Fort Frederick (Saint John, New Brunswick), Fort Frederick, New Brunswick were also named after him posthumously.
The motives for the ill-feeling between Frederick and his parents may have included the fact that he had been set up by his grandfather, even as a small child, as the representative of the House of Hanover, and was used to presiding over official occasions in the absence of his parents. He was not permitted to go to Great Britain until after his father took the throne as George II of Great Britain, George II on 11 June 1727. Frederick had continued to be known as Prince Friedrich Ludwig of Hanover (with his British HRH style) even after his father had been created Prince of Wales.
Frederick was created Prince of Wales on 7 January 1728.Prince of Wales: Previous princes
Unlike the king, Frederick was a knowledgeable amateur of painting, patronising immigrant artists such as Jacopo Amigoni and Jean-Baptiste van Loo, who painted the portraits of the prince and his consort for Frederick's champion William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath. The list of other artists whom he employed—Philippe Mercier, John Wootton, George Knapton and the engraver Joseph Goupy—represents some of the principal painters of the English Rococo. The prince was also crucially important for furthering the popularity of the Roccoco style in the decorative arts, with a clear predilection for French Huguenot craftsmen, patronising silversmiths such as Nicolas Sprimont (1713–1771), ''toyshop'' owners like Paul Bertrand, together with carvers and gilders, the most notable being Paul Petit (1729–c. 1756) who first worked for the prince on William Kent's Palladian architecture, neo-Palladian Prince Frederick's Barge, state barge of 1732, which is still preserved in the National Maritime Museum. Petit worked on a handful of magnificent trophy frames in the Roccoco style for Frederick which are among the most significant remaining testaments to the prince's patronage of the decorative arts. One frame made in 1748 for his namesake cousin Frederick the Great of Prussia, was especially lavish and represented the esteem in which the prince held his cousin, suggesting the prince identified with Frederick the Great's style of enlightened rule, over that of his own father George II of Great Britain, George II. Petit's frame contained a portrait of Frederick the Great painted by Antoine Pesne, Antoine Pense, and remains today in the Royal Collection, British Royal Collection.
None of Frederick's homes are now left standing except for the country residence of Cliveden, which is in a much altered state. His London houses of Norfolk House, Carlton House, Leicester House, Westminster, Leicester House and Kew Palace#George II's children, Kew House or the White House have all been demolished.
Quickly accumulating large debts, Frederick relied for an income on his wealthy friend George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, George Bubb Dodington. The prince's father refused to make him a financial allowance of the size that the prince considered should have been his. Frederick's public opposition to his father's government continued; he opposed the unpopular Gin Act 1736, which tried to control the Gin Craze. Frederick applied to Parliament for an increased financial allowance, and public disagreement over the payment of the money drove a further wedge between parents and son. Frederick's allowance was raised, but by less than he had asked for.
In June 1737, Frederick informed his parents that Augusta was pregnant, and was due to give birth in October. In fact, Augusta's due date was earlier and in July the Prince, on discovering that his wife had gone into labour, sneaked her out of Hampton Court Palace in the middle of the night, to ensure that the King and Queen could not be present at the birth. George and Caroline were horrified. Traditionally, royal births were witnessed by members of the family and senior courtiers to guard against supposititious children, and Augusta had been forced by her husband to ride in a rattling carriage while heavily pregnant and in pain. With a party including two of her daughters and John, Lord Hervey, Lord Hervey, the Queen raced over to St James's Palace, where Frederick had taken Augusta. Caroline was relieved to discover that Augusta had given birth to a "poor, ugly little she-mouse" rather than a "large, fat, healthy boy" which made a supposititious child unlikely, since the baby was so pitiful.Van der Kiste, p. 157 The circumstances of the birth deepened the estrangement between mother and son.
Frederick was banished from the king's court, and a rival court grew up at Frederick's new residence, Leicester House, Westminster, Leicester House, where his father and mother had themselves lived after becoming estranged from George I. His mother fell fatally ill at the end of the year, but the king refused Frederick permission to see her. Frederick became a devoted family man, taking his wife and children to live in the countryside at Cliveden, where he fished, shot and rowed. In 1742, Robert Walpole left office and the realignment of the government led to a reconciliation between father and son, as Frederick's friends gained influence.
After the Jacobite Rising of 1745, Frederick met Flora MacDonald (Scottish Jacobite), Flora MacDonald, who had been imprisoned in the Tower of London for aiding the escape of the Rising's leader Charles Edward Stuart, and helped to secure her eventual release. In 1747, Frederick rejoined the political opposition, and the king responded by dissolving Parliament. In the subsequent 1747 British general election, early general election, Frederick's Patriot Whigs, allies lost.
"Here lies poor Fred who was alive and is dead,
Had it been his father I had much rather,
Had it been his sister nobody would have missed her,
Had it been his brother, still better than another,
Had it been the whole generation, so much better for the nation,
But since it is Fred who was alive and is dead,
There is no more to be said!"
p. 41
/ref>
Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales
at the National Portrait Gallery, London, National Portrait Gallery, London , - , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Frederick of Wales, Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707 births 1751 deaths 18th-century German dramatists and playwrights 18th-century British dramatists and playwrights British patrons of the arts Burials at Westminster Abbey Chancellors of the University of Dublin Cricket patrons Dukes of Cornwall Dukes of Edinburgh Dukes of Rothesay Peers of Great Britain created by George I English cricketers of 1701 to 1786 English cricketers Heirs apparent who never acceded Heirs to the British throne House of Hanover Knights of the Garter Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain Nobility from Hanover Princes of Wales Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England High Stewards of Scotland 18th-century philanthropists British princes Children of George II of Great Britain
Early life
Prince Frederick Louis was born on in Hanover, Holy Roman Empire (Germany), as Duke Friedrich Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, to Caroline of Ansbach and George II of Great Britain, Prince George, son of George I of Great Britain, George, Elector of Hanover. The Elector was also one of Frederick's two godfathers, as well as the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI and I and first cousin once removed and heir presumptive to Queen Anne of Great Britain. However, Sophia died before Anne, in June 1714 when aged 83, which elevated the Elector to heir-presumptive; Queen Anne died on 1 August the same year, and Sophia's son became George I of Great Britain, King George I. This made Frederick's father first-in-line to the British throne and Frederick himself second-in-line. Frederick's other godfather was his grand-uncle Frederick I of Prussia, Frederick I, King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia. Frederick was nicknamed "Griff" within the family.
In the year of Anne's death and the coronation of George I, Frederick's parents, George, Prince of Wales (later George II of Great Britain, George II), and Caroline of Ansbach, were called upon to leave Hanover for Great Britain when Frederick was only seven years old. He was left in the care of his grand-uncle Ernest, Duke of York and Albany, Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, and did not see his parents again for 14 years.
In 1722, Frederick was inoculated against smallpox by Charles Maitland (physician), Charles Maitland on the instructions of his mother, Caroline. His grandfather George I created him Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely,''London Gazette'' — creation as Prince of Wales/ref> Earl of Eltham in the county of Kent, Viscount of Launceston in the county of Cornwall, and Baron of Snaudon in the county of Carnarvon, on 26 July 1726.''London Gazette'' — creation as Duke of Edinburgh
/ref> The latter two titles have been interpreted differently since: the ''of''s are omitted and ''Snaudon'' rendered as ''Snowdon''. Frederick arrived in Great Britain in 1728, the year after his father had become George II of Great Britain, King George II. By then, George and Caroline had had several younger children, and Frederick, himself now Prince of Wales, was a high-spirited young man fond of drinking, gambling and women. The long separation had damaged the relationship with his parents, and they would never be close to him. 1728 also saw the foundation of Fredericksburg, Virginia, which was named after himhis other namesakes are Prince Frederick, Maryland (1722), Fort William Henry (Pemaquid Beach, Maine), Fort Frederick, Maine (1729–30), Fort Frederick Heritage Preserve, Fort Frederick, South Carolina (1730–34), Fort Frederick (Albany), Fort Frederick, New York (completed 1735), and Fort Frederica National Monument, Fort Frederica, Georgia (founded 1736); while Fort Frederick State Park, Fort Frederick, Maryland, Point Frederick (Kingston, Ontario), Point Frederick, Ontario, Fort Frederick (Kingston, Ontario), Fort Frederick, Ontario and Fort Frederick (Saint John, New Brunswick), Fort Frederick, New Brunswick were also named after him posthumously.
Prince of Wales
The motives for the ill-feeling between Frederick and his parents may have included the fact that he had been set up by his grandfather, even as a small child, as the representative of the House of Hanover, and was used to presiding over official occasions in the absence of his parents. He was not permitted to go to Great Britain until after his father took the throne as George II of Great Britain, George II on 11 June 1727. Frederick had continued to be known as Prince Friedrich Ludwig of Hanover (with his British HRH style) even after his father had been created Prince of Wales.
Frederick was created Prince of Wales on 7 January 1728.Prince of Wales: Previous princesPatron of the arts
A permanent result of Frederick's patronage of the arts is "Rule, Britannia!", one of the best-known British patriotic songs. It was composed by the English composer Thomas Arne with words written by the Scottish poet and playwright James Thomson (poet, born 1700), James Thomson as part of the masque ''Alfred (Arne opera), Alfred'', which was first performed on 1 August 1740 at Cliveden. Thomas Arne was also one of Frederick's favourite artists. A masque linking the prince with both the Saxon hero-king Alfred the Great's victories over the Vikings and with the contemporary issue of building up British sea power accorded well with Frederick's political plans and aspirations. Later, the song gained a life of its own outside of the masque. Thomson, who supported the Prince of Wales politically, also dedicated an earlier work dedicated to him: ''Liberty'' (1734).
Unlike the king, Frederick was a knowledgeable amateur of painting, patronising immigrant artists such as Jacopo Amigoni and Jean-Baptiste van Loo, who painted the portraits of the prince and his consort for Frederick's champion William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath. The list of other artists whom he employed—Philippe Mercier, John Wootton, George Knapton and the engraver Joseph Goupy—represents some of the principal painters of the English Rococo. The prince was also crucially important for furthering the popularity of the Roccoco style in the decorative arts, with a clear predilection for French Huguenot craftsmen, patronising silversmiths such as Nicolas Sprimont (1713–1771), ''toyshop'' owners like Paul Bertrand, together with carvers and gilders, the most notable being Paul Petit (1729–c. 1756) who first worked for the prince on William Kent's Palladian architecture, neo-Palladian Prince Frederick's Barge, state barge of 1732, which is still preserved in the National Maritime Museum. Petit worked on a handful of magnificent trophy frames in the Roccoco style for Frederick which are among the most significant remaining testaments to the prince's patronage of the decorative arts. One frame made in 1748 for his namesake cousin Frederick the Great of Prussia, was especially lavish and represented the esteem in which the prince held his cousin, suggesting the prince identified with Frederick the Great's style of enlightened rule, over that of his own father George II of Great Britain, George II. Petit's frame contained a portrait of Frederick the Great painted by Antoine Pesne, Antoine Pense, and remains today in the Royal Collection, British Royal Collection.
None of Frederick's homes are now left standing except for the country residence of Cliveden, which is in a much altered state. His London houses of Norfolk House, Carlton House, Leicester House, Westminster, Leicester House and Kew Palace#George II's children, Kew House or the White House have all been demolished.
Domestic life
Negotiations between George II and his first cousin and brother-in-law Frederick William I of Prussia on a proposed marriage between the Prince of Wales and Frederick William's daughter Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Wilhelmine were welcomed by Frederick even though the couple had never met. George II was not keen on the proposal but continued talks for diplomatic reasons. Frustrated by the delay, Frederick sent an envoy of his own to the Prussian court. When George II discovered the plan, he immediately arranged for Frederick to leave Hanover for England. The marriage negotiations foundered when Frederick William demanded that Frederick be made Regent in Hanover. Frederick also almost married Diana Russell, Duchess of Bedford, Lady Diana Spencer, daughter of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland and Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland (1683–1716), Lady Anne Churchill. Lady Diana was the favourite grandchild of the powerful Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. The duchess sought a royal alliance by marrying Lady Diana to the Prince of Wales with a massive dowry of £100,000. The prince, who was in great debt, agreed to the proposal, but the plan was vetoed by Robert Walpole and the king. Lady Diana soon married John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford. Although in his youth he was a spendthrift and womaniser, Frederick settled down following his marriage to the sixteen-year-old Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha on 27 April 1736. The wedding was held at the Chapel Royal#St James's Palace, Chapel Royal at St James's Palace, presided over by Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London and Dean of the Chapel Royal. George Frideric Handel, Handel provided the new anthem 'Sing Unto God/Anthem for the Wedding of Frederick, Prince of Wales, Sing unto God' for the service, and the wedding was also marked in London by two rival operas, Handel's ''Atalanta (opera), Atalanta'' and Nicola Porpora, Porpora's ''La festa d'Imeneo'' In May 1736, George II returned to Hanover, which resulted in unpopularity in England; a satirical notice was even pinned to the gates of St James's Palace decrying his absence. "Lost or strayed out of this house", it read, "a man who has left a wife and six children on the parish." The King made plans to return, in the face of inclement weather; when his ship was caught in a storm, gossip swept London that he had drowned. Eventually, in January 1737, he arrived back in England. Immediately he fell ill, with piles and a fever, and withdrew to his bed. The Prince of Wales put it about that the King was dying, with the result that George insisted on getting up and attending a social event to disprove the gossip-mongers.
Quickly accumulating large debts, Frederick relied for an income on his wealthy friend George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, George Bubb Dodington. The prince's father refused to make him a financial allowance of the size that the prince considered should have been his. Frederick's public opposition to his father's government continued; he opposed the unpopular Gin Act 1736, which tried to control the Gin Craze. Frederick applied to Parliament for an increased financial allowance, and public disagreement over the payment of the money drove a further wedge between parents and son. Frederick's allowance was raised, but by less than he had asked for.
In June 1737, Frederick informed his parents that Augusta was pregnant, and was due to give birth in October. In fact, Augusta's due date was earlier and in July the Prince, on discovering that his wife had gone into labour, sneaked her out of Hampton Court Palace in the middle of the night, to ensure that the King and Queen could not be present at the birth. George and Caroline were horrified. Traditionally, royal births were witnessed by members of the family and senior courtiers to guard against supposititious children, and Augusta had been forced by her husband to ride in a rattling carriage while heavily pregnant and in pain. With a party including two of her daughters and John, Lord Hervey, Lord Hervey, the Queen raced over to St James's Palace, where Frederick had taken Augusta. Caroline was relieved to discover that Augusta had given birth to a "poor, ugly little she-mouse" rather than a "large, fat, healthy boy" which made a supposititious child unlikely, since the baby was so pitiful.Van der Kiste, p. 157 The circumstances of the birth deepened the estrangement between mother and son.
Frederick was banished from the king's court, and a rival court grew up at Frederick's new residence, Leicester House, Westminster, Leicester House, where his father and mother had themselves lived after becoming estranged from George I. His mother fell fatally ill at the end of the year, but the king refused Frederick permission to see her. Frederick became a devoted family man, taking his wife and children to live in the countryside at Cliveden, where he fished, shot and rowed. In 1742, Robert Walpole left office and the realignment of the government led to a reconciliation between father and son, as Frederick's friends gained influence.
After the Jacobite Rising of 1745, Frederick met Flora MacDonald (Scottish Jacobite), Flora MacDonald, who had been imprisoned in the Tower of London for aiding the escape of the Rising's leader Charles Edward Stuart, and helped to secure her eventual release. In 1747, Frederick rejoined the political opposition, and the king responded by dissolving Parliament. In the subsequent 1747 British general election, early general election, Frederick's Patriot Whigs, allies lost.
Cricket
By the time Frederick arrived in Great Britain, cricket had developed into the country's most popular team sport, and it thrived on gambling. Perhaps because he wished to anglicise and so fit in with society, Frederick developed an academic interest in cricket and soon became a genuine enthusiast. He began to make wagers and then to patronise and play the sport, even forming his own team on several occasions. The earliest mention of Frederick in cricket annals is in a contemporary report of a match on 28 September 1731 between Surrey county cricket teams, Surrey and London Cricket Club, London, played on Kennington Common. No post-match report was found despite advance promotion as "likely to be the best performance of this kind that has been seen for some time". The records show that "for the convenience of the gamesters, the ground is to be staked and roped out" – a new practice in 1731 and possibly done partly for the benefit of a royal visitor. The advertisement refers to "the whole county of Surrey" as London's opponents and states that the Prince of Wales is "expected to attend".H. T. Waghorn, ''The Dawn of Cricket'', Electric Press, 1906. In August 1732, the ''Whitehall Evening Post'' reported that Frederick attended "a great cricket match" at Kew on 27 July.G. B. Buckley, ''Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket'', Cotterell, 1935. By the 1733 season, Frederick was seriously involved in the game, in effect as a county cricketer for Surrey. He was said to have given a guinea to each player in a Surrey vs. Middlesex county cricket teams, Middlesex game at Moulsey Hurst. Then he awarded a silver cup to a combined Surrey and Middlesex team which had just beaten Kent county cricket teams, Kent, arguably the best county team at the time, at Moulsey Hurst on 1 August.H. T. Waghorn, ''Cricket Scores, Notes, etc. (1730–1773)'', Blackwood, 1899. This is the first reference in cricket history to any kind of trophy (other than hard cash) being contested. On 31 August, the Prince of Wales XI played Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet, Sir William Gage's XI on Moulsey Hurst. The result is unknown but the teams were said to be of county standard, so presumably it was in effect a Surrey vs. Sussex match.Timothy J. McCann, ''Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century'', Sussex Record Society, 2004. In the years following 1733, there are frequent references to the Prince of Wales as a patron of cricket and as an occasional player. When he died on 31 March 1751, cricket suffered a double blow as his death closely followed that of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, the game's greatest financial patron at the time. The number of top-class matches declined for several years.Death
His political ambitions unfulfilled, Frederick died at Leicester House at the age of 44 on 31 March 1751 (20 March Old style, OS). In the past this has been attributed to a burst human lung, lung abscess caused by a blow from a cricket or a real tennis ball, but it is now thought to have been from a pulmonary embolism. He was buried at Westminster Abbey on 13 April 1751. He is the most recent Prince of Wales not to have acceded to the British throne. The Prince of Wales's epigram (quoted by William Makepeace Thackeray, "Four Georges"):Titles, honours and arms
British titles
He was given the title Duke of Gloucester on 10 January 1717, but when he was raised to the peerage on 26 July 1726 it was as Duke of Edinburgh. He became Duke of Cornwall on 11 June 1727 and Prince of Wales on 8 January 1729.Honours
* 3 July 1717: Order of the Garter, Royal Knight of the GarterShaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', I, Londonp. 41
/ref>
Arms
Between his creation as Duke of Edinburgh in 1726 and his creation as Prince of Wales, he bore the arms of the kingdom, differentiated by a ''label argent of three points, the centre point bearing a cross gules''. Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales, As Prince of Wales, the difference changed to simply a ''label argent of three points''. Frederick never succeeded his father as Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire and so the red escutcheon in the centre of his Hanover quarter is empty.Family
Ancestors
Issue
References
Notes
Bibliography
* Michael De-la-Noy, ''The King Who Never Was: The Story of Frederick, Prince of Wales'', London; Chester Springs, PA: Peter Owen, 1996. * John Van der Kiste, Van der Kiste, John (1997) ''George II and Queen Caroline''. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. * John Walters, ''The Royal Griffin: Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707–51'', London: Jarrolds, 1972.External links
Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales
at the National Portrait Gallery, London, National Portrait Gallery, London , - , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Frederick of Wales, Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707 births 1751 deaths 18th-century German dramatists and playwrights 18th-century British dramatists and playwrights British patrons of the arts Burials at Westminster Abbey Chancellors of the University of Dublin Cricket patrons Dukes of Cornwall Dukes of Edinburgh Dukes of Rothesay Peers of Great Britain created by George I English cricketers of 1701 to 1786 English cricketers Heirs apparent who never acceded Heirs to the British throne House of Hanover Knights of the Garter Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain Nobility from Hanover Princes of Wales Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England High Stewards of Scotland 18th-century philanthropists British princes Children of George II of Great Britain