Formica

''Formica'' is a genus of ants of the family Formicidae, commonly known as wood ants, mound ants, thatching ants, and field ants. ''Formica'' is the type genus of the Formicidae, and of the subfamily Formicinae. The type species of genus ''Formica'' is the European red wood ant ''Formica rufa''. Ants of this genus tend to be between 4 and 8 mm long.

Habitat

As the name wood ant implies, many ''Formica'' species live in wooded areas where no shortage of material exists with which they can thatch their mounds (often called anthills). One shade-tolerant species is '' F. lugubris''. However, sunlight is important to most ''Formica'' species, and colonies rarely survive for any considerable period in deeply shaded, dense woodland. The majority of species, especially outside the ''F. rufa'' species group, are inhabitants of more open woodlands or treeless grassland or shrubland. In North America, at least, these habitats had a long history of frequent landscape-scale fires that kept them open before European settlement. Conversion to agriculture and fire suppression have reduced the abundance of most American ''Formica'' species, while the cessation of traditional haycutting seems to have had the same effect in Europe. However, at least a few ''Formica'' species may be found in a wide range of habitats from cities to seasides to grasslands to swamps to forests of the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

In more suburban landscapes, they tend to nest near structures such as sidewalks, fences, or building foundations.

Nests

Mound-building, forest-dwelling ''Formica'' species groups such as '' F. rufa'' often have a considerable effect on their environments. They maintain large populations of aphids on the secretions of which they feed, and which the ants defend from other predators. They also prey on other insects. In fact, in many countries, they are introduced in forests to control tree pests, such as swains jack pine sawfly and eastern tent caterpillars in North America. The effects of mound-building grassland species such as '' F. montana'' are not well-studied, but their local abundance, conspicuous mound-building, and very frequent association with aphids and membracids point to a comparably important ecological role.

''Formica'' nests are of many different types from simple shaft-and-chamber excavations in soil with a small crater or turret of soil above to large mounds, under stones or logs, or in stumps. None is arboreal. The genus is abundant in both the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Due to their relatively large size and diurnal activity, they are among the more commonly seen ants in northern North America. Some species, including '' F. rufa'', which is common in Southern England, make large, visible thatch nests of dry plant stems, leaves, or conifer needles, usually based around a rotting stump.

Most ''Formica'' species are polygynous (have multiple queens per colony), and some are polydomous (have multiple nests belonging to the same colony). Queens may be singly or multiply mated, and may or may not be related. '' Formica polyctena'' has polygynous colonies.

Wood ants typically secrete formic acid; '' F. rufa'' can squirt the acid from its acidopore several feet if alarmed, a habit which may have given rise to the archaic term for ant, "pismire", and by analogy its American equivalent "piss-ant". They can be relatively large; '' F. rufa'' workers can reach a maximum length around 10 mm. The eastern US species '' F. dolosa'' and the western '' F. ravida'' (syn. ''F. haemorrhoidalis'') may be slightly longer.

Social characteristics

Ants are eusocial organisms – the individuals of the species work together to survive, produce the next generation, and accomplish tasks which cannot be accomplished alone. Unlike other ants, the genus ''Formica'' does not have separate castes, which are based on an individual's specialization and morphology. For example, '' F. selysi'', a species native to floodplains, has developed a method to deal with flooding. Individual ants come together to form a living raft to survive the flood. Individual ants tend to take the position in the raft which they held in the past. This return to the same role in the raft is an example of specialization.

Social parasitism

''Formica'' ants are notable for their socially parasitic behaviors. The three categories are:

*In the '' F. exsecta'' and '' F. rufa-microgyna'' groups, virgin queens cannot start colonies on their own, but invade colonies of other groups and by various processes eventually oust the host queen and have the host workers help them raise their own brood. Eventually, the colony consists of only the invading queen's offspring. This is called temporary social parasitism.
*In the '' F. sanguinea'' group, colonies are started as above, but in some species, workers raid colonies of other groups for new workers to act as a work force. '' F. sanguinea'' performs this behavior.
Some species of this group need to do this to survive, for others it is optional.
*The '' F. pallidefulva, F. neogagates'', and '' F. fusca'' groups are those most often parasitized by the above groups. They are also captured as workforce by ants of the genus ''Polyergus''. The evolution of this behavior is believed ultimately to have been derived from the common habit of many ''Formica'' species of adopting recently mated queens into established colonies. Indeed, in many of the socially parasitic species that do not raid other species, this "secondary polygyny" is common.

Species

, ''Formica'' contains at least 290 extant species and 59 extinct species.

Species include:''Formica'' species list.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

* ''Formica aquilonia'' Yarrow, 1955
* '' Formica biamoensis'' Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva, 2015
* '' Formica cinerea'' Mayr, 1853
* '' Formica creightoni'' Buren, 1968
* ''Formica cunicularia'' Latreille, 1798
* ''Formica dirksi''
* ''Formica exsecta'' Nylander
* '' Formica exsectoides''
* '' Formica fusca'' Linnaeus, 1758 (''F.'' (''Serviformica'') ''fusca'')
* ''Formica gagatoides'' Ruzsky, 1904
* ''Formica incerta'' Emery, 1893
* '' Formica japonica'' Motschoulsky, 1866
* '' Formica lemani'' Bondroit
* '' Formica lugubris'' Zetterstedt, 1838
* '' Formica obscuripes'' Forel, 1886
* ''Formica pacifica''
* '' Formica paleosibirica'' Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva, 2015
* '' Formica pallidefulva'' Latreille, 1802
* '' Formica podzolica''
* '' Formica polyctena''
* '' Formica pratensis'' Retzius
* ''Formica rufa'' Linnaeus, 1761
* ''Formica rufibarbis'' Fabricius, 1793
* '' Formica sanguinea''
* ''Formica subintegra'' Wheeler, 1908
* '' Formica subsericea''
* ''Formica talbotae'' Wilson, 1977
* '' Formica transkaucasica'' Nasonov
* '' Formica truncorum'' Fabricius, 1804
* '' Formica uralensis'' Ruzsky, 1895

References

Further reading

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External links

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Ant genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus