Fort Miami (Indiana)

Fort Miami, originally called Fort St. Philippe or Fort des Miamis, was the name of a pair of French palisade forts built at Kekionga, the principal village of the Miami. It was situated where the St. Joseph River and St. Marys River merge to form the Maumee River in Northeastern Indiana, where present day Fort Wayne is located. The first construct was a small trading post built by Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes around 1706, while the first fortified fort was finished in 1722, and the second in 1750. It is the predecessor to the Fort Wayne.

Prehistory and original settlement

Fort Miami within the village of Kekionga was one of the first posts established by the French along the Wabash- Maumee route. Some of the earliest known European contact in the area occurred in the 1690s by the French, who described the Miami controlled portage connecting the Maumee to the Wabash as the "Toll road swamp". In 1702, Vincennes was known to have began visiting the growing Miami town on behalf of New France due to its increasing significance on the trade route. The land was well received by the French in reports back, "The soil was rich, game was abundant and the weather much better than that of France." This region on the eastern border of the confluence, known as the Great Black Swamp, was situated south through southwest of Lake Erie and had grown abundant with wildlife following a long untouched period during Iroquois warfare. Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac described it as "the finest land under heaven - fishing and hunting are most abundant there". With speculation around the exact date, it is believed that Vincennes established a small post for trading in 1706.

History

French Control (1715-1760)

By 1715, English fur traders had made their way to the area and set to establish strongholds along the Wabash and Maumee river valleys.Poinsatte, 19 The English of the Carolinas pursued attempts to gain an alliance with the Miamis and pit them against the French who had founded the trading post at Kekionga a decade prior. Facing pressure, the colonial French government and Vincennes devised a plan to relocate the Miamis from the headwaters of the Maumee to the center of the St. Joseph River near present day South Bend, Indiana. However, Vincennes, whom was popular with the Miami, would soon die destroying any possibility of what had originally been a plausible plan. The Miami refused to abandon their village and move farther West away from the scheming British traders,Poinsatte, 18 so Governor Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil authorized Captain Dubuisson to build a strong fort to protect the trade routes of New France, which would be completed in 1722.

In a report to the Council of the Marine, de Vaudreuil stated:

The log fort Fort Miami which he Dubuisson had build is the finest in the upper country. It is a strong fort and safe from the savages. This post which is of considerable worth ought to have a missionary. One could be sent there in 1724 if next year the council will send the four Jesuits which I ask.

It is unlikely that this requested priest was ever sent.Poinsatte, 20

The recognized value of the fort was two-fold; Its location on the portage and confluence, which Little Turtle once described as the "glorious gate", allowed it to serve as a natural gateway to the trade route, thus allowing for a stronghold on the lucrative fur trade, while its embedment within the ally village of Kekionga offered protection from hostile tribes. The French soon militarized the post and garrisoned it with 20 to 30 soldiers. The fort paid off and the French were able to maintain a strong influence on the region, particularly due to its role in the fur trade and successful act as a counter balance to the English intrigue. This period led until 1747, when English-allied Huron warriors under Chief Nicholas found it undermanned—the commandant, Ensign Douville, and most of the soldiers were away at Fort Detroit. The fort was sacked and burned to the ground.

Upon receiving the news that the fort had been sacked, Captain Dubuisson, along with Miami chiefs Cold Foot, Porc Epic, and a force of sixty men, made haste back to Kekionga from Fort Detroit. The group returned to find the fort partially destroyed, and Dubuisson would leave Captain Charles DeRaymond in charge before returning back to Detroit. Around this time in 1749, Father de Bonnecamps described the bare and brutish conditions:

The French there number twenty-two; all of them... had the fever... there were eight houses, or to speak more correctly, eight miserable huts which only the desire of making money render endurable.Poinsatte, 29

It is possible that the uncertain friendship with the natives, plus the remoteness of the site dissuaded any other type of settlers aside from tradesmen and military. Overtime, Governor DeRaymond, dissatisfied with the state of his decaying fort, eventually chose a spot for a new fort on high ground near the left bank of the St. Joseph River. It was completed in early 1750 and is where the present St. Joe Boulevard and Delaware Avenue cross.Poinsatte, 26 Chief Cold Foot, a close friend of the French, resided in the unused buildings of the old fort, which would become the center of a Miami settlement known as Cold Foot Village.

An outbreak of smallpox would occur in the village the following winter in 1751, killing several including Cold Foot and his son.Poinsatte, 27 That same year prior to the winter, Governor DeRaymond wrote that:

My people he French tradersare leaving me for Detroit. Nobody wants to stay here and have his throat cut. All of the tribes who go to the English at Pickawillany come back loaded with gifts. I am too weak to meet the danger. Instead of twenty men, I need five hundred... The tribes here are leaguing together to kill all the French... This I am told by Cold Foot, a great Miami chief, whom I think an honest man... If the English stay in this country, we are lost. We must attack and drive them out.

DeRaymond, relieved, would be replaced by Neyon de Villers as fort commandant that year in 1751. By 1752, tensions between the pro-french and pro-british villages in the area had reached a boiling point when English trader, John Pathin, was captured in the fort. New York Governor George Clinton demanded an explanation of the capture, to which the French colonial Governor Marquis de la Jonquière shot back:

The English, far from confining themselves within the limits of the King of Great Britain's possessions, not satisfied with multiplying themselves more and more on Rock River... have more than that proceeded within sight of Detroit, even unto the fort of the Miamis... John of Detroit, an inhabitant of Willensten, has been arrested in the French fort of the Miamis by M. de Villiers, commandant of that post... he entered the fort of the Miamis to persuade the Indians who remainder, to unite with those who have fled to the beautiful river Ohio]. He has been taken in the French fort. Nothing more is necessary.Poinsatte, 28

Shortly thereafter in 1752, two soldiers were caught outside the fort and scalped by "La Demoiselle's savages" from the nearby breakaway English post Pickawillany.Allison, 25

In November 1760, at the close of the French and Indian War, the French garrison formally surrendered Fort Miami to Ensign Holmes of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Forts without a Garrison, British Influence (1761-1794)

In 1763, during Pontiac's Rebellion, the British lost control of the fort after commander Holmes was lured outside by his Miami mistress and immediately shot and killed by a group of Miami waiting for him. The nine man garrison surrendered after the fort became surrounded. From this point forward, no active garrison would exist at the fort for the next three decades and its population would be described as a varied mix of English and French traders, rebellious frontiersmen and defiant natives.Poinsatte, 33 Around this time in 1765, famous trader George Croghan rode the Wabash all the way up to Kekionga providing a critical account:

The Twightwee village he English called the Miamis "twightwees"is situated on both sides of a river called St. Joseph. This river where it falls into the Miami aumeeriver about a quarter of a mile from this place is one hundred yards wide, on the east side of which stands a stockade fort, somewhat ruinous. The Indian village consists of about forty or fifty cabins, besides nine or ten French houses, a runaway colony from Detroit during the late Indian war; they were concerned in it, and being afraid of punishment came to this post, where ever since they have spirited up the Indians against the English. All the French residing here a lazy indolent people. Fond of breeding mischief... and should by no means be suffered to remain here... The country is pleasant, the soil rich and well watered.

In 1772, Sir William Johnson, suggested to the British government the idea of reoccupying Fort Miami for importance it held. Tensions between inhabitants of the fort and the British had cooled, and they were thefore willling to accept friendship with the English. In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, it was placed under strict supervision by British Officer Jacques LaSalle, whose duties were to check passports of travelers coming from down from Detroit to the Wabash or Ohio, and to ensure that the natives remained allied with the British.Poinsatte, 34

In 1780, it was sacked yet again by a force under Augustin de La Balme, a French cavalry officer who came to the new United States of America to assist with the war. The force raided the stores, but was soon destroyed by Miami Chief Little Turtle, in what would become known as La Balme's Defeat near Eel River, and the goods were returned.Fort Wayne: History
/ref> The coalition at Kekionga remained true to their British allies even after the area was ceded to the United States at the close of the war. It therefore became a target of American armies, leading to several noteworthy Indian victories and conflicts as part of the Northwest Indian War. One such battle, Hardin's Defeat (1790), occurred within sight of the fort.

The Northwest Indian War ended in 1794 with the Battle of Fallen Timbers, where General Anthony Wayne finally achieved an American victory near present day Maumee, Ohio. Following the victory, Wayne and his troops marched for two days from Fort Defiance to Kekionga where he commissioned Captain Jean François Hamtramck to build Fort Wayne; the fort which gave the name to the settlement and would later become the modern city of Fort Wayne, Indiana.

See also

* Fort Wayne (fort)
* Kekionga

Notes

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fort Miami, Indiana
Miami
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Buildings and structures in Fort Wayne, Indiana
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