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A wat ( km, វត្ត, ; lo, ວັດ, ; th, วัด, ; khb, 「ᩅᨯ᩠ᨰ」(waD+Dha); nod, 「ᩅ᩠ᨯ᩶」 （w+Da2)) is a type of Buddhist temple and Hindu temple in Cambodia, Laos, East Shan State, Yunnan, the Southern Province of Sri Lanka and Thailand. The word ''wat'' is a Thai word that was borrowed from Sanskrit ''vāṭa'' (Devanāgarī: वाट), meaning 'enclosure'. The term has varying meanings in each region, sometimes referring to a specific type of government-recognised or large temple, other times referring to any Buddhist or Hindu temple.
Strictly speaking, a ''wat'' is a buddhism, Buddhist sacred precinct with vihara (quarters for bhikkhus), a temple, an edifice housing a large image of Buddha and a facility for lessons. A site without a minimum of three resident ''bhikkhu''s cannot correctly be described as a wat although the term is frequently used more loosely, even for ruins of ancient temples. As a transitive or intransitive verb, ''wikt:วัด#Etymology%202, wat'' means to measure, to take measurements; compare ''wikt:templum, templum'', from which ''wikt:temple, temple'' derives, having the same root as ''wikt:template, template''.
In Cambodia, a ''wat'' is any place of worship. "''Wat''" generally refers to a Buddhist place of worship, but the precise term is ''vôtt pŭtthsasnéa'' () meaning "Buddhist pagoda". "Angkor Wat" ( ) means 'city of temples'.
In everyday language in Thailand, a "wat" is any place of worship except a mosque ( th, สุเหร่า; ; or th, มัสยิด; ) or a synagogue ( th, สุเหร่ายิว; ). Thus, a ''wat chin'' () or ''san chao'' () is a Chinese temple (either Chinese Buddhism, Buddhist or Taoism, Taoist), ''wat khaek'' () or ''thewasathan'' () is a Hindu temple and ''bot khrit'' () or ''wat farang'' () is a Christianity, Christian church, though Thai () may be used descriptively as with mosques.
ประกาศกระทรวงธรรมการ แผนกกรมสังฆการี เรื่อง จัดระเบียบพระอารามหลวง
เล่ม ๓๒, ตอน ๐ ก, ๓ ตุลาคม พ.ศ.๒๔๕๘, หน้า ๒๘๔ ** Royal temples ( th, พระอารามหลวง; ): established or patronised by the king or his family members. ** Public temples ( th, วัดราษฎร์; ): established by private citizens. Despite the term "private", private temples are open to the public and are sites of public religious activities. * ''Samnak song'' ( th, สำนักสงฆ์): are temples without state endorsement and ''wisungkhamasima''.
A typical Buddhist wat consists of the following buildings:
*Bell tower (wat), Bell tower ( km, ប៉មជួង, ; lo, ຫໍລະຄັງ; th, หอระฆัง)
* Bot ( th, โบสถ์) or ubosot ( lo, ອຸໂປສົດ; th, อุโบสถ; from Pali ''uposatha'') or ''sim'' ( lo, ສິມ): the holiest prayer room, also called the "ordination hall" as it is where new monks take their vows. Architecturally it is similar to the vihara. The main difference is the eight cornerstones placed around the bot to ward off evil. The bot is usually more decorated than the wihan. In Cambodia nowadays, this type of building is considered to be Vihear. It was previously called ''Ubaosathakea'' or ''Rorng Ubaosoth'' ( km, ឧបោសថាគារ ឬ រោងឧបោសថ).
* stupa, Chedei ( km, ចេតិយ) or stupa, Chedi ( th, เจดีย์; lo, ເຈດີ) from Sanskrit: ''chaitya'', temple or ''that'' ( lo, ທາດ): It is also known as a ''stupa''. Usually conical or bell-shaped buildings, but many Cambodian stupas are constructed in the style of temple shrine. They often contain relics of Buddha. The urns containing the ashes of the cremated dead are kept here and serve as memorials for those ancestors.
* Chantakhara ( th, ชันตาฆร): a room in which fire and water are kept.
*Drum tower (Asia), Drum tower ( km, រោងស្គរ; lo, ຫໍກອງ; th, หอกลอง)
* Hong Song Nam ( th, ห้องสรงน้ำ): toilet.
* Ho trai ( km, ហោត្រ័យ; lo, ຫໍໄຕ; th, หอไตร): library where Buddhist texts are kept.
* Kappapiya Kudi ( th, กัปปิยกุฎี) utility and storage room.
* Kod ( km, កុដិ), Kut, Kutti, Kuti or Kati ( lo, ກຸຕິ, ກະຕິ; th, กุฏิ): the living quarters of monks separated from the sacred buildings.
* Mondop ( km, មណ្ឌប; th, มณฑป; from Sanskrit: ''Mandapa''): usually an open, square building with four arches and a pyramidal roof, used to worship religious texts or objects.
* Pond ( km, ស្រះ - ''Srah''; lo, ສະນ້ໍາ ''Sa Nam''; th, สระน้ำ ''Sa Nam''): is rectangular in shape and sometimes decorated with Nelumbo nucifera, lotus flowers, the emblematic flower of Buddhism. In addition, some wats illustrate the figure of Gautama Buddha, Buddha being sheltered by a seven headed Nāga, naga, named Mucalinda ( km, មុជ្ជលិន្ទ), in the middle of the pond. The pond itself is called Mucalinda Pond.
* Sala (Thai architecture), Sala ( km, សាលា; lo, ສາລາ; th, ศาลา; from the Sanskrit word (IAST: śālā), cognate of Hindi शाल, meaning hall, large room or shed. A pavilion for relaxation and miscellaneous activities. In Cambodia, the sala also serves as the Buddhist educational center in a wat, but not every wat has one. It can be found outside the wat proper.
** Oupadthan Sala or Sala Bonn ( km, ឧបដ្ឋានសាលា ឬ សាលាបុណ្យ) or Sala Wat ( th, ศาลาวัด): a hall for people gathering together to make a donation or for ceremonies.
** Sala Baley or Sala Putthikakseksa ( km, សាលាបាលី ឬ សាលាពុទ្ធិកសិក្សា): literally means 'Pali school' or 'Buddhist educational school', is the place to teach Buddhist Dharma and other subjects in both Pali and Khmer language, Khmer languages. Sala Baley is divided into three levels. They are: Buddhist elementary school ( km, ពុទ្ធិកបឋមសិក្សា ''Putthikakpathamaseksa''); Buddhist high school ( km, ពុទ្ធិកវិទ្យាល័យ - ''Putthikakvityealay''); and Buddhist university ( km, ពុទ្ធិកសកលវិទ្យាល័យ ''Putthikaksakalvityealay''). Beside Buddhist Dharma, Buddhist university includes subjects such as philosophy, science, information technology, Sanskrit, and other foreign languages. These schools may be constructed outside the wat and laypersons are also permitted to study there.
** Sala Chhann ( km, សាលាឆាន់), Sala Bat ( th, ศาลาบาตร), or Ho Chan ( th, หอฉัน): cafeteria for monks.
** Sala Chhatean ( km, សាលាឆទាន), Sala Klang Yan ( th, ศาลากลางย่าน) or Sala Rong Tham ( lo, ສາລາໂຮງທໍາ; th, ศาลาโรงธรรม): is usually smaller than other halls and can be built outside the wat, especially along the roads or even in the center of villages. It is used to celebrate Buddhist events as well as for dining and relaxation.
** Sala kan parian, Sala Kan Parian ( th, ศาลาการเปรียญ) or Ho Chaek ( lo, ຫໍແຈກ; th, หอแจก): study hall,
** Sala Song ( th, ศาลาสรง): the room where monks receive holy water blessings.
** Sala Thormmasaphear or Thormmasala ( km, សាលាធម្មសភា ឬ ធម្មសាលា), Sala Fang Tham ( th, ศาลาฟังธรรม): Dharma assembly pavilion, however some assume this hall to be Sala Bonn.
** Sala Tha Nam ( th, ศาลาท่าน้ำ): pier pavilion.
* Vihear ( km, វិហារ) or wihan ( lo, ວິຫານ; th, วิหาร) from Sanskrit: ''vihara'': a meeting and prayer room.
* Wachak Kod ( km, វច្ចកុដិ) or Watcha Kudi ( th, วัจจกุฎี) or ''than'' ( lo, ຖານ; th, ถาน): toilet.
Almost all Buddhist temples in Cambodia were built in Khmer architecture, Khmer architectural style. Most temples were finely decorated with a spiked tower (bosbok) ( km, បុស្បុក)(some temples have three or five spiked towers; some have none) on the rooftop along with pediments, Nāga, naga heads, and chovear ( km, ជហ្វា) (a decorative ridge-piece that is placed at each topmost edge of the roof, just above the tip of each pediment). Below the edge of the roof and at the top of external columns, garuda or Kinnara, kinnari figures are depicted supporting the roof. There are a pair of guardian lions and one head or several (three, five, seven, or nine). Nāga, naga sculptures are beside each entrance of the temple. Inside the main temple (vihara) and the multipurpose hall (lunch hall), mural paintings depict the life of Gautama Buddha and his previous life.
The roofs of Thai temples are often adorned with chofas.
File:Angkor Wat.jpg, Angkor Wat
2016 Phnom Penh, Pałac Królewski, Srebrna Pagoda (05).jpg, Silver Pagoda
Image:Wat Peapahd.Battambang.2009.jpg, Vihear of Wat Peapet, Battambang, Cambodia
Image:2016 Phnom Penh, Wat Botum (09).jpg, Vihear of Wat Botum Wattey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Image:Phnom Penh Wat Unalom 01.jpg, Wat Ounalom
Image:2016 Phnom Penh, Wat Langka (22).jpg, Wat Langka
Image:Wat Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang, Laos).JPG, Wat Xieng Thong, Luang Prabang
Image:SiSaket Temple.JPG, Wat Sisaket
Image:Wat Phra That Chang Kham, bôt, chedi et viharn, Nan.jpg, Two wihans and a chedi at Wat Phra That Chang Kham, Nan
Image:Wat Mahathard - panoramio.jpg, Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Phitsanulok
Image:Photo from Bangkok by Roman Kharkovski (20).jpg, Wat Phra Kaew
Image:วัดราชนัดดารามวรวิหาร เขตพระนคร กรุงเทพมหานคร (27).JPG, Wat Ratchadatdaram
Image:Phra That Doi Suthep 01.jpg, Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai
Image:Bangkok Wat Arun P1130161.JPG, Mondop and Chedi of Wat Arun
Image:Wat Niwet Thamaprawat - panoramio (3).jpg, Wat Niwet Thammaprawat, Ayutthaya
Image:Wat Buddhapadipa, Buddhist Temple 02.jpg, Wat Buddhapadipa in Wimbledon, London, UK
Image:Buddharama Nukari.jpg, Interior of the Thai Buddhist wat in Nukari, Nurmijärvi, Finland
Some Tai Khun monasteries in East Shan State, Myanmar are in wat-style
but may be called kyaung, while some may be called wat but in kyaung style.
Overview
Strictly speaking, a ''wat'' is a buddhism, Buddhist sacred precinct with vihara (quarters for bhikkhus), a temple, an edifice housing a large image of Buddha and a facility for lessons. A site without a minimum of three resident ''bhikkhu''s cannot correctly be described as a wat although the term is frequently used more loosely, even for ruins of ancient temples. As a transitive or intransitive verb, ''wikt:วัด#Etymology%202, wat'' means to measure, to take measurements; compare ''wikt:templum, templum'', from which ''wikt:temple, temple'' derives, having the same root as ''wikt:template, template''.
In Cambodia, a ''wat'' is any place of worship. "''Wat''" generally refers to a Buddhist place of worship, but the precise term is ''vôtt pŭtthsasnéa'' () meaning "Buddhist pagoda". "Angkor Wat" ( ) means 'city of temples'.
In everyday language in Thailand, a "wat" is any place of worship except a mosque ( th, สุเหร่า; ; or th, มัสยิด; ) or a synagogue ( th, สุเหร่ายิว; ). Thus, a ''wat chin'' () or ''san chao'' () is a Chinese temple (either Chinese Buddhism, Buddhist or Taoism, Taoist), ''wat khaek'' () or ''thewasathan'' () is a Hindu temple and ''bot khrit'' () or ''wat farang'' () is a Christianity, Christian church, though Thai () may be used descriptively as with mosques.
Types
According to Thai law, there are two types of Thai Buddhist temples: * Wats (วัด; ''wat'') are temples which have been endorsed by the state and have been granted ''Bai sema, wisungkhammasima'' (วิสุงคามสีมา), or the land for establishing Phra Ubosot, central hall, by the king. These temples are divided into:ราชกิจจานุเบกษประกาศกระทรวงธรรมการ แผนกกรมสังฆการี เรื่อง จัดระเบียบพระอารามหลวง
เล่ม ๓๒, ตอน ๐ ก, ๓ ตุลาคม พ.ศ.๒๔๕๘, หน้า ๒๘๔ ** Royal temples ( th, พระอารามหลวง; ): established or patronised by the king or his family members. ** Public temples ( th, วัดราษฎร์; ): established by private citizens. Despite the term "private", private temples are open to the public and are sites of public religious activities. * ''Samnak song'' ( th, สำนักสงฆ์): are temples without state endorsement and ''wisungkhamasima''.
Structure
A typical Buddhist wat consists of the following buildings:
*Bell tower (wat), Bell tower ( km, ប៉មជួង, ; lo, ຫໍລະຄັງ; th, หอระฆัง)
* Bot ( th, โบสถ์) or ubosot ( lo, ອຸໂປສົດ; th, อุโบสถ; from Pali ''uposatha'') or ''sim'' ( lo, ສິມ): the holiest prayer room, also called the "ordination hall" as it is where new monks take their vows. Architecturally it is similar to the vihara. The main difference is the eight cornerstones placed around the bot to ward off evil. The bot is usually more decorated than the wihan. In Cambodia nowadays, this type of building is considered to be Vihear. It was previously called ''Ubaosathakea'' or ''Rorng Ubaosoth'' ( km, ឧបោសថាគារ ឬ រោងឧបោសថ).
* stupa, Chedei ( km, ចេតិយ) or stupa, Chedi ( th, เจดีย์; lo, ເຈດີ) from Sanskrit: ''chaitya'', temple or ''that'' ( lo, ທາດ): It is also known as a ''stupa''. Usually conical or bell-shaped buildings, but many Cambodian stupas are constructed in the style of temple shrine. They often contain relics of Buddha. The urns containing the ashes of the cremated dead are kept here and serve as memorials for those ancestors.
* Chantakhara ( th, ชันตาฆร): a room in which fire and water are kept.
*Drum tower (Asia), Drum tower ( km, រោងស្គរ; lo, ຫໍກອງ; th, หอกลอง)
* Hong Song Nam ( th, ห้องสรงน้ำ): toilet.
* Ho trai ( km, ហោត្រ័យ; lo, ຫໍໄຕ; th, หอไตร): library where Buddhist texts are kept.
* Kappapiya Kudi ( th, กัปปิยกุฎี) utility and storage room.
* Kod ( km, កុដិ), Kut, Kutti, Kuti or Kati ( lo, ກຸຕິ, ກະຕິ; th, กุฏิ): the living quarters of monks separated from the sacred buildings.
* Mondop ( km, មណ្ឌប; th, มณฑป; from Sanskrit: ''Mandapa''): usually an open, square building with four arches and a pyramidal roof, used to worship religious texts or objects.
* Pond ( km, ស្រះ - ''Srah''; lo, ສະນ້ໍາ ''Sa Nam''; th, สระน้ำ ''Sa Nam''): is rectangular in shape and sometimes decorated with Nelumbo nucifera, lotus flowers, the emblematic flower of Buddhism. In addition, some wats illustrate the figure of Gautama Buddha, Buddha being sheltered by a seven headed Nāga, naga, named Mucalinda ( km, មុជ្ជលិន្ទ), in the middle of the pond. The pond itself is called Mucalinda Pond.
* Sala (Thai architecture), Sala ( km, សាលា; lo, ສາລາ; th, ศาลา; from the Sanskrit word (IAST: śālā), cognate of Hindi शाल, meaning hall, large room or shed. A pavilion for relaxation and miscellaneous activities. In Cambodia, the sala also serves as the Buddhist educational center in a wat, but not every wat has one. It can be found outside the wat proper.
** Oupadthan Sala or Sala Bonn ( km, ឧបដ្ឋានសាលា ឬ សាលាបុណ្យ) or Sala Wat ( th, ศาลาวัด): a hall for people gathering together to make a donation or for ceremonies.
** Sala Baley or Sala Putthikakseksa ( km, សាលាបាលី ឬ សាលាពុទ្ធិកសិក្សា): literally means 'Pali school' or 'Buddhist educational school', is the place to teach Buddhist Dharma and other subjects in both Pali and Khmer language, Khmer languages. Sala Baley is divided into three levels. They are: Buddhist elementary school ( km, ពុទ្ធិកបឋមសិក្សា ''Putthikakpathamaseksa''); Buddhist high school ( km, ពុទ្ធិកវិទ្យាល័យ - ''Putthikakvityealay''); and Buddhist university ( km, ពុទ្ធិកសកលវិទ្យាល័យ ''Putthikaksakalvityealay''). Beside Buddhist Dharma, Buddhist university includes subjects such as philosophy, science, information technology, Sanskrit, and other foreign languages. These schools may be constructed outside the wat and laypersons are also permitted to study there.
** Sala Chhann ( km, សាលាឆាន់), Sala Bat ( th, ศาลาบาตร), or Ho Chan ( th, หอฉัน): cafeteria for monks.
** Sala Chhatean ( km, សាលាឆទាន), Sala Klang Yan ( th, ศาลากลางย่าน) or Sala Rong Tham ( lo, ສາລາໂຮງທໍາ; th, ศาลาโรงธรรม): is usually smaller than other halls and can be built outside the wat, especially along the roads or even in the center of villages. It is used to celebrate Buddhist events as well as for dining and relaxation.
** Sala kan parian, Sala Kan Parian ( th, ศาลาการเปรียญ) or Ho Chaek ( lo, ຫໍແຈກ; th, หอแจก): study hall,
** Sala Song ( th, ศาลาสรง): the room where monks receive holy water blessings.
** Sala Thormmasaphear or Thormmasala ( km, សាលាធម្មសភា ឬ ធម្មសាលា), Sala Fang Tham ( th, ศาลาฟังธรรม): Dharma assembly pavilion, however some assume this hall to be Sala Bonn.
** Sala Tha Nam ( th, ศาลาท่าน้ำ): pier pavilion.
* Vihear ( km, វិហារ) or wihan ( lo, ວິຫານ; th, วิหาร) from Sanskrit: ''vihara'': a meeting and prayer room.
* Wachak Kod ( km, វច្ចកុដិ) or Watcha Kudi ( th, วัจจกุฎี) or ''than'' ( lo, ຖານ; th, ถาน): toilet.
Almost all Buddhist temples in Cambodia were built in Khmer architecture, Khmer architectural style. Most temples were finely decorated with a spiked tower (bosbok) ( km, បុស្បុក)(some temples have three or five spiked towers; some have none) on the rooftop along with pediments, Nāga, naga heads, and chovear ( km, ជហ្វា) (a decorative ridge-piece that is placed at each topmost edge of the roof, just above the tip of each pediment). Below the edge of the roof and at the top of external columns, garuda or Kinnara, kinnari figures are depicted supporting the roof. There are a pair of guardian lions and one head or several (three, five, seven, or nine). Nāga, naga sculptures are beside each entrance of the temple. Inside the main temple (vihara) and the multipurpose hall (lunch hall), mural paintings depict the life of Gautama Buddha and his previous life.
The roofs of Thai temples are often adorned with chofas.
Examples
Some well-known wats include:Cambodia
At the end of 2017, there were 4,872 wats with 69,199 Buddhist monks supporting Buddhism in Cambodia. By 2019, it was illustrated that 97.1 percent of the Cambodian population was Buddhist, making Cambodia to be one of the most predominant Buddhist nations in the world. * Angkor Wat, Siem Reap * Silver Pagoda, Wat Preah Keo, Phnom Penh * Wat Botum, Wat Botum Vattey, Phnom Penh * Wat Moha Montrey, Phnom Penh * Wat Ounalom, Wat Ounalaom, Phnom Penh * Wat Phnom, Phnom Penh * Wat Bakan, PursatLaos
* That Luang, Pha That Luang, Vientiane, Laos * Wat Xieng Thong, Luang Prabang * Wat Mai Suwannaphumaham, Luang Prabang * Wat Manorom, Luang PrabangMalaysia
* Wat Buppharam, Penang, Wat Buppharam, Penang * Wat Chayamangkalaram, Penang * Wat Chetawan, Selangor * Wat Phothivihan, Kelantan Despite having only 3.8 percent Buddhists in Kelantan, the northern Malaysian state of Kelantan#Religion, Kelantan has numerous Thai wats.Singapore
* Wat Ananda Metyarama Thai Buddhist Temple, Wat Ananda * Palelai Buddhist Temple, Wat PalelaiThailand
Thailand had 39,883 wats. Three hundred-ten were royal wats, the remainder were private (public). There were 298,580 Thai Buddhist monks, 264,442 of the Maha Nikaya order and 34,138 of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order. There were 59,587 Buddhist novice monks. * Wat Suthat, Bangkok, Thailand * Wat Benchamabophit (The Marble Temple) * Wat Ratchanatdaram * Wat Phra Kaew * Wat Arun * Wat Bowonniwet Vihara * Wat Pho * Wat Saket * Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai * Wat Chiang Man, Chiang Mai * Wat Chedi Luang, Chiang Mai * Wat Phra Singh, Chiang Mai * Wat Phra That Lampang Luang, Lampang * Wat Phumin, Nan, Thailand * Phra Pathommachedi, Nakhon Pathom Wat Pah Nanachat (Bung Wai International Forest Monastery), established in 1975 by Ajahn Chah as a training community for non-Thais and foreigners, the primary language of instruction is English.Gallery
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Other countries
Some Tai Khun monasteries in East Shan State, Myanmar are in wat-style
but may be called kyaung, while some may be called wat but in kyaung style.
See also
* Three Refuges * Five Precepts * Eight Precepts * Four Noble Truths * Noble Eightfold Path * Pāli Canon * Samatha & Vipassanā * Cetiya * Vassa * Kathina * Uposatha * Patimokkha * Upasampadā * Bai Sema * Ordination hall * Theravāda Buddhism * Buddhism in Cambodia * Buddhism in Laos * Buddhism in Thailand * Kyaung, Burmese Monasteries * Balinese temples, Pura, Balinese Hindu temples * Candi of Indonesia, Candi, Hindu-Buddha temples of ancient Indonesia, especially JavaReferences
{{Religion in Thailand Buddhist temples in Thailand, Buddhist temples in Cambodia, Buddhist temples in Laos, Buddhist architecture