Florent Schmitt (; 28 September 187017 August 1958) was a French composer. He was part of the group known as Les Apaches. His most famous pieces are ''La tragédie de Salome'' and ''Psaume XLVII'' (

Psalm 47 Psalm 47 is the 47th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "O clap your hands". The Book of Psalms is the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the slightly diff ...

). He has been described as "one of the most fascinating of France's lesser-known classical composers".

Biography

Early life and career

Born in

Meurthe-et-Moselle Meurthe-et-Moselle () is a department in the Grand Est region of France, named after the rivers Meurthe and Moselle. It had a population of 733,760 in 2019.Nancy with the local composer Gustave Sandré. At the age of 19 he entered the

Paris Conservatoire The Conservatoire de Paris (), also known as the Paris Conservatory, is a college of music and dance founded in 1795. Officially known as the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris (CNSMDP), it is situated in the avenue ...

, where he studied with Gabriel Fauré, Jules Massenet,

Théodore Dubois Clément François Théodore Dubois (24 August 1837 – 11 June 1924) was a French Romantic composer, organist, and music teacher. After study at the Paris Conservatoire, Dubois won France's premier musical prize, the Prix de Rome in 1861. He bec ...

, and

Albert Lavignac Alexandre Jean Albert Lavignac (21 January 1846 – 28 May 1916) was a French music scholar, known for his essays on theory, and a minor composer. Biography Lavignac was born in Paris and studied with Antoine François Marmontel, François Benoi ...

. In 1900 he won the

Prix de Rome The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them t ...

. During the 1890s he became friendly with

Frederick Delius Delius, photographed in 1907 Frederick Theodore Albert Delius ( 29 January 1862 – 10 June 1934), originally Fritz Delius, was an English composer. Born in Bradford in the north of England to a prosperous mercantile family, he resisted atte ...

, who was living in Paris at the time, and Schmitt prepared vocal scores for four of Delius's operas: '' Irmelin'', ''The Magic Fountain'', '' Koanga'' and '' A Village Romeo and Juliet''. From 1929 to 1939 Schmitt worked as a music critic for ''

Le Temps ''Le Temps'' ( literally "The Time") is a Swiss French-language daily newspaper published in Berliner format in Geneva by Le Temps SA. It is the sole nationwide French-language non-specialised daily newspaper of Switzerland. Since 2021, it has ...

'', where he proved controversial. He was known to shout out his views from his seat in the hall. The music publisher Heugel called him "an irresponsible lunatic". In November 1933, at a concert that included music by Kurt Weill, who had just been forced to leave Germany and was present, Schmitt led a group in shouting "Vive Hitler!", as reported by a communist journal.

Later life

Though he was one of the most often performed French composers during the first four decades of the 20th century, and though he never stopped composing, Schmitt's works fell into comparative neglect. In 1952 he was admitted to the ''

Légion d'honneur The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...

''. He became the subject of attacks — both in his last years and posthumously — because of his sympathies towards the actions of the

Nazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...

party in the early 1930s and over his willingness to work for the

Vichy Vichy (, ; ; oc, Vichèi, link=no, ) is a city in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais. It is a spa and resort town and in World War II was the capital of ...

regime in the 1940s, as had other eminent French musicians, notably Alfred Cortot and Joseph Canteloube. Schmitt's early career was later re-examined in association with Sir

Thomas Beecham Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet, Order of the Companions of Honour, CH (29 April 18798 March 1961) was an English conductor and impresario best known for his association with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Philharmonic and the Roya ...

's biography of English composer

. Beecham, Thomas. ''Frederick Delius''. London: Hutchinson, 1959. Beecham had known Delius in his Paris daysthe friend of

August Strindberg Johan August Strindberg (, ; 22 January 184914 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter.Lane (1998), 1040. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg wrote more than sixty p ...

Paul Gauguin Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (, ; ; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of colour and Synthetist style that were distinct fr ...

, Edvard Munch and other figures of the time.Beecham, Thomas. ''Frederick Delius''. London: Severn House, 1975, Revised edition with a new introduction by Felix Aprahamian. Assisting Sir Thomas Beecham, Felix Aprahamian identified Florent Schmitt as having been one of Delius's few French musician-friends. Schmitt was probably the last to remember ''Le grand Anglais'' of the

Latin Quarter The Latin Quarter of Paris (french: Quartier latin, ) is an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements of Paris. It is situated on the left bank of the Seine, around the Sorbonne. Known for its student life, lively atmosphere, and bistro ...

, as Delius had been known. In 1956, Aprahamian arranged for Schmitt to meet Sir Thomas in England. On the occasion of his visit, Ralph Vaughan Williams telephoned to say that he had not met Florent Schmitt since before the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, when he had been a pupil of

Ravel Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with Impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composers rejected the term. In ...

's in Paris, and would like to see him. This precipitated a reunion of the two composers after a half-century. Afterwards, Schmitt travelled with Aprahamian to the Abbey Road Studios where Sir Thomas was then engaged in a recording project. Although it had been his express wish to interview him, all Sir Thomas could do was to greet Schmitt briefly, shake him by the hand, and pass on down the corridor. Schmitt brushed off the encounter casually saying, "Il était toujours un homme curieux. (He was always a curious man.)" Two years later, when Aprahamian saw Schmitt again, at the 1958 Strasbourg Music Festival, he (Schmitt) was already seriously ill. He had journeyed there only to hear Charles Munch conduct the premiere of his Second Symphony. A few months later Schmitt died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, aged 87. Aprahamian's recollections of his encounters with Florent Schmitt were later included in his introduction to the revised edition ( Severn House, 1975) of Beecham's biography of Frederick Delius ( Hutchinson, 1959). This introduction was reprinted by th
Delius Society
on the 50th anniversary of Beecham's biography. Aprahamian, Felix. "A Promise Fulfilled."
Delius Society Journal
'' 147, Spring (2010): 60-61.

Music

Schmitt wrote 138 works with

opus number In musicology, the opus number is the "work number" that is assigned to a musical composition, or to a set of compositions, to indicate the chronological order of the composer's production. Opus numbers are used to distinguish among composit ...

s. He composed examples of most of the major forms of music, except for

opera Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a libr ...

. His

Piano Quintet In classical music, a piano quintet is a work of chamber music written for piano and four other instruments, most commonly a string quartet (i.e., two violins, viola, and cello). The term also refers to the group of musicians that plays a pian ...

in B minor, written in 1908, helped establish his reputation. Other works include a

violin sonata A violin sonata is a musical composition for violin, often accompanied by a keyboard instrument and in earlier periods with a bass instrument doubling the keyboard bass line. The violin sonata developed from a simple baroque form with no fixed fo ...

(''Sonate Libre''), a late string quartet, a saxophone quartet,''"Florent Schmitt", in '' Sax, Mule & Co'',

Jean-Pierre Thiollet Jean-Pierre Thiollet (; born 9 December 1956) is a French writer and journalist. Primarily living in Paris, he is the author of numerous books and one of the national leaders of the European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (CEDI), a ...

, Paris: H & D, 2004, pp. 175-176 ''Dionysiaques'' for

wind band A concert band, also called a wind band, wind ensemble, wind symphony, wind orchestra, symphonic band, the symphonic winds, or symphonic wind ensemble, is a performing ensemble consisting of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion famil ...

, two symphonies as well as several piano cycles such as ''Crépuscules'', ''Ombres'' and ''Mirages''. He was part of the group known as Les Apaches. His own style, recognizably impressionistic, owed something to the example of

Debussy (Achille) Claude Debussy (; 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first Impressionist composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most influential composers of the ...

, though it had distinct traces of

Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most op ...

and Richard Strauss also. In 1907 Schmitt composed a ballet, ''La tragédie de Salomé'', to a commission from Jacques Rouché for

Loie Fuller Loie Fuller (born Marie Louise Fuller; January 15, 1862 – January 1, 1928), also known as Louie Fuller and Loïe Fuller, was an American actress and dancer who was a pioneer of both modern dance and theatrical lighting techniques. Career Bor ...

and the Théâtre des Arts. The original ballet score required twenty instruments and lasted about an hour, In 1910 Schmitt prepared a suite using several of the ballet's movement, half as long as the ballet score, for a much expanded orchestra. The suite is much better-known, with recordings conducted by Schmitt himself,

Paul Paray Paul Marie-Adolphe Charles Paray () (24 May 1886 – 10 October 1979) was a French conductor, organist and composer. He was the resident conductor of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra from 1952 until 1963. Early life and education Paul Paray was ...

Jean Martinon Jean Francisque-Étienne Martinon (usually known simply as Jean Martinon (); 10 January 19101 March 1976) was a French conductor and composer. Biography Martinon was born in Lyon, where he began his education, going on to the Conservatoire ...

, Antonio de Almeida,

Marek Janowski Marek Janowski (born 18 February 1939 in Warsaw) is a Polish-born German conductor. He is currently chief conductor of the Dresden Philharmonic. Childhood Janowski grew up in Wuppertal, near Cologne, after his mother traveled there at the st ...

and others. There is also a recording of the 1907 original score under

Patrick Davin Patrick Davin (16 February 1962 – 9 September 2020) was a Belgian orchestra conductor. Biography Davin began studying violin at the Académie de Huy, then at the Royal Conservatory of Liège, where he took courses in violin, piano, harmonics, ...

on the Marco Polo label. The rhythmic syncopations, polyrhythms, percussively treated chords, bitonality, and scoring of Schmitt's work anticipate Stravinsky's ''

The Rite of Spring , image = Roerich Rite of Spring.jpg , image_size = 350px , caption = Concept design for act 1, part of Nicholas Roerich's designs for Diaghilev's 1913 production of ' , composer = Igor Stravinsky , based_on ...

''. While composing ''The Rite of Spring'', Stravinsky acknowledged that Schmitt's ballet gave him greater joy than any work he had heard in a long time, but the two composers fell out in later years, and Stravinsky reversed his opinion of Schmitt's works. Schmitt was one of the ten French composers who each, in 1927, contributed a dance for the children's ballet '' L'éventail de Jeanne''. Schmitt wrote the finale, a ''Kermesse-Valse''. Other works include the suite for orchestra "Oriane et le Prince d'Amour", Op. 83 bis (1934), the symphonic diptych to the memory of Gabriel Faure "In Memoriam", Op. 72 (1937), the "Ronde Burlesque", Op. 78 (1927), the "Legende pour alto et orchestre", Op. 66 (1918), and the orchestral fresco "Anthony and Cleopatra" (1920). The 1990s and 2000s witnessed a revival of his compositions, and an increased coverage of it on

compact disc The compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings. In August 1982, the first compact disc was manufactured. It was then released in Oc ...

. Beginning in late 2012, the Invencia Piano Duo (

Andrey Kasparov Andrey Rafailovich Kasparov ( hy, Անդրեյ Րաֆաիլի Կասպարով, russian: Андре́й Рафаи́лович Каспа́ров, born 6 April 1966) is an Armenian-American pianist, composer, and professor, who holds both America ...

and Oksana Lutsyshyn), in collaboration with Naxos Records, on it
Grand Piano
series, released four CDs of Schmitt's complete duo-piano works. The collection includes Schmitt's ''Trois rapsodies'', Op. 53, and the first recording of Schmitt's ''Sept pièces'', Op. 15, composed in 1899. It also includes one of two unpublished duets by Schmitt, ''Rhapsodie parisienne'' (1900). As of November 2016, it was announced all four volumes would be made available in a box set, with a scheduled release in January 2017.

Main works

Orchestral

*3 symphonies : **''Symphonie concertante'', Op. 82 for orchestra and piano **Second Symphony **''Janiana'' symphony for strings *''Antoine et Cléopâtre'' (1919-20) *''Enfants'' *''Introït, récit et congé'', Op. 113 for cello and orchestra (1949) *''Kermesse-Valse'' from '' L'éventail de Jeanne'' (1926) *''Le Palais Hanté'' he Haunted Palace (1904) *'' Le Petit Elfe Ferme-l'œil'' *''Légende'', Op. 66 for alto saxophone (or violin, or viola or alto) and orchestra *''Salammbô'' (film music) *''Salammbô'' (3 suites)

Chamber music

*''Pour presque tous les temps'' for flute and piano trio *Saxophone Quartet *Flute Quartet *String Quartet *Piano Quintet in B minor, Op. 51 (1902–08) *Sonata for violin and piano *Trio sonatina for flute, clarinet and keyboard *String trio *Suite en rocaille, Op.84 *Suite for trumpet and piano, Op. 133 *Légende for alto saxophone and piano, Op. 66

Vocal

*''Le chant de nuit'' for soloists, chorus and orchestra *Mass for four voices and organ *''Psaume XLVII'' for soprano, chorus, organ and orchestra (1906)

Wind Band

*''Dionysiaques'', Op. 62 for military band (1913/25)

Ballets

* ''La Tragédie de Salomé'' (1907) * ''Oriane et le prince d'amour''

Piano

* '' Reflets d'Allemagne'', Op. 28 (1905) * ''Musiques foraines'', Op. 22 * ''Feuilles mortes'', Op. 46 * ''Crépuscules'', Op. 56 * ''Ombres'', Op. 64 * ''Mirages'', Op. 70

References

External links

Website dedicated to the composer
* *

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schmitt, Florent 1870 births 1958 deaths 19th-century classical composers 19th-century French composers 19th-century French male musicians 20th-century classical composers 20th-century French composers 20th-century French male musicians Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Conservatoire de Paris alumni Conservatoire de Paris faculty French ballet composers French male classical composers French male writers French music critics French people of German descent French Romantic composers People from Meurthe-et-Moselle Prix de Rome for composition Pupils of Gabriel Fauré Pupils of Jules Massenet