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Tupolev (russian: Ту́полев, ), officially Joint Stock Company Tupolev, is a Russian aerospace and Arms industry, defence company headquartered in Basmanny District, Moscow.
Tupolev is successor to the Soviet Tupolev Design Bureau (OKB-156, Soviet Union military aircraft designation systems#Soviet system after December 9.2C 1940, design office prefix ''Tu'') founded in 1922 by aerospace pioneer and engineer Andrei Tupolev, who led the company for 50 years until his death in 1972. Tupolev has designed over 100 models of civilian and military aircraft and produced more than 18,000 aircraft for Russia, the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc since its founding, and celebrated its 90th anniversary on 22 October 2012. Tupolev is involved in numerous aerospace and defence sectors including development, manufacturing, and overhaul for both civil and military aerospace products such as aircraft and weapons systems, and also missile and naval aviation technologies.
In 2006, Tupolev became a Division (business), division of the United Aircraft Corporation in a merger with Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Irkut (aircraft manufacturer), Irkut, Sukhoi, and Yakovlev by decree of the Russian President Vladimir Putin.Russian Aircraft Industry Seeks Revival Through Merger
" ''The New York Times.'' February 22, 2006.
Among the notable results during Tupolev's early period were two significant all-metal heavy bombers with corrugated duralumin skins, the ANT-4 twin-engined bomber which first flew in 1925 and the four-engined ANT-6 of 1932, from which such airplanes as the ANT-20 were derived (see Yefim Gordon & Vladimir Rigmant, OKB Tupolev. Hinckley, UK: Midland, 2005. pp. 22–28 & 30–34). Tupolev's design approach in these two airplanes defined for many years the trends of heavy aircraft development, civil and military.
During World War II, the twin-engined, all-metal Tupolev Tu-2, Tu-2 was one of the best front-line bombers of the Soviets. Several variants of it were produced in large numbers from 1942. During the war it used wooden rear fuselages due to a shortage of metal.
This was succeeded by the development of the jet-powered Tupolev Tu-16, Tu-16 bomber, which used a sweptback wing for good subsonic performance.
As turbojets were not fuel efficient enough to provide truly Continent, intercontinental range, the Soviets elected to design a new bomber, the Tupolev Tu-95, Tu-20, more commonly referred to as the Tu-95.
It, too, was based on the fuselage and structural design of the Tu-4, but with four colossal Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop engines providing a unique combination of jet-like speed and long range. It became the definitive Soviet intercontinental bomber, with intercontinental range and jet-like performance. In many respects the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, it served as a strategic bomber and in many alternate roles, including reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare.
The Tu-16 was developed into the civil Tupolev Tu-104, Tu-104. The Tu-95 became the basis of the unique Tupolev Tu-114, Tu-114 medium-to-long-range airliner, the fastest turboprop aircraft ever. One common feature found in many large subsonic Tupolev jet aircraft is large pods extending rearward from the trailing edge of the wings, holding the aircraft's landing gear. These allow the aircraft to have landing gears made up of many large low-pressure tires, which are invaluable for use on the poor quality runways that were common in the Soviet Union at the time. For example, the Tupolev Tu-154, Tu-154 airliner, the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing 727, has 14 tyres, the same number as Boeing's far larger Boeing 777, 777-200.
Even before the first flights of the Tu-16 and Tu-20/Tu-95, Tupolev was working on supersonic bombers, culminating in the unsuccessful Tupolev Tu-98, Tu-98. Although that aircraft never entered service, it became the basis for the prototype Tupolev Tu-28, Tu-102 (later developed into the Tupolev Tu-28, Tu-28 interceptor aircraft, interceptor) and the Tupolev Tu-22, Tu-105, which evolved into the supersonic Tupolev Tu-22, Tu-22 bomber in the mid-1960s. Intended as a counterpart to the Convair B-58 Hustler, the Tu-22 proved rather less capable, although it remained in service much longer than the American aircraft. Meanwhile, the "K" Department was formed in the Design Bureau, with the task of designing unmanned aircraft such as the Tu-139 and the Tu-143 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.
In the 1960s A. N. Tupolev's son, Alexei Tupolev, A. A. Tupolev, became active with management of the agency. His role included the development of the world's first supersonic airliner, the Tupolev Tu-144, Tu-144, the popular Tupolev Tu-154, Tu-154 airliner and the Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber. All these developments enabled the Soviet Union to achieve strategic military and civil aviation parity with the West.
In the 1970s, Tupolev concentrated its efforts on improving the performance of the Tu-22M bombers, whose variants included maritime versions. It is the presence of these bombers in quantity that brought about the SALT I and SALT II treaties. Also the efficiency and performance of the Tu-154 was improved, culminating in the efficient Tu-154M.
In the 1980s the design bureau developed the supersonic Tupolev Tu-160, Tu-160 strategic bomber. Features include variable-geometry wings.
With the end of the Cold War, research work was concentrated on subsonic civil aircraft, mainly on operating economics and alternative fuels. The developments include fly-by-wire, use of efficient high-bypass turbofans and advanced aerodynamic layouts for the 21st century transport aircraft such as the Tupolev Tu-204, Tu-204/Tupolev Tu-214, Tu-214, Tupolev Tu-330, Tu-330 and Tupolev Tu-334, Tu-334.
Among Tupolev projects from the 1990s to the 2000s:
*further development of Tu-204/214 and TU-334 aircraft family
*development of cargo aircraft Tu-330, regional and executive Tu-324 aircraft
*research on practical aspects of aircraft operation using alternative fuels
*modernization of Russian Naval Aviation and Air Force
At the MAKS Air Show, MAKS-2003 airshow, Tupolev revealed the Tu-444 supersonic business jet concept; development was intended to start in the first half of 2004, however nothing further came of the program.
On 19 August 2009, Tupolev announced that it had a contract with the Russian Defense Ministry to develop a new-generation strategic bomber PAK DA which "will be a conceptually new plane based on the most advanced technologies".
" ''The New York Times.'' February 22, 2006.
History
Tupolev OKB was founded by Andrei Tupolev in 1922. Its facilities are tailored for aeronautics research and aircraft design only, manufacturing is handled by other firms. It researched all-metal airplanes during the 1920s, based directly on the pioneering work already done by Hugo Junkers during World War I.
Among the notable results during Tupolev's early period were two significant all-metal heavy bombers with corrugated duralumin skins, the ANT-4 twin-engined bomber which first flew in 1925 and the four-engined ANT-6 of 1932, from which such airplanes as the ANT-20 were derived (see Yefim Gordon & Vladimir Rigmant, OKB Tupolev. Hinckley, UK: Midland, 2005. pp. 22–28 & 30–34). Tupolev's design approach in these two airplanes defined for many years the trends of heavy aircraft development, civil and military.
During World War II, the twin-engined, all-metal Tupolev Tu-2, Tu-2 was one of the best front-line bombers of the Soviets. Several variants of it were produced in large numbers from 1942. During the war it used wooden rear fuselages due to a shortage of metal.
This was succeeded by the development of the jet-powered Tupolev Tu-16, Tu-16 bomber, which used a sweptback wing for good subsonic performance.
As turbojets were not fuel efficient enough to provide truly Continent, intercontinental range, the Soviets elected to design a new bomber, the Tupolev Tu-95, Tu-20, more commonly referred to as the Tu-95.
It, too, was based on the fuselage and structural design of the Tu-4, but with four colossal Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop engines providing a unique combination of jet-like speed and long range. It became the definitive Soviet intercontinental bomber, with intercontinental range and jet-like performance. In many respects the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, it served as a strategic bomber and in many alternate roles, including reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare.
The Tu-16 was developed into the civil Tupolev Tu-104, Tu-104. The Tu-95 became the basis of the unique Tupolev Tu-114, Tu-114 medium-to-long-range airliner, the fastest turboprop aircraft ever. One common feature found in many large subsonic Tupolev jet aircraft is large pods extending rearward from the trailing edge of the wings, holding the aircraft's landing gear. These allow the aircraft to have landing gears made up of many large low-pressure tires, which are invaluable for use on the poor quality runways that were common in the Soviet Union at the time. For example, the Tupolev Tu-154, Tu-154 airliner, the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing 727, has 14 tyres, the same number as Boeing's far larger Boeing 777, 777-200.
Even before the first flights of the Tu-16 and Tu-20/Tu-95, Tupolev was working on supersonic bombers, culminating in the unsuccessful Tupolev Tu-98, Tu-98. Although that aircraft never entered service, it became the basis for the prototype Tupolev Tu-28, Tu-102 (later developed into the Tupolev Tu-28, Tu-28 interceptor aircraft, interceptor) and the Tupolev Tu-22, Tu-105, which evolved into the supersonic Tupolev Tu-22, Tu-22 bomber in the mid-1960s. Intended as a counterpart to the Convair B-58 Hustler, the Tu-22 proved rather less capable, although it remained in service much longer than the American aircraft. Meanwhile, the "K" Department was formed in the Design Bureau, with the task of designing unmanned aircraft such as the Tu-139 and the Tu-143 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.
In the 1960s A. N. Tupolev's son, Alexei Tupolev, A. A. Tupolev, became active with management of the agency. His role included the development of the world's first supersonic airliner, the Tupolev Tu-144, Tu-144, the popular Tupolev Tu-154, Tu-154 airliner and the Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber. All these developments enabled the Soviet Union to achieve strategic military and civil aviation parity with the West.
In the 1970s, Tupolev concentrated its efforts on improving the performance of the Tu-22M bombers, whose variants included maritime versions. It is the presence of these bombers in quantity that brought about the SALT I and SALT II treaties. Also the efficiency and performance of the Tu-154 was improved, culminating in the efficient Tu-154M.
In the 1980s the design bureau developed the supersonic Tupolev Tu-160, Tu-160 strategic bomber. Features include variable-geometry wings.
Post-Soviet Era
With the end of the Cold War, research work was concentrated on subsonic civil aircraft, mainly on operating economics and alternative fuels. The developments include fly-by-wire, use of efficient high-bypass turbofans and advanced aerodynamic layouts for the 21st century transport aircraft such as the Tupolev Tu-204, Tu-204/Tupolev Tu-214, Tu-214, Tupolev Tu-330, Tu-330 and Tupolev Tu-334, Tu-334.
Among Tupolev projects from the 1990s to the 2000s:
*further development of Tu-204/214 and TU-334 aircraft family
*development of cargo aircraft Tu-330, regional and executive Tu-324 aircraft
*research on practical aspects of aircraft operation using alternative fuels
*modernization of Russian Naval Aviation and Air Force
At the MAKS Air Show, MAKS-2003 airshow, Tupolev revealed the Tu-444 supersonic business jet concept; development was intended to start in the first half of 2004, however nothing further came of the program.
On 19 August 2009, Tupolev announced that it had a contract with the Russian Defense Ministry to develop a new-generation strategic bomber PAK DA which "will be a conceptually new plane based on the most advanced technologies".
Directors
*Andrei Tupolev, Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev was a leading designer at the Moscow-based Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) from 1929 until his death in 1972. This design bureau produced mostly bombers and airliners. *Alexei Tupolev, Alexei Andreyevich Tupolev, son of Andrei Tupolev, was also a famous aircraft designer. His most famous design was the supersonic airliner Tupolev Tu-144. He managed Tupolev until his death in 2001. * Igor Sergeevich Shevchuk was named the Director of OAO Tupolev in 1997, later the Chairman of the Board of Directors, and in 2001 the President and General Designer. He died unexpectedly in 2011. * Alexandr Vladimirovich Koniukhov was a director general in 2016–2020. * Ronis Nakipovich Sharipov appointed a director general in May 2020. In September 2021, Rustam Minnikhanov, President of the Republic of Tatarstan, President of Tatarstan was elected chairman of the board of directors of Tupolev.See also
* List of Tupolev aircraft * List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CISReferences
{{Authority control Tupolev, United Aircraft Corporation Aircraft manufacturers of Russia Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union Companies based in Moscow Russian brands Design bureaus