This is a list of common affixes used when scientifically naming species, particularly extinct species for whom only their scientific names are used, along with their derivations. *a-, an-: ''Pronunciation'': /ə/, /a/, /ən/, /an/. ''Origin'': grc, ἀ-, ἀν- (''a, an-''). ''Meaning'': a prefix used to make words with a sense opposite to that of the root word; in this case, meaning "without" or "-less". This is usually used to describe organisms without a certain characteristic, as well as organisms in which that characteristic may not be immediately obvious. *:Examples: ''

Anurognathus ''Anurognathus'' is a genus of small pterosaur that lived during the Late Jurassic period ( Tithonian stage). ''Anurognathus'' was first named and described by Ludwig Döderlein in 1923.Döderlein, L. (1923). "''Anurognathus Ammoni'', ein neue ...

'' ("tail-less jaw"); ''

Apus Apus is a small constellation in the southern sky. It represents a bird-of-paradise, and its name means "without feet" in Greek because the bird-of-paradise was once wrongly believed to lack feet. First depicted on a celestial globe by Petru ...

'' ("without foot"); '' Apteryx'' ("wingless"); '' Pteranodon'' ("toothless wing") *-acanth, acantho-, -cantho: ''Pronunciation'': /eɪkænθ/, /eɪkænθoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, ἄκανθα (''ákantha''). ''Meaning'': spine. *:Examples: ''

Acanthodes ''Acanthodes'' (from el, ἄκανθώδης , 'provided with spines') is an extinct genus of spiny shark. Fossils have been found in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. ''Acanthodes'' was most common in the Carboniferous and Early Perm ...

'' ("spiny base"); ''

Acanthostega ''Acanthostega'' (meaning "spiny roof") is an extinct genus of stem-tetrapod, among the first vertebrate animals to have recognizable limbs. It appeared in the late Devonian period (Famennian age) about 365 million years ago, and was anatomic ...

'' ("spine roof");

coelacanth The coelacanths ( ) are fish belonging to the order Actinistia that includes two extant species in the genus ''Latimeria'': the West Indian Ocean coelacanth (''Latimeria chalumnae''), primarily found near the Comoro Islands off the east coast ...

("hollow spine"); ''

Acrocanthosaurus ''Acrocanthosaurus'' ( ; ) is a genus of carcharodontosaurid dinosaur that existed in what is now North America during the Aptian and early Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous, from 113 to 110 million years ago. Like most dinosaur genera, ' ...

'' ("high-spined lizard"); '' Acanthoderes'' ("spiny neck"); ''

Acanthamoeba ''Acanthamoeba'' is a genus of amoebae that are commonly recovered from soil, fresh water, and other habitats. ''Acanthamoeba'' has two evolutive forms, the metabolically active trophozoite and a dormant, stress-resistant cyst. Trophozoites are ...

'' ("spiny amoeba") * aeto-: ''Pronunciation'': /aɛto/. Origin: grc, ἀετός (''aetós''). ''Meaning'': eagle. *:Examples: ''

Aetonyx ''Massospondylus'' ( ; from Greek, (massōn, "longer") and (spondylos, "vertebra")) is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic. (Hettangian to Pliensbachian ages, ca. 200–183 million years ago). It was described by Si ...

'' ("eagle claw"); ''

Aetobatus ''Aetobatus'' is a genus of eagle rays native to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was formerly placed in Myliobatidae, but is now placed in its own family Aetobatidae based on salient differences from myliobatids, especially the pecto ...

'' ("eagle ray"); ''

Aetosaur Aetosaurs () are heavily armored reptiles belonging to the extinct order (biology), order Aetosauria (; from Ancient Greek, Greek, (aetos, "eagle") and (, "lizard")). They were medium- to large-sized Omnivore, omnivorous or Herbivore, herbivoro ...

'' ("eagle lizard") *amphi-: ''Pronunciation'': /amfiː/, /amfɪ/. ''Origin'': grc, ἀμφί (''amphí''). ''Meaning'': both. *:Examples:

Amphibia Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arbor ...

("two types of life"); '' Amphicoelias'' ("hollow at both ends"); '' Amphicyon'' ("ambiguous dog") *-anthus, antho-: ''Pronunciation'': /anθəs/, /anθoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, ἄνθος (''ánthos''). ''Meaning'': flower. *:Examples: ''

Helianthus ''Helianthus'' () is a genus comprising about 70 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae commonly known as sunflowers. Except for three South American species, the species of ''Helianthus'' are native to ...

'' ("sunflower");

Anthophila Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfami ...

("flower-loving"); ''

Dianthus ''Dianthus'' () is a genus of about 340 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native mainly to Europe and Asia, with a few species in north Africa and in southern Africa, and one species (''D. repens'') in arctic North A ...

'' ("Zeus flower"/"godly flower") *arch-, archi-, archo-, -archus: ''Pronunciation'': /ark/, /arkoʊ/, /arkɪ/, /arkəs/. ''Origin'': grc, ἀρχός (''arkhós''), ''meaning'': ruler; ἀρχικός (''arkhikós''), ''meaning'': ruling. Used for exceptionally large or widespread animals. *:Examples: '' Archelon'' ("ruling turtle"); '' Architeuthis'' ("ruling squid"); ''

Thalattoarchon ''Thalattoarchon'' is an extinct genus of ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of the western United States. The type species ''Thalattoarchon saurophagis'' (meaning "lizard-eating sovereign of the sea" in Greek) was discovered in Nevada, USA, in ...

'' ("Sea Ruler"); '' Archosaur'' ("ruling lizard"); '' Andrewsarchus'' (" Andrews's ruler") *archaeo-: ''Pronunciation'': /arkiːɒ/, /arkiːoʊ/ . ''Origin'': grc, ἀρχαῖος (''arkhaîos''). ''Meaning'': ancient. Used for early versions of animals and plants. *:Examples: '' Archaeopteryx'' ("ancient wing"); '' Archaeoindris'' ("ancient

Indri The indri (; ''Indri indri''), also called the babakoto, is one of the largest living lemurs, with a head-body length of about and a weight of between . It has a black and white coat and maintains an upright posture when climbing or clinging. ...

"); '' Archaeopteris'' ("ancient fern"); '' Archaeanthus'' ("ancient flower") *-arctos, arcto-: ''Pronunciation'': /arktoʊz/, /arktoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, ἄρκτος (''árktos''). ''Meaning'': bear. *:Examples: '' Phascolarctos'' ("bag bear"); ''

Arctodus ''Arctodus'' is an extinct genus of short-faced bear that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene (~2.5 Mya until 12,000 years ago). There are two recognized species: the lesser short-faced bear (''Arctodus pristinus'') and the giant short ...

'' ("bear tooth"); ''

Arctocyon ''Arctocyon'' ('bear dog') is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals. ''Arctocyon'' was a "ground dwelling omnivore", that lived from 61.3-56.8 Ma. Synonyms of ''Arctocyon'' include ''Claenodon'', and ''Neoclaenodon''. ''Arctocyon'' was likely plant ...

'' ("bear dog") *arthro-: /arθroʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, ἄρθρον (''árthron''). ''Meaning'': joint. Often used for animals with exoskeletons. *:Examples: ''

Arthrospira ''Arthrospira'' is a genus of free-floating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical, multicellular trichomes in an open left-hand helix. A dietary supplement is made from ''A. platensis'' and ''A. maxima'', known as spirulina. ...

'' ("jointed coil"); ''

Arthropleura ''Arthropleura'' () is a genus of extinct millipede arthropods that lived in what is now North America and Europe around 345 to 290 million years ago, from the Viséan stage of the lower Carboniferous Period to the Sakmarian stage of the lower ...

'' ("jointed rib");

arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chiti ...

("jointed foot") *aspido-, -aspis: ''Pronunciation'': /əspɪdoʊ/, /əspɪs/. ''Origin'': grc, ἀσπίς (''aspís''). ''Meaning'': shield. The suffix "-aspis" is used to describe armored fish. *:Examples: ''

Aspidochelone According to the tradition of the '' Physiologus'' and medieval bestiaries, the aspidochelone is a fabled sea creature, variously described as a large whale or vast sea turtle, and a giant sea monster with huge spines on the ridge of its back. ...

'' ("shield turtle"); ''

Cephalaspis ''Cephalaspis'' (from el, κεφαλή , 'head' and el, ἀσπίς , 'shield') is a possibly monotypic genus of extinct osteostracan agnathan vertebrate. It was a trout-sized detritivorous fish that lived in the early Devonian. Description ...

'' ("head shield"); ''

Sacabambaspis ''Sacabambaspis'' is an extinct genus of jawless fish that lived in the Ordovician period. ''Sacabambaspis'' lived in shallow waters on the continental margins of Gondwana. It is the best known arandaspid with many specimens. It is related to ...

'' (" Sacabamba shield"); ''

Brindabellaspis ''Brindabellaspis stensioi'' ("Erik Stensiö's Brindabella Ranges Shield") is a placoderm with a flat, platypus-like snout from the Early Devonian of the Taemas-Wee Jasper reef in Australia. When it was first discovered in 1980, it was originall ...

'' (" Brindabella shield") *-avis: ''Pronunciation'': /əvɪs/. ''Origin'': la, avis. ''Meaning'': bird. *:Examples: ''

Protoavis ''Protoavis'' (meaning "first bird") is a problematic taxon known from fragmentary remains from Late Triassic Norian stage deposits near Post, Texas. Much controversy remains over the animal, and there are many different interpretations of what ...

'' ("first bird"); ''

Argentavis ''Argentavis magnificens'' was among the largest flying birds ever to exist. While it is still considered the heaviest flying bird of all time, ''Argentavis'' was likely surpassed in wingspan by '' Pelagornis sandersi'' which is estimated to have ...

'' ("Argentine bird"); '' Eoalulavis'' ("little-winged dawn bird") *-bates: ''Pronunciation'': /bætiz/. ''Origin'': grc, βαίνω ("baínō"). ''Meaning'': wanderer, one that treads. *:Examples: '' Hylobates'' ("forest wanderer"); ''

Dendrobates ''Dendrobates'' is a genus of poison dart frogs native to Central and South America. It once contained numerous species, but most originally placed in this genus have been split off into other genera such as ''Adelphobates'', '' Ameerega'', '' A ...

'' ("tree wanderer") *brachi-, brachy-: ''pronunciation'': /brækɪ/. ''Origin'': grc, βραχύς, βραχίων (''brakhús, brakhíōn''). ''Meaning'': short, and the short part of the arm, or upper arm, respectively. Used in its original meaning, and also to mean "arm". *:Examples: ''

Brachylophosaurus ''Brachylophosaurus'' ( or ; meaning "short-crested lizard", Greek ''brachys'' = short + ''lophos'' = crest + ''sauros'' = lizard, referring to its small crest) was a mid-sized member of the hadrosaurid family of dinosaurs. It is known from sev ...

'' ("short-crested lizard"); ''

Brachiosaurus ''Brachiosaurus'' () is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic, about 154to 150million years ago. It was first described by American paleontologist Elmer S. Riggs in 1903 from fossils found in th ...

'' ("arm lizard"); ''

Brachyceratops ''Brachyceratops'' ('short horned face') is a dubious genus of ceratopsian dinosaur known only from partial juvenile specimens dating to the late Cretaceous Period of Montana, United States. ''Brachyceratops'' has historically been known from j ...

'' ("short-horned face") *bronto-: ''Pronunciation'': /brɒntoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, βροντή (''brontḗ''). ''Meaning'': thunder. Used for large animals. *:Examples: ''

Brontosaurus ''Brontosaurus'' (; meaning "thunder lizard" from Greek , "thunder" and , "lizard") is a genus of gigantic quadruped sauropod dinosaurs. Although the type species, ''B. excelsus'', had long been considered a species of the closely related ' ...

'' ("thunder lizard"), ''

Brontotherium ''Megacerops'' ("large-horned face", from '' méga-'' "large" + '' kéras'' "horn" + '' ōps'' "face") is an extinct genus of the prehistoric odd-toed ungulate (hoofed mammal) family Brontotheriidae, an extinct group of rhinoceros-like browsers ...

'' ("thunder beast"), ''

Brontoscorpio ''Brontoscorpio'' is an extinct genus of scorpion. Remains of the only known species, ''Brontoscorpio anglicus'', were discovered in the St. Maughan's Formation, Lochkovian-aged sandstone from Trimpley, Worcestershire. The species was describe ...

'' ("thunder scorpion") '' Brontochelys'' ("thunder turtle") *-canth, cantho-: see -acanth, acantho-. *carcharo-: ''Pronunciation'': /kərkæro/. ''Origin'': (''kárkharos''). ''Meaning'': sharp, jagged; extended via (''karkharías'') to mean "shark". *:Examples: ''

Carcharodon ''Carcharodon'' () is a genus of sharks within the family Lamnidae. The only extant member is the great white shark (''Carcharodon carcharias''). Hubell's white shark ('' Carcharodon hubbelli'') is an extinct member of this genus. Megalodon ...

'' ("jagged tooth"), ''

Carcharocles ''Otodus'' is an extinct genus of mackerel shark which lived from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch. The name ''Otodus'' comes from Ancient Greek (, meaning "ear") and (, meaning "tooth") – thus, "ear-shaped tooth". Anatomy This shark is k ...

'' ("glorious shark"), ''

Carcharodontosaurus ''Carcharodontosaurus'' (; ) is a genus of large carcharodontosaurid theropod dinosaur that existed during the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous in Northern Africa. The genus ''Carcharodontosaurus'' is named after the shark genus '' Carc ...

'' ("serrated tooth lizard") *-cephalus, cephalo-, -cephale, -cephalian: ''Pronunciation'': /sɛfələs/, /sɛfəloʊ̯/, /sɛfəli:/ /sɛfeɪliːən/. ''Origin'': grc, κεφαλή (''kephalḗ''). ''Meaning'': head. *:Examples: ''

Sclerocephalus ''Sclerocephalus'' is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the lowermost Permian of Germany and Czech Republic with four valid species, including the type species ''S. haeuseri''. It is one of the most completely preserved and most abu ...

'' ("hard head"); ''

Euoplocephalus ''Euoplocephalus'' ( ) is a genus of very large, herbivorous ankylosaurid dinosaurs, living during the Late Cretaceous of Canada. It has only one named species, ''Euoplocephalus tutus''. The first fossil of ''Euoplocephalus'' was found in 1897 i ...

'' ("well-protected head"), '' Pachycephalosaurus'' ("thick headed lizard"), '' Amtocephale'' (" Amtgai head"); ''

Therocephalian Therocephalia is an extinct suborder of eutheriodont therapsids (mammals and their close relatives) from the Permian and Triassic. The therocephalians ("beast-heads") are named after their large skulls, which, along with the structure of their t ...

'' ("beast-headed") *-ceras, cerat-, -ceratus: ''Pronunciation'': /sɛrəs/, /sɛrət/, /sɛrətəs/. ''Origin'': grc, κέρας (''kéras''). ''Meaning'': horn. Used for many horned animals, but most notably

ceratopsians Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ( or ; Greek: "horned faces") is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic ...

. *:Examples: ''

Stegoceras ''Stegoceras'' is a genus of pachycephalosaurid (dome-headed) dinosaur that lived in what is now North America during the Late Cretaceous period, about 77.5 to 74 million years ago (mya). The first specimens from Alberta, Canada, were descri ...

'' ("roof horn"); ''

Triceratops ''Triceratops'' ( ; ) is a genus of herbivorous chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur that first appeared during the late Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period, about 68 million years ago in what is now North America. It is one ...

'' ("three-horned face"), ''

Orthoceras ''Orthoceras'' ("straight horn") is a genus of extinct nautiloid cephalopod restricted to Middle Ordovician-aged marine limestones of the Baltic States and Sweden. This genus is sometimes called ''Orthoceratites''. Note it is sometimes misspelle ...

'' ("straight horn") ''

Megaloceras ''Megaloceras'' is a genus of the nautiloid Nautiloids are a group of marine cephalopods (Mollusca) which originated in the Late Cambrian and are represented today by the living ''Nautilus'' and '' Allonautilus''. Fossil nautiloids are diver ...

'' ("big horn") ''

Ceratosaurus ''Ceratosaurus'' (from Greek κέρας/κέρατος, ' meaning "horn" and σαῦρος ' meaning "lizard") was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur in the Late Jurassic period ( Kimmeridgian to Tithonian). The genus was first described in 1 ...

'' ("horned lizard"); '' Microceratus'' ("small horned");

rhinoceros A rhinoceros (; ; ), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is a member of any of the five extant species (or numerous extinct species) of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae. (It can also refer to a member of any of the extinct species ...

("nose horn"); ''

Albertoceras ''Albertoceras'' is a genus of Early Ordovician ellesmeroceratids with a small, slender, orthoconic to slightly endogastric shell; some even tiny. The cross section is strongly compressed so as to make the height proportionally notably greater ...

'' ("

Alberta Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Ter ...

horn") *cetio-, -cetus: ''Pronunciation'': /sɛtɪoʊ/, /siːtəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek κῆτος (''kētos''). ''Meaning'': sea-monster. The suffix "-cetus" is used for whales or whale ancestors, while the prefix "cetio-" is used for whale-like or large animals. *:Examples: ''

Peregocetus ''Peregocetus'' is a genus of early whale that lived in what is now Peru during the Middle Eocene epoch. Its fossil was uncovered in 2011 in the Yumaque Formation of the Pisco Basin at Playa Media Luna by a team consisting of members from Bel ...

'' ("Perego whale") ''

Cetiosaurus ''Cetiosaurus'' () meaning 'whale lizard', from the Greek '/ meaning 'sea monster' (later, 'whale') and '/ meaning 'lizard', is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Period, living about 168 million years ago in what ...

'' ("whale lizard"); ''

Ambulocetus ''Ambulocetus'' (Latin ''ambulare'' "to walk" + ''cetus'' "whale") is a genus of early amphibious cetacean from the Kuldana Formation in Pakistan, roughly 48 or 47 million years ago during the Early Eocene (Lutetian). It contains one species, ' ...

'' ("walking whale"); ''

Pakicetus ''Pakicetus'' is an extinct genus of amphibious cetacean of the family Pakicetidae, which was endemic to Pakistan during the Eocene, about 50 million years ago. It was a wolf-like animal, about to long, and lived in and around water where it a ...

'' ("

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-lar ...

whale") *-cheirus: ''Pronunciation'': /kaɪrəs/. ''Origin'': grc, χείρ (''kheír''). ''Meaning'': hand. *:Examples: '' Deinocheirus'' ("terrible hand"); ''

Ornithocheirus ''Ornithocheirus'' (from Ancient Greek "ὄρνις", meaning ''bird'', and "χεῖρ", meaning ''hand'') is a pterosaur genus known from fragmentary fossil remains uncovered from sediments in the UK and possibly Morocco. Several species have ...

'' ("bird hand"); '' Austrocheirus'' ("southern hand"); ''

Haplocheirus ''Haplocheirus'' is a genus of theropod dinosaur. Upon its description, it was considered the oldest alvarezsauroid, predating all other members by about 63 million years. This has subsequently been questioned. A 2019 study considered ''Haploc ...

'' ("simple hand") *chloro-: ''Pronunciation'': /kloroʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, χλωρός (''khlōrós''). ''Meaning'': green. *:Examples:

Chlorophyta Chlorophyta or Prasinophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a ...

("green plant") Chlorophyll ("green leaf") *choer-: ''Pronunciation'': /koɪroʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, χοίρος (''koíros''). ''Meaning'': pig. *:Examples: ''

Choeroichthys ''Choeroichthys'' is a genus of pipefishes of the family Syngnathidae native to the Indian and Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the nort ...

'' ("pig-fish"); ''

Choerophryne ''Choerophryne'' is a genus of microhylid frogs, commonly known as Torricelli mountain frogs, endemic to New Guinea. These frogs are small, with the body length measured from snout to vent between 11 and 23 mm. Taxonomy and systematics The ...

'' ("frog pig"); '' Choerodon'' ("pig tooth") *coel-: ''Pronunciation'': /siːl/ or /sɛl/ . ''Origin'': grc, κοῖλος (''koîlos''). ''Meaning'': hollow. *:Examples:

("hollow spine"); ''

Coelodonta ''Coelodonta'' (, from the Greek κοιλία, ''koilía'' and οδούς, ''odoús'', "hollow tooth", in reference to the deep grooves of their molars) is an extinct genus of rhinoceros that lived in Eurasia between 3.7 million years to 10,000 ...

'' ("hollow tooth"); ''

Coelophysis ''Coelophysis'' ( traditionally; or , as heard more commonly in recent decades) is an extinct genus of coelophysid theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 228 to 201.3 million years ago during the latter part of the Triassic Period fro ...

'' ("hollow form") '' Amphicoelias'' (¨hollow at both ends¨) *cyan-, cyano-: ''Pronunciation'': /saɪæno/. ''Origin'': grc, κυάνεος (''kuáneos''). ''Meaning'': dark blue, blue, dark blue-green. *:Examples: ''

Cyanocitta ''Cyanocitta'' is a genus of birds in the family Corvidae, a family which contains the crows, jays and magpies. Established by Hugh Edwin Strickland in 1845, it contains the following species: The name ''Cyanocitta'' is a combination of the Gr ...

'' ("blue jay"); Cyanobacteria ("blue bacteria"); ''

Cyanocorax ''Cyanocorax'' is a genus of New World jays, passerine birds in the family Corvidae. The generic name is derived from the Greek words κυανος (''kuanos''), meaning "dark blue," and κοραξ (''korax''), meaning "raven". It contains sever ...

'' ("blue raven") *cyclo-: ''Pronunciation'': /saɪkloʊ/ (or /saɪklɒ/). ''Origin'': grc, κύκλος (''kúklos''). ''Meaning'': circle. *:Examples: '' Cyclomedusa'' ("circle

Medusa In Greek mythology, Medusa (; Ancient Greek: Μέδουσα "guardian, protectress"), also called Gorgo, was one of the three monstrous Gorgons, generally described as winged human females with living venomous snakes in place of hair. Those ...

");

Cyclostomata Cyclostomi, often referred to as Cyclostomata , is a group of vertebrates that comprises the living jawless fishes: the lampreys and hagfishes. Both groups have jawless mouths with horny epidermal structures that function as teeth called cer ...

("circle mouth") *cyn-, -cyon: ''Pronunciation'': /saɪn/, /saɪɒn/. ''Origin'': grc, κύων (''kúon''). ''Meaning'': dog. Used for dogs or dog-like creatures. *:Examples: Cynodont ("dog tooth"); ''

Cynognathus ''Cynognathus'' is an extinct genus of large-bodied cynodontian therapsids that lived in the Middle Triassic. It is known from a single species, ''Cynognathus crateronotus''. ''Cynognathus'' was a long predator closely related to mammals and ha ...

'' ("dog jaw"); ''

Cynopterus ''Cynopterus'' (Latin meaning: ״flying dog״) is a genus of megabats. The cynopterine section is represented by 11 genera,Andersen K. 1912. Catalogue of the chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Second edition, British Museum of N ...

'' ("dog wing"); ''

'' ("bear dog"); '' Procyonidae'' ("before the dog"); *-dactyl, -dactylus: ''Pronunciation'': /dæktəl/, /dæktələs/. ''Origin'': grc, δάκτυλος (''dáktulos''). ''Meaning'': finger, toe. *:Examples:

artiodactyl The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla , ) are ungulates—hoofed animals—which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing poster ...

("even toe"); ''

Pterodactylus ''Pterodactylus'' (from Greek () meaning 'winged finger') is an extinct genus of pterosaurs. It is thought to contain only a single species, ''Pterodactylus antiquus'', which was the first pterosaur to be named and identified as a flying rept ...

'' ("wing finger");

perissodactyl Odd-toed ungulates, mammals which constitute the taxonomic order Perissodactyla (, ), are animals—ungulates—who have reduced the weight-bearing toes to three (rhinoceroses and tapirs, with tapirs still using four toes on the front legs) o ...

("uneven toe") * -deres: ''Origin'': grc, δέρη (''dére''). ''Meaning'': neck, collar. *:Examples: '' Acanthoderes'' ("spiny neck") *-derm: ''Pronunciation'': /dɜrm/. ''Origin'': grc, δέρμα (''dérma''). ''Meaning'': animal hide. Used for skin. *:Examples: placoderm ("plated skin");

echinoderm An echinoderm () is any member of the phylum Echinodermata (). The adults are recognisable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the s ...

("hedgehog skin");

ostracoderm Ostracoderms () are the armored jawless fish of the Paleozoic Era. The term does not often appear in classifications today because it is paraphyletic (excluding jawed fishes) (may also be polyphyletic if anaspids are closer to cyclostomes) an ...

("shell skin") *-delphys, -delphis, delpho-: ''Pronunciation'': /dɜlfɪs/, /dɜlfʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, δελφύς ('' delphis''). ''Meaning'': womb. Used for

theria Theria (; Greek: , wild beast) is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes. Theria includes the eutherians (including the placental mammals) and the metatherians (including the marsupials) but excludes the egg-laying monotremes. ...

n mammals. *:Examples: ''

Sinodelphys ''Sinodelphys'' is an extinct eutherian from the Early Cretaceous, estimated to be 125 million years old. It was discovered and described in 2003 in rocks of the Yixian Formation in Liaoning Province, China, by a team of scientists including Zhe ...

'' ("Chinese womb"); ''

Didelphis ''Didelphis'' is a genus of New World marsupials. The six species in the genus ''Didelphis'', commonly known as Large American opossums, are members of the ''opossum'' order, Didelphimorphia. The genus ''Didelphis'' is composed of cat-sized om ...

'' ("two wombs"); ''

Didelphodon ''Didelphodon'' (from ''is''/nowiki>.html" ;"title="/nowiki>''is''/nowiki>">/nowiki>''is''/nowiki> "opossum" plus "tooth") is a genus of stagodont metatherians from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Description Although perhaps little l ...

'' ("two-womb e_opossum.html"_;"title="opossum.html"_;"title="e_opossum">e_opossum">opossum.html"_;"title="e_opossum">e_opossumtooth");_'' e_opossum.html"_;"title="opossum.html"_;"title="e_opossum">e_opossum">opossum.html"_;"title="e_opossum">e_opossumtooth");_''Delphinus_(genus)">Delphinius''_("with_a_womb") *dendro-,_-dendron,_-dendrum:_''Pronunciation'':_/dɛn.dɹoʊ/,_/ˈdɛndɹən/,_/dɛndɹəm/._''Origin'':__grc.html" ;"title="Delphinus_(genus).html" ;"title="opossum">e_opossum.html" ;"title="opossum.html" ;"title="e opossum">e opossum">opossum.html" ;"title="e opossum">e opossumtooth"); ''Delphinus (genus)">Delphinius'' ("with a womb") *dendro-, -dendron, -dendrum: ''Pronunciation'': /dɛn.dɹoʊ/, /ˈdɛndɹən/, /dɛndɹəm/. ''Origin'': grc">δένδρον (''déndron''). ''Meaning'': tree. *:Examples: ''Rhododendron'' ("rose tree"); ''Liriodendron'' ("lily tree"); ''Dendrocnide'' ("tree nettle"); ''Epidendrum'' ("above tree") ''

Lepidodendron ''Lepidodendron'' is an extinct genus of primitive vascular plants belonging to the family Lepidodendraceae, part of a group of Lycopodiopsida known as scale trees or arborescent lycophytes, related to quillworts and lycopsids (club mosses). Th ...

'' (¨scaled tree¨) *di-: ''Pronunciation'': /daɪ/. ''Origin'': grc, δίς (''dís''). ''Meaning'': twice. Used to indicate two of something. *:Examples: ''

Dilophosaurus ''Dilophosaurus'' ( ) is a genus of theropod dinosaurs that lived in what is now North America during the Early Jurassic, about 193 million years ago. Three skeletons were discovered in northern Arizona in 1940, and the two best preserve ...

'' ("twice crested lizard"); '' Diceratops'' ("two-horned face");

diapsid Diapsids ("two arches") are a clade of sauropsids, distinguished from more primitive eureptiles by the presence of two holes, known as temporal fenestrae, in each side of their skulls. The group first appeared about three hundred million years a ...

("two arches") *dino-, deino-: Pronunciation: /daɪnoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, δεινός (''deinós''). ''Meaning'': "terrible", "formidable". Used for presumably fearfully large or dangerous animals or animal parts. *:Examples:

dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is t ...

("terrible lizard"), '' Dinofelis'' ("terrible cat"), ''

Dinornis The giant moa (''Dinornis'') is an extinct genus of birds belonging to the moa family. As with other moa, it was a member of the order Dinornithiformes. It was endemic to New Zealand. Two species of ''Dinornis'' are considered valid, the North ...

'' ("terrible bird"); ''

Deinonychus ''Deinonychus'' ( ; ) is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur with one described species, ''Deinonychus antirrhopus''. This species, which could grow up to long, lived during the early Cretaceous Period, about 115–108 million y ...

'' ("terrible claw"), '' Deinocheirus'' ("terrible hand"); '' Dinodocus'' ("terrible beam"); ''

Deinosuchus ''Deinosuchus'' () is an extinct genus of alligatoroid crocodilian, related to modern alligators and caimans, that lived 82 to 73 million years ago (Ma), during the late Cretaceous period. The name translates as "terrible crocodile" and i ...

'' ("terrible crocodile"), ''

Dinohippus ''Dinohippus'' (Greek: "Terrible horse") is an extinct equid which was endemic to North America from the late Hemphillian stage of the Miocene through the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene (10.3—3.6 mya) and in existence for approximately . Foss ...

'' ("terrible horse"), '' Dinosorex'' ("terrible shrew") '' Deinococcus'' ("terrible grannule") * diplo-: ''Pronunciation'': /dɪploʊ/, /dɪplo/. ''Origin'': grc, διπλόος, διπλοῦς (''diplóos'', ''diploûs''). ''Meaning'': double. *:Examples: ''

Diplodocus ''Diplodocus'' (, , or ) was a genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaurs, whose fossils were first discovered in 1877 by S. W. Williston. The generic name, coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878, is a neo-Latin term derived from Greek δι� ...

'' ("double beam");

Diplopoda Millipedes are a group of arthropods that are characterised by having two pairs of jointed legs on most body segments; they are known scientifically as the class Diplopoda, the name derived from this feature. Each double-legged segment is a resu ...

("double feet");

Diplomonad The diplomonads (Greek for "two units") are a group of flagellates, most of which are parasitic. They include ''Giardia duodenalis'', which causes giardiasis in humans. They are placed among the metamonads, and appear to be particularly close ...

("double unit"); '' Diplovertebron'' ("double vertebra") *-don, -'', -''donto-: see -odon, -odont, -odonto-. *draco-: ''Pronunciation'': /drakoʊs/ Origin: grc, δράκος (''drákos''). Meaning: dragon. *:Examples: ''

Dracophyllum ''Dracophyllum'' is a genus of plants belonging to the family Ericaceae, formerly Epacridaceae. There are 61 species in the genus, mostly shrubs, but also cushion plants and trees, found in New Zealand, Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledon ...

'' ("dragon race"); '' Dracocephalum'' ("dragon head"); '' Dracaena'' ("female dragon") *dromaeo-, dromeo-, -dromeus: ''Pronunciation'': /droʊmɪoʊ/, /droʊmɪəs/ ''Origin'': grc, δρομαῖος (''dromaîos''). Meaning: runner. *:Examples: ''

Dromaeosaurus ''Dromaeosaurus'' (, "running lizard") is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur which lived during the Late Cretaceous period (middle late Campanian and Maastrichtian), sometime between 80 and 69 million years ago, in Alberta, Canada and the ...

'' ("runner lizard"); ''

Kulindadromeus ''Kulindadromeus'' was a herbivorous dinosaur, a basal neornithischian from the Middle Jurassic. The first ''Kulindadromeus'' fossil was found in Russia. Its feather-like integument is evidence for protofeathers being basal to Ornithischia and p ...

'' (" Kulinda runner"); ''

Thalassodromeus ''Thalassodromeus'' is a genus of pterosaur that lived in what is now Brazil during the Early Cretaceous period, about a hundred million years ago. The original skull, discovered in 1983 in the Araripe Basin of northeastern Brazil, was collect ...

'' ("sea runner"); ''

Eodromaeus ''Eodromaeus'' (meaning "dawn runner") is an extinct genus of probable basal theropod dinosaurs from the Late Triassic of Argentina. Like many other of the earliest-known dinosaurs, it hails from the Carnian-age (~230 Ma) Ischigualasto Form ...

'' ("dawn runner") *eo-: ''Pronunciation'': /iːoʊ̯/. ''Origin'': grc, ἠώς (''ēṓs''). ''Meaning'': dawn. Used for very early appearances of animals in the fossil record. *:Examples: ''

Eohippus ''Eohippus'' is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. The only species is ''E. angustidens'', which was long considered a species of ''Hyracotherium''. Its remains have been identified in North America and date to the Early Eocene (Ypresian ...

'' ("dawn horse"); ''

Eomaia ''Eomaia'' ("dawn mother") is a genus of extinct fossil mammals containing the single species ''Eomaia scansoria'', discovered in rocks that were found in the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China, and dated to the Barremian Age of the Lower ...

'' ("dawn Maia"); ''

Eoraptor ''Eoraptor'' () is a genus of small, lightly built, basal sauropodomorph. One of the earliest-known dinosaurs, it lived approximately 231 to 228 million years ago, during the Late Triassic in Western Gondwana, in the region that is now northwes ...

'' ("dawn seizer") *-erpeton: ''Pronunciation'': /ɜrpətɒn/. ''Origin'': grc, ἑρπετόν (''herpetón''). ''Meaning'': reptile (literally, "creeping thing"); used for amphibians. *:Examples: ''

Hynerpeton ''Hynerpeton'' ( ) is an extinct genus of early four-limbed vertebrate that lived in the rivers and ponds of Pennsylvania during the Late Devonian period, around 365 to 363 million years ago. The only known species of ''Hynerpeton'' is ''H. basse ...

'' (" Hyner creeper"); ''

Greererpeton ''Greererpeton burkemorani'' ("crawler from Greer, West Virginia") is an extinct genus of colosteid stem-tetrapods from the Early Carboniferous period (late Viséan) of North America. ''Greererpeton'' was first described by famed vertebrate pal ...

'' (" Greer creeper"); '' Arizonerpeton'' ("

Arizona Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...

creeper"); '' Albanerpeton'' ("La Grive Saint Alban creeper") *eu-: ''Pronunciation'': /iːu̟/. ''Origin'': grc, εὖ (''eû''). ''Meaning'': "good", "well"; also extended via

New Latin New Latin (also called Neo-Latin or Modern Latin) is the revival of Literary Latin used in original, scholarly, and scientific works since about 1500. Modern scholarly and technical nomenclature, such as in zoological and botanical taxonomy ...

to mean "true". Used in a variety of ways, often to indicate well-preserved specimens, well-developed bones, "truer" examples of fossil forms, or simply admiration on the part of the discoverer. *:Examples: ''

Euparkeria ''Euparkeria'' (; meaning "Parker's good animal", named in honor of W.K. Parker) is an extinct genus of archosauriform from the Middle Triassic of South Africa. It was a small reptile that lived between 245-230 million years ago, and was close to ...

'' (" Parker's good

nimal Nimal may refer to *Nimal Bandara, Sri Lankan politician *Nimal Gamini Amaratunga, Sri Lankan judge *Nimal Gunaratne, Sri Lankan air force officer *Nimal Mendis, Sri Lankan politician *Nimal Piyatissa (born 1968), Sri Lankan politician *Nimal Raja ...

) ''

Euhelopus ''Euhelopus'' is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived between 145 and 133 million years ago during the Berriasian and Valanginian stages of the Early Cretaceous in what is now Shandong Province in China. It was a large quadrupedal herbivore. U ...

'' ("good marsh foot") ''

Eustreptospondylus ''Eustreptospondylus'' ( ; meaning "true ''Streptospondylus''") is a genus of megalosaurid Theropoda, theropod dinosaur, from the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic period (some time between 163 and 154 million years ago) in southern Eng ...

'' ("true '' Streptospondylus''"); '' Eucoelophysis'' ("True

") *-felis: ''Pronunciation'': /fiːlɪs/. ''Origin'': la, felis, feles. ''Meaning'': cat. "''

Felis ''Felis'' is a genus of small and medium-sized cat species native to most of Africa and south of 60° latitude in Europe and Asia to Indochina. The genus includes the domestic cat. The smallest ''Felis'' species is the black-footed cat with a h ...

''" alone is the genus name for the group that includes the domestic cat. *:Examples: '' Dinofelis'' ("terrible cat"); ''

Eofelis ''Eofelis'' is an extinct genus of small nimravid (false saber-toothed cats). They were catlike creatures that evolved in parallel with true cats but are not a part of the true cat lineage and have left no living descendants. Fossils have been f ...

'' ("dawn cat"); '' Pardofelis'' ("leopard cat") *-form, -formes: ''Pronunciation'': /foʊrm/, /foʊrms/. ''Origin'': la, forma. ''Meaning'': shape, form. Used for large groups of animals that share similar characteristics; also used in names of bird and fish orders. *:Examples:

Galliformes Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are ofte ...

("chicken form"); Anseriformes ("goose form"); Squaliformes ("shark form") *giga-, giganto-: ''Pronunciation'': /d͡ʒaɪgə/, /d͡ʒaɪgæntoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, γίγας, γῐ́γᾰντος (''gígas, gigantos''). ''Meaning'': giant, of a giant, respectively. Used for large species. *:Examples: ''

Giganotosaurus ''Giganotosaurus'' ( ) is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Argentina, during the early Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 99.6 to 95 million years ago. The holotype specimen was discovered in th ...

'' ("giant southern lizard"); ''

Gigantopithecus ''Gigantopithecus'' ( ; ) is an extinct genus of ape from roughly 2 million to 350,000 years ago during the Early to Middle Pleistocene of southern China, represented by one species, ''Gigantopithecus blacki''. Potential identifications have als ...

'' ("giant ape"); ''

Gigantoraptor ''Gigantoraptor'' () is a genus of large oviraptorosaur dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. It is known from the Iren Dabasu Formation of Inner Mongolia, where the first remains were found in 2005. ''Gigantoraptor'' wa ...

'' ("giant seizer"); '' Gigantopterus'' ("giant fin") *-gnath-, gnatho-, -gnathus: ''Pronunciation'': /neɪθ/, /neɪθoʊ/, /neɪθəs/ (or /gneɪθəs/). ''Origin'': grc, γνάθος (''gnáthos''). ''Meaning'': jaw. *:Examples: ''

Caenagnathasia ''Caenagnathasia'' ('recent jaw from Asia') is a small caenagnathid oviraptorosaurian theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. Discovery The type species ''Caenagnathasia martinsoni'' was named and described in 1994 by Philip J. Currie ...

'' ("recent Asian jaw"); ''

Gnathostoma ''Gnathostoma'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes. The species ''Gnathostoma spinigerum'' and '' Gnathostoma hispidum'' can cause gnathostomiasis. Neurognathostomiasis occurs in the USA. ''Gnathostoma binucleatum'' (which is native to the Ame ...

'' ("jaw mouth"); ''

'' ("dog jaw"); ''

Compsognathus ''Compsognathus'' (; Ancient Greek, Greek ''kompsos''/κομψός; "elegant", "refined" or "dainty", and ''gnathos''/γνάθος; "jaw") is a genus of small, bipedalism, bipedal, carnivore, carnivorous theropoda, theropod dinosaur. Members o ...

'' ("elegant jaw"); ''

Gnathosaurus ''Gnathosaurus'' (meaning "jawed lizard") is a genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaur containing two species: ''G. subulatus'', named in 1833 from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany, and ''G. macrurus'', known from the Purbeck Limestone of the UK. ...

'' ("jaw lizard") *haplo-: ''Pronunciation'': /hæplə/. ''Origin'': grc, ἁπλῶς- (''haplós-''). ''Meaning:'' simple. *:Examples: '' Haplorhini'' ("simple-nosed");

("simple hand") *hemi-: ''Pronunciation'': /hɛmi/. ''Origin'': grc, ἡμι- (''hēmi-''). ''Meaning:'' half. *:Examples: '' Hemicyon'' ("half-dog");

hemichordate Hemichordata is a phylum which consists of triploblastic, enterocoelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical marine deuterostome animals, generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms. They appear in the Lower or Middle Cambrian and includ ...

("half-chordate"); Hemiptera ("half-wing") *hespero-: ''Pronunciation'': /hɛspəroʊ/. ''Origin'': (''hésperos''). ''Meaning'': western (originally, "evening"). *:Examples: ''

Hesperornis ''Hesperornis'' (meaning "western bird") is a genus of cormorant-like bird that spanned the first half of the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous period (83.5–78 mya). One of the lesser-known discoveries of the paleontologist O. C. Marsh i ...

'' ("western bird"); ''

Hesperocyon ''Hesperocyon'' is an extinct genus of canids (subfamily Hesperocyoninae, family Canidae) that was endemic to North America, ranging from southern Canada to Colorado. It appeared during the Uintan age, – Bridgerian age (NALMA) of the Mid-Eocen ...

'' ("western dog"); ''

Hesperosaurus ''Hesperosaurus'' (meaning "western lizard", from Ancient Greek language, Classical Greek (') "western" and (') "lizard") is an herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur from the Kimmeridgian epoch of the Jurassic period, approximately 156 million year ...

'' ("western lizard") * hippus, hippo-: Pronunciation: /hɪpəs/, /hɪpoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, ἵππος (''híppos''). ''Meaning'': horse. *:Examples: ''

'' ("dawn horse"); '' Hippodraco'' ("horse dragon");

Hippopotamus The hippopotamus ( ; : hippopotamuses or hippopotami; ''Hippopotamus amphibius''), also called the hippo, common hippopotamus, or river hippopotamus, is a large semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of only two extan ...

("river horse") *hyl-, hylo-: ''Pronunciation'': /haɪl/, /haɪloʊ/ (or /haɪlɒ/). ''Origin'': grc, ὕλη ("húlē"). ''Meaning:'' wood, forest. *:Examples: ''

Hylonomus ''Hylonomus'' (; ''hylo-'' "forest" + ''nomos'' "dweller") is an extinct genus of reptile that lived 312 million years ago during the Late Carboniferous period. It is the earliest unquestionable reptile (''Westlothiana'' is older, but in fact it ...

'' ("forest dweller"); '' Hylobates'' ("forest walker"); ''

Hylarana ''Hylarana'', commonly known as golden-backed frogs, is a genus of true frogs found in tropical Asia. It was formerly considered highly diverse, containing around 84 to 96 valid species, but taxonomic revision resulted in a major change in the c ...

'' ("forest frog") *-ia: ''Pronunciation'': /iːə/. ''Origin'': grc, -ια, -εια (''-ia, -eia''). ''Meaning:'' an abstraction usually used as an honorific for a person or place. *:Examples: '' Dickinsonia'' ("for Dickinson"); ''

Cooksonia ''Cooksonia'' is an extinct group of primitive land plants, treated as a genus, although probably not monophyletic. The earliest ''Cooksonia'' date from the middle of the Silurian (the Wenlock epoch); the group continued to be an important comp ...

'' ("for Cookson"); '' Coloradia'' ("for

Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the wes ...

"); ''

Edmontonia ''Edmontonia'' is a genus of panoplosaurin nodosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period. It is part of the Nodosauridae, a family within Ankylosauria. It is named after the Edmonton Formation (now the Horseshoe Canyon Formation in Ca ...

'' ("for

Edmonton Edmonton ( ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city ancho ...

"); '' Thomashuxleya'' ("for

Thomas Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist specialising in comparative anatomy. He has become known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The stor ...

") *ichthyo-, -ichthys: ''Pronunciation'': /ɪkθioʊs/, /ɪkθis/. ''Origin'': grc, ἰχθῦς (''ikhthûs''). ''Meaning'': fish. The suffix "-ichthys" is used for fish, while the prefix "ichthyo-", while used for fish, is also used for fish-like creatures. *:Examples: ''

Ichthyosaurus ''Ichthyosaurus'' (derived from Greek ' () meaning 'fish' and ' () meaning 'lizard') is a genus of ichthyosaurs from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian - Pliensbachian), with possible Late Triassic record, from Europe ( Belgium, England, Germany, ...

'' ("fish lizard"); ''

Leedsichthys ''Leedsichthys'' is an extinct genus of pachycormid fish that lived in the oceans of the Middle to Late Jurassic.Liston, JJ (2004). An overview of the pachycormiform ''Leedsichthys''. In: Arratia G and Tintori A (eds) Mesozoic Fishes 3 - System ...

'' ("Leeds's fish"); ''

Haikouichthys ''Haikouichthys'' is an extinct genus of craniate (animals with notochords and distinct heads) that lived 518 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion of multicellular life. ''Haikouichthys'' had a defined skull and other characteristi ...

'' ("

Haikou Haikou (; ), also spelled as Hoikow is the capital and most populous city of the Chinese province of Hainan. Haikou city is situated on the northern coast of Hainan, by the mouth of the Nandu River. The northern part of the city is on the ...

fish"); '' Ichthyostega'' ("fish roof") *-lania, ''Pronunciation'': /læniːə/, ''Origin'': grc, ἀλαίνειν (''alaínein''): ''Meaning'': to wander. Used for animals that are found in most places around continents. *:Examples: ''

Meiolania ''Meiolania'' ("small roamer") is an extinct genus of meiolaniid stem-turtle native to Australasia from the Middle Miocene to Late Pleistocene and possibly Holocene. It is best known from fossils found on Lord Howe Island, though fossils are know ...

'' ("weak wanderer"); ''

Megalania Megalania (''Varanus priscus'') is an extinct species of giant monitor lizard, part of the megafaunal assemblage that inhabited Australia during the Pleistocene. It is the largest terrestrial lizard known to have existed, reaching an estimated ...

'' ("great wanderer") *leo-: Pronunciation: /lɛʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, λέων (''léon''): Meaning: lion. *:Examples: ''

Leopardus ''Leopardus'' is a genus comprising eight species of small cats native to the Americas. This genus is considered the oldest branch of a genetic lineage of small cats in the Americas whose common ancestor crossed the Bering land bridge from Asia ...

'' ("spotted lion"); ''

Leontopodium ''Leontopodium'' is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae. The genus is native to Europe and Asia. The fuzzy and somewhat stocky "petals" (technically, bracts) could be thought of as somewhat resembling lions' paws—hence the genus na ...

'' ("lion foot"); ''

Leontopithecus The four species of lion tamarins or maned marmosets make up the genus ''Leontopithecus''. They are small New World monkeys named for the mane surrounding their face, similar to the mane of a lion. Description Living in the eastern rainforests ...

'' ("lion ape") *-lepis, lepido-: ''Pronunciation'': /lɛpɪs/ /lɛpɪdoʊ/ (or /lɛpɪdɒ/). ''Origin'': grc, λεπίς ('). ''Meaning'': scale. *:Examples: '' Mongolepis'' ("Mongol scale"); ''

Stagonolepis ''Stagonolepis'' is an extinct genus of stagonolepidid aetosaur known from the Late Triassic (Carnian stage) Hassberge Formation of Germany, the Drawno Beds of Poland, and the Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland. Supposed fossils from North and S ...

'' ("ornamented scale"); '' Polymerolepis'' ("many part scale");

Lepidosauria The Lepidosauria (, from Greek meaning ''scaled lizards'') is a subclass or superorder of reptiles, containing the orders Squamata and Rhynchocephalia. Squamata includes snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians. Squamata contains over 9,000 species ...

("scaled lizards"); '' Lepidoptera'' ("scaled wing"); ''

'' ("scaled tree") *-lestes: ''Pronunciation'': /lɛstiːz/. ''Origin'': grc, λῃστής ('')''. ''Meaning'': robber. *:Examples: ''

Carpolestes ''Carpolestes'' ("fruit thief" from Ancient Greek κᾰρπός (karpós), “fruit, grain” + λῃστής (lēistḗs), “thief”) is a genus of extinct primate-like mammals from the late Paleocene of North America. It first existed arou ...

'' ("fruit robber"); ''

Ornitholestes ''Ornitholestes'' (meaning "bird robber") is a small theropod dinosaur of the late Jurassic (Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, middle Kimmeridgian age, about 154 million years agoTurner, C.E. and Peterson, F., (1999). "Biostratigrap ...

'' ("bird robber"); '' Sarcolestes'' ("flesh robber"); ''

Necrolestes ''Necrolestes'' ("grave robber" or "thief of the dead") is an extinct genus of mammals, which lived during the Early Miocene in what is now Argentine Patagonia. It is the most recent known genus of Meridiolestida, an extinct group of mammals m ...

'' ("grave robber") *long: ''Pronunciation'': /lʊng/. ''Origin'': zh, s=龙, t=龍. ''Meaning'': dragon. Used for dinosaur finds in China. *:Examples: ''

Mei long ''Mei'' (from Chinese 寐 mèi ''Sleepy'') is a genus of duck-sized troodontid dinosaur first unearthed by paleontologists from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China in 2004. ''Mei'' lived during the Early Cretaceous period. The binomial nam ...

'' ("sleeping dragon"); ''

Bolong ''Bolong'' (meaning "Bo's dragon") is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur known from the Early Cretaceous-age Yixian Formation of western Liaoning Province, China. It lived about 125 million years ago in the earliest Aptian. Discovery and naming ...

'' ("small dragon"); '' Zuolong'' (" Zuo's dragon"); ''

Shaochilong ''Shaochilong'' (meaning "shark toothed dragon") is an extinct genus of carcharodontosaurid dinosaur from the mid-Cretaceous (Late Cenomanian to the end of the Turonian stage) Ulansuhai Formation of China (about 92 million years ago). The type ...

'' ("shark toothed dragon") *-lopho-, -lophus: ''Pronunciation'': /lɒfoʊ/, /ləfəs/. ''Origin'': grc, λόφος ('). ''Meaning'': A bird's crest. Used for animals with crests on their heads. *:Examples: ''

'' ("two-crested lizard"); ''

'' ("short-crested lizard"); '' Saurolophus'' ("lizard crest") * lyco-: ''Pronunciation'': /lɪkoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, λύκος ('). ''Meaning'': wolf. *:Examples: ''

Lycopodium ''Lycopodium'' (from Greek ''lykos'', wolf and ''podion'', diminutive of ''pous'', foot) is a genus of clubmosses, also known as ground pines or creeping cedars, in the family Lycopodiaceae. Two very different circumscriptions of the genus are i ...

'' ("wolf foot"); ''

Lycodon ''Lycodon'' is a genus of colubrid snakes, commonly known as wolf snakes. The New Latin name ''Lycodon'' is derived from the Greek words λύκος (''lykos'') meaning wolf and οδόν (''odon'') meaning tooth, and refers to the fang-like ant ...

'' ("wolf tooth"); ''

Lycoperdon ''Lycoperdon'' is a genus of puffball mushrooms. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 50 species. In general, it contains the smaller species such as the pear-shaped puffball and the gem-studded puffball. It was formerly cla ...

'' ("wolf fart") *macro-: ''Pronunciation'': /mækroʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, μακρός (''makrós''). ''Meaning'': (correctly) long; (usually) large. *:Examples: macropod ("big foot"); ''

Macrodontophion ''Macrodontophion'' (meaning "long-toothed snake") is the name given to a dubious genus of Lophotrochozoa, lophotrochozoan from the Early Devonian Dniester Series of Podolia, Ukraine. It was described by Adalbert Zborzewsky in 1834, but was never ...

'' ("big tooth snake"); '' Macrogryphosaurus'' ("big enigmatic lizard") *-maia, maia-: ''Pronunciation'': /meiə/ ''Origin'': grc, Μαῖα (''Maîa''). ''Meaning'': Originally the mother of Hermes in Greek mythology and the goddess of growth in Roman mythology, alternatively spelled Maja. Frequently used to indicate maternal roles, this word should not be construed as translating directly to "mother" (Latin māter; Ancient Greek μήτηρ ''mḗtēr''); aside from being a proper name, in Ancient Greek "maîa" can translate to "midwife" or "foster mother" and was used as an honorific address for older women, typically translated into English as "Good Mother". *:Examples: ''

Maiasaura ''Maiasaura'' (from the Greek ''μαῖα'', meaning "good mother" and ''σαύρα'', the feminine form of ''saurus'', meaning "reptile") is a large herbivorous saurolophine hadrosaurid ("duck-billed") dinosaur genus that lived in the area cur ...

'' ("Good Mother/Maia's lizard"); ''

'' ("dawn Maia"); ''

Juramaia ''Juramaia'' is an extinct genus of very basal eutherian mammal known from the Late Jurassic ( Oxfordian stage) deposits of western Liaoning, China. It is a small shrew-like mammal with a body length of approximately 70–100 mm, making it ...

'' (

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of ...

Maia"); ''

Maiacetus ''Maiacetus'' ("mother whale") is a genus of early middle Eocene (c. 47.5 mya) cetacean from the Habib Rahi Formation of Pakistan. Paleobiology The genus contains a single species, ''Maiacetus inuus'', first described in 2009 on the basis of ...

'' ("mother whale") *mega-, megalo-: ''Pronunciation'': /mɛga/, /mɛgaloʊ̯/. ''Origin'': grc, μέγας, μεγάλη (''mégas, megálē''). ''Meaning'': big. *:Examples: ''

Megarachne ''Megarachne'' is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of ''Megarachne'' have been discovered in deposits of Late Carboniferous age, from the Gzhelian stage, in San Luis, Argentina. The fossils of the single and ...

'' ("big spider"); ''

Megalosaurus ''Megalosaurus'' (meaning "great lizard", from Greek , ', meaning 'big', 'tall' or 'great' and , ', meaning 'lizard') is an extinct genus of large carnivorous theropod dinosaurs of the Middle Jurassic period (Bathonian stage, 166 million years ...

'' ("big lizard"); ''

megalodon Megalodon (''Otodus megalodon''), meaning "big tooth", is an extinct species of mackerel shark that lived approximately 23 to 3.6 million years ago (Mya), from the Early Miocene to the Pliocene epochs. It was formerly thought to be a membe ...

'' ("big tooth") *micro-: ''Pronunciation'': /maɪkroʊ̯/. ''Origin'': grc, μικρός (''mikrós''). ''Meaning'': "small". *:Examples: ''

Microraptor ''Microraptor'' (Greek, μικρός, ''mīkros'': "small"; Latin, ''raptor'': "one who seizes") is a genus of small, four-winged dromaeosaurid dinosaurs. Numerous well-preserved fossil specimens have been recovered from Liaoning, China. They ...

'' ("small seizer") '' Microvenator'' ("small hunter"); '' Microceratops'' ("small horned face") *mimo-, -mimus: /maɪmoʊ̯/, /maɪməs/. ''Origin'': la, mimus. ''Meaning'': actor. Used for creatures that resemble others. *:Examples: ''

Struthiomimus ''Struthiomimus'' (meaning "ostrich mimic", from the Greek στρούθειος/''stroutheios'' meaning "of the ostrich" and μῖμος/''mimos'' meaning "mimic" or "imitator") is a genus of ornithomimid dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous of No ...

''; ("ostrich mimic"); ''

Ornithomimus ''Ornithomimus'' (; "bird mimic") is a genus of ornithomimid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. ''Ornithomimus'' was a swift bipedal theropod which fossil evidence indicates was covered in feathers, equippe ...

'' ("bird mimic"); '' Gallimimus'' ("chicken mimic"); ornithomimosaur ("bird mimic lizard") * -monas, -monad: ''Pronunciation'': /moʊnas/, /monas/, /moʊnad/, /monad/. ''Origin'': grc, μονάς (''monás''). ''Meaning'': unit. Used for single-celled organisms. *:Examples: '' Chlamydomonas'' ("cloak unit"); ''

Pseudomonas ''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae and containing 191 described species. The members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able t ...

'' ("false unit");

Metamonad The metamonads are microscopic eukaryotic organisms, a large group of flagellate amitochondriate Loukozoa. Their composition is not entirely settled, but they include the retortamonads, diplomonads, and possibly the parabasalids and oxymonads a ...

("encompassing unit") *-morph: ''Pronunciation'': /moʊrf/. ''Origin'': grc, μορφή (''morphḗ''). ''Meaning'': form, shape. Used for large groups of animals which share a common genetic lineage *:Examples: crocodylomorphs ("crocodile form");

sauropodomorphs Sauropodomorpha ( ; from Greek, meaning "lizard-footed forms") is an extinct clade of long-necked, herbivorous, saurischian dinosaurs that includes the sauropods and their ancestral relatives. Sauropods generally grew to very large sizes, had lon ...

(" sauropod form");

Muscomorpha The Brachyceran infraorder Muscomorpha is a large and diverse group of flies, containing the bulk of the Brachycera, and, most of the known flies. It includes a number of the most familiar flies, such as the housefly, the fruit fly, and the blo ...

(" fly form") '' Dimorphodon'' ("two forms of teeth") *-nax, -anax-: ''Pronunciation'': /nax/, /ænax/. ''Origin:'' grc, ἄναξ (''ánax''). ''Meaning'': king. *:Examples: '' Lythronax'' ("gore king") ''

Saurophaganax ''Saurophaganax'' ("lord of lizard-eaters") is a genus of large allosaurid dinosaur from the Morrison Formation of Late Jurassic (latest Kimmeridgian age, about 151 million years ago) Oklahoma, United States.Turner, C.E. and Peterson, F., (1999) ...

'' ("king of the lizard-eaters") *-noto-: ''Pronunciation'': /notoʊ/. ''Origin'': . ''Meaning'': south, southern wind. Used for organisms found in the Southern Hemisphere. *:Examples: ''

'' ("giant southern lizard"); ''

Notosuchus ''Notosuchus'' (; 'southern crocodile') is an extinct genus of South American notosuchian crocodylomorph. It was terrestrial, living approximately 85 million years ago in the Santonian stage of the Late Cretaceous. Description ''Notosuchus'' wa ...

'' ("southern crocodile"); Notopalaeognathae ("southern old jaws") *-nych, nycho-, -nyx: see -onych, onycho-, -onyx. *-odon, -odont, -odonto-: ''Pronunciation'': /oʊdɒn/, /oʊdɒnt/, /oʊdɒntoʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, ὀδούς (''odoús''). ''Meaning'': tooth. *:Examples: '' Dimetrodon'' ("two-measures of teeth"), cynodont ("dog tooth") ''

'' ("serrated tooth lizard") *-oides, -odes: ''Pronunciation'': /oiːdiːz/, /oʊːdiːz/. ''Origin'': grc, εἶδος (''eîdos''). ''Meaning'': likeness. Used for species that resemble other species. *:Examples: ''

Hypocnemoides ''Hypocnemoides'' is a genus of passerine bird in the antbird family, Thamnophilidae. It contains two species, the black-chinned antbird (''H. melanopogon'') and the band-tailed antbird (''H. maculicauda'').Ridgely, Robert S. & Guy Tudor (1994) ...

'' ("like Hypocnemis"); ''

Aetobarbakinoides ''Aetobarbakinoides'' is an extinct genus of stagonolepidid aetosaur known from the Late Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. Fossils have been found from the Santa Maria Supersequence of the late Carnian and early Norian stages ...

'' ("like the

long-legged buzzard The long-legged buzzard (''Buteo rufinus'') is a bird of prey found widely in several parts of Eurasia and in North Africa. This species ranges from Southeastern Europe down to East Africa to the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The long ...

"); '' Callianthemoides'' ("like '' Callianthemum''"); ''

Argyrodes ''Argyrodes'', also called dewdrop spiders, is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1864. They occur worldwide, and are best known for their kleptoparasitism. They can spin their own webs, but tend to ...

'' ("like silver") *onycho-, -onychus, -onyx: /ɒnikoʊ/, /ɒnikəs/ (or /ɒnaɪkoʊ/, ɒnaɪkəs/), /ɒniks/. ''Origin'': grc, ὄνυξ (''ónux''). ''Meaning'': claw. *:Examples: ''

'' ("terrible claw"); '' Euronychodon'' ("European claw tooth"); ''

Nothronychus ''Nothronychus'' (meaning "slothful claw") is a genus of therizinosaurid theropod dinosaurs that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous period. The type species, ''Nothronychus mckinleyi'', was described by James Kirkland and Doug ...

'' ("sloth claw"), ''

Baryonyx ''Baryonyx'' () is a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived in the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, about 130–125 million years ago. The first skeleton was discovered in 1983 in the Smokejack Clay Pit, of Surrey, England, in s ...

'' ("heavy claw") *ophi-: ''Pronunciation'': /ɒfɪs/. ''Origin'': grc, ὄφις (''óphis''). ''Meaning'': snake. Used for

Ophidia __FORCETOC__ Ophidia (also known as Pan-Serpentes) is a group of squamate reptiles including modern snakes and reptiles more closely related to snakes than to other living groups of lizards. Ophidia was defined as the "most recent common ancest ...

or snake-like animals. *:Examples: ''

Ophiacodon ''Ophiacodon'' (meaning "snake tooth") is an extinct genus of synapsid belonging to the family Ophiacodontidae that lived from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian in North America and Europe. The genus was named along with its type spec ...

'' ("snake tooth"); ''

Ophisaurus ''Ophisaurus'' (from the Greek 'snake-lizard') is a genus of superficially snake-like lizards in the family Anguidae. Known as joint snakes, glass snakes, or glass lizards, they are so-named because their tails are easily broken; like many liz ...

'' ("snake lizard"); ''

Ophiopogon ''Ophiopogon'' (lilyturf) is a genus of evergreen perennial plants native to warm temperate to tropical East, Southeast, and South Asia. Despite their grasslike appearance, they are not closely related to the true grasses, the Poaceae. The name ...

'' ("snake beard") *-ops: ''Pronunciation'': /ɒps/. ''Origin'': grc, ὄψ (''óps''). ''Meaning'': face. *:Examples: ''

'' ("three-horned face"); ''

Lycaenops ''Lycaenops'' ("wolf-face") is a genus of carnivorous therapsids. It lived during the Middle Permian to the early Late Permian, about 260 mya, in what is now South Africa. Description ''Lycaenops'' measured about and weighed up to . Like the ...

'' ("wolf face"); ''

Moschops ''Moschops'' (Greek for "calf face") is an extinct genus of therapsids that lived in the Guadalupian epoch, around 265–260 million years ago. They were heavily built plant eaters, and they may have lived partly in water, as hippopotamuses do. ...

'' ("calf face"); ''

Spinops ''Spinops'' is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, southern Canada. It was a medium-sized ceratopsian, reaching in length and in body mass. Discovery and naming ''Spinops'' is known fro ...

'' ("spine face") *-ornis, ornith-, ornitho-: ''Pronunciation'': /oʊ̯rnɪs/, /oʊ̯rnɪθ/, /oʊ̯rnɪθoʊ̯/. ''Origin'': grc, ὄρνις, ὄρνιθος (''órnis, órnithos''). ''Meaning'': bird, of a bird respectively. "ornith-" and "ornitho-" are generally used for animals with birdlike characteristics; the suffix "-ornis" is generally applied to fossil bird species. *:Examples:

ornithischian Ornithischia () is an extinct order of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds. The name ''Ornithischia'', or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek st ...

("bird-hipped"); ''

'' ("bird-hand"); ''

Eoconfuciusornis ''Eoconfuciusornis'' a genus of extinct avialan that lived 131 Ma ago, in the Early Cretaceous of China. The type species of ''Eoconfuciusornis'', ''Eoconfuciusornis zhengi'', was named and described by Zhang Fucheng, Zhou Zhonghe and Michae ...

'' ("

Confucius Confucius ( ; zh, s=, p=Kǒng Fūzǐ, "Master Kǒng"; or commonly zh, s=, p=Kǒngzǐ, labels=no; – ) was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. C ...

's dawn bird") *pachy-: ''Pronunciation'': /pæki/ ''Origin'': grc, παχύς (''pakhús''). ''Meaning'': thick. *:Examples: '' Pachycephalosaurus'' ("thick-headed lizard"); ''

Pachylemur ''Pachylemur'' is an extinct, giant lemur most closely related to the ruffed lemurs of genus ''Varecia''. Two species are known, ''Pachylemur insignis'' and ''Pachylemur jullyi'', although there is some doubt as to whether or not they may actua ...

'' ("thick lemur"); '' Pachyuromys'' ("thick tailed mouse");

Pachydermata Pachydermata (meaning 'thick skin', from the Greek grc, παχύς, pachys, thick, label=none, and grc, δέρμα, derma, skin, label=none) is an obsolete order of mammals described by Gottlieb Storr, Georges Cuvier, and others, at one time ...

("thick skin") *para-: ''Pronunciation'': /pærɑː/ ''Origin'': grc, παρά (''pará''). ''Meaning'': near. Used for species that resemble previously named species. *:Examples: ''

Paranthodon ''Paranthodon'' ( ) is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur that lived in what is now South Africa during the Early Cretaceous, between 139 and 131 million years ago. Discovered in 1845, it was one of the first stegosaurians found. Its only rem ...

'' ("near '' Anthodon''"); ''

Pararhabdodon ''Pararhabdodon'' (meaning "near fluted tooth" in reference to ''Rhabdodon'') is a genus of tsintaosaurin hadrosaurid dinosaur, from the Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Tremp Group of Spain. The first remains were discovered from the Sant R ...

'' ("near ''Rhabdodon''"); ''Parasaurolophus'' ("near '' Saurolophus'')" * -pelta: ''Pronunciation'': /Help:IPA/English, pɛltə:/ ''Origin'': grc, πέλτη (''péltē''). ''Meaning'': shield. Frequently used for ankylosaurs. *:Examples: ''Sauropelta'' ("lizard shield"); ''Dracopelta'' ("dragon shield"); ''Cedarpelta'' ("Cedar Mountain Formation, Cedar shield") *-philus, -phila, philo-: ''Pronunciation'': /fiːləs/, /fiːlə/, /fiːloʊ/. ''Origin'': (''phílos''). ''Meaning'': dear, beloved, loving. Used for organisms perceived as having a fondness for a particular thing. *:Examples: ''Sarcophilus'' ("flesh-loving"); ''Drosophila'' ("dew-loving");

("flower-loving"); ''Philodendron'' ("loving trees") *-phyton, -phyta, phyto-, -phyte: ''Pronunciation'': /faɪtən/, /faitə/, /faɪtoʊ/, /faɪt/. ''Origin'': (''phutón''). ''Meaning'': plant. *:Examples: ''Spermatophyte, Spermatophyta'' ("seed plant"); Rhyniophyte ("Rhynie chert, Rhynie plant"); ''Phytophthora'' ("plant destroyer"); ''Phytolacca'' ("plant lac") *-pithecus, pitheco-: ''Pronunciation'': /piθəkəs/, /piθəkoʊ/, //piθəkə/. ''Origin'': grc, πίθηκος (''píthēkos''). ''Meaning'': ape, monkey. *:Examples: ''Australopithecus'' ("southern ape"); ''Ardipithecus'' ("floor ape"); ''

'' ("giant ape"); ''Pithecellobium'' ("monkey earring") *platy-: ''Pronunciation'': /ˈplætɪ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πλατύς (''platús''). ''Meaning'': flat. Used for creatures that are flat or have flat parts. *:Examples: ''Flatworm, Platyhelminthes'' ("flat worm"); ''Platybelodon'' ("flat spear-tusk"); ''Platycodon'' ("flat bell"); platypus ("flat foot) *plesio-, plesi-: ''Pronunciation'': /pliːziːoʊ/, /pliːz/ (or pliːʒ/). ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πλησίον (''plēsíon''). ''Meaning'': near. Used for species that bear similarities to other species. *:Examples: ''Plesiosaurus'' ("near lizard"); ''Plesiorycteropus'' ("near aardvark"); ''Plesiobaena'' ("near ''Baena''"); ''Plesiadapis'' ("near ''Adapis''") *-pod, podo-, -pus: ''Pronunciation'': /pɒd/, /pɒdoʊ/, /pʊs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πούς, ποδός (''poús, podós''). ''Meaning'': foot, of the foot, respectively. *:Examples: Ornithopod ("bird foot"); ''Brachypodosaurus'' ("short footed lizard"); ''Moropus'' ("slow foot") *pro-, protero-: ''pronunciation:'' /proʊ̯/, /proʊ̯tεroʊ̯/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πρό, πρότερος (''pró, próteros''). Meaning: before. Usually used for ancestral forms. *:Examples:''Proterosuchus'' ("before crocodile"); ''Procompsognathus'' ("before elegant jaw"); ''Prosaurolophus'' ("before lizard crest") *proto-: ''Pronunciation'': /proʊtoʊ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πρῶτος (''prōtos''). Meaning: first. Used for early appearances in the fossil record. *:Examples: ''Protoceratops'' ("first horned face"); ''Protognathosaurus'' ("first jaw lizard"); ''Protohadros'' ("first hadrosaur") *psittaco-, -psitta: ''Pronunciation'': /sitɑːkoʊ/, /psitə/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ψιττακός (''psittakós''). ''Meaning'': parrot. "Psittaco-" is used for parrot-like creatures, while the suffix "psitta" is used for parrots. *:Examples: ''Psittacosaurus'' ("parrot lizard"); ''Cyclopsitta'' ("Cyclops parrot"); ''Xenopsitta'' ("strange parrot"). *pter-, ptero-, -pterus, pteryg-, -ptera, -pteryx. Pronunciation: /ter/, /teroʊ/, /pterəs/, /terɪg/, /pterɪx/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek πτέρυξ, πτέρυγος (''pterux, ptérugos''). ''Meaning:'' wing, of a wing, respectively. Used for many winged creatures, but also expanded to mean "fin", and used for many undersea arthropods. The suffix "-ptera" is also used in orders of winged insects. *:Examples: '' Pteranodon'' ("toothless wing"); ''

'' ("winged finger"); ''Eurypterus'' ("wide wing" or fin); ''Pterygotus'' ("winged" or finned); Coleoptera ("sheathed wing"); '' Archaeopteryx'' ("ancient wing"); ''Stenopterygius'' ("narrow finned") *-pus: see #pod, -pod, -podo-, -pus. *-raptor, raptor-: ''Pronunciation'': /ræptər/. ''Origin'': Latin raptor. ''Meaning'': "robber, thief". Frequently used for dromeosaurid, dromaeosaurids or similar animals. The term "raptor" by itself may also be used for a dromeosaurid, a ''Velociraptor'', or originally, a bird of prey. *:Examples: ''Velociraptor'' ("swift robber"); ''Utahraptor'' ("Utah robber"); ''Raptorex'' ("thief king") *-rex: Pronunciation: /rεks/. ''Origin'': Latin rex. ''Meaning'': king. Often used for large or impressive animals. *:Examples: ''Raptorex'' ("thief king"); ''Dracorex'' ("dragon king"); ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' ("tyrant lizard king") * -rhina, rhino-, -rhinus: ''Pronunciation'': /raɪnə/ /raɪnoʊ̯/, /raɪnəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ῥίς (''rhís''). ''Meaning'': nose. *:Examples: ''Altirhinus'' ("high nose"); ''Pachyrhinosaurus'' ("thick-nosed lizard"); ''Lycorhinus'' ("wolf nose"); ''Arrhinoceratops'' ("noseless horned face"); ''Cretoxyrhina'' ("Cretaceous sharp nose");

("nose horn") * rhodo-: ''Pronunciation'': /roʊdoʊ/, /rodoʊ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ῥόδον (''rhódon''). ''Meaning'': "rose". Used for red-colored or otherwise rose-like organisms. *:Examples: ''Rhododendron'' ("rose tree"); ''Red algae, Rhodophyta'' ("rose plant"); ''Rhodomonas'' ("rose unit") *rhynco-, -rhynchus: ''Pronunciation'': /rɪnkoʊ/, /rɪnkəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ῥύγχος (''rhúgkhos''). ''Meaning'': "beak", "snout". *:Examples: ''Rhamphorhynchus'' ("prow beak"); ''Aspidorhynchus'' ( "shield snout"); ''Ornithorhynchus'' ("bird beak"); ''rhynchosaur'' ("beaked lizard") *sarco-: Pronunciation: /sɑːrkʊ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek σάρξ (''sárx''). ''Meaning'': flesh. Used for flesh-eating animals or animals and plants with fleshy parts *:Examples: ''Sarcophilus'' ("flesh-loving"); Sarcopterygii ("fleshy fin"); ''Sarcosuchus'' ("flesh crocodile") *saur, sauro-, -saurus: Pronunciation: /sɔər/, /sɔəroʊ/, /sɔərəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ('). ''Meaning'': lizard. Used for dinosaurs and other extinct reptiles. *:Examples: Dinosaur ("terrible lizard") Mososaur, Mosasaur ("Meuse lizard"), ''Tyrannosaurus'' ("tyrant lizard"), ''Allosaurus'' ("different lizard"), ''Sauroposeidon'' ("Poseidon lizard") *sino-: ''Pronunciation''; /saɪnoʊ̯/. ''Origin'': la, Sina. ''Meaning'': from China. Used for ancient and other civilizations. *:Examples: ''Sinornithosaurus''; ("Chinese bird-lizard"); ''Sinosauropteryx'' ("Chinese lizard wing"); ''Sinoceratops'' ("Chinese horned face") *smilo-, -smilus: ''Pronunciation'': /smaɪloʊ/, /smaɪləs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek σμίλη ('). ''Meaning'': a carving knife or chisel. Used for animals with sabre teeth. *:Examples: ''Smilodon'' ("knife tooth"); ''Smilosuchus'' ("knife crocodile"); ''Thylacosmilus'' ("pouched knife"); ''Xenosmilus'' ("strange knife") *-spondylus: Pronunciation: /spɒndələs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek σπόνδυλος ('). ''Meaning'': vertebra. *:Examples: '' Streptospondylus'' ("backwards vertebra"); ''Massospondylus'' ("longer vertebra"); ''Bothriospondylus'' ("excavated vertebra") *squali-, squalo-: Pronunciation: /skweɪlɪ/, /skweɪloʊ/ . ''Origin'': Latin squalus. ''Meaning'': a kind of sea fish. Used for shark like creatures. *:Examples: ''Squalodon'' ("shark tooth") '' Squaliformes'' ("shark form"); ''Squalicorax'' ("shark raven") ''Squalomorphii'' ("shark shape") *stego-, -stega: ''Pronunciation'': /stɛgoʊ/, /stɛgə/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek στέγη ('). ''Meaning'': roof. Used for armoured or plated animals. *:Examples: ''Stegosaurus'' ("roofed lizard"); '' Ichthyostega'' ("roofed fish"); ''

'' ("spine roof") *strepto-: ''Pronunciation'': /streptoʊ/, /strepto/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek στρεπτός ('). ''Meaning'': twisted, bent. *:Examples: Streptophyta ("bent plant"); ''Streptococcus'' ("twisted granule"); '' Streptospondylus'' ("twisted vertebra") *-stoma, -stome, -stomus: ''Pronunciation'': /stoʊma/, /stoʊm/, /stoʊməs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek στόμα (''stóma''). ''Meaning'': mouth. *:Examples: deuterostome (second mouth); ''

'' ("jaw mouth") ''Anastomus'' ("on mouth") *sucho-, -suchus: ''Pronunciation'': /sjuːkoʊ/, /sjuːkəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek σοῦχος (''soûkhos''). ''Meaning:'': Originally the Ancient Greek name for the Ancient Egyptian crocodile-headed god, Sobek. Used to denote crocodilians or crocodile-like animals. *:Examples: ''

'' ("terrible crocodile") ''Anatosuchus'' ("duck crocodile"), ''Suchomimus'' ("crocodile mimic") *tauro-: /taərəs/. Origin: la, taurus. ''Meaning'': bull. *:Examples: ''Taurotragus'' ("male goat-bull"); ''Taurovenator'' ("bull hunter"); ''Carnotaurus'' ("flesh bull") *-teuthis: ''Pronunciation'': /tjuːθɪs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek τευθίς (''teuthís''). ''Meaning:'' squid. Used for squids and similar cephalopods. *:Examples: ''Gonioteuthis'' ("narrow squid") '' Architeuthis'' ("ruling squid") ''Vampyroteuthis'' ("vampire squid"); ''Cylindroteuthis'' ("cylindrical squid") *thero-, -therium. ''Pronunciation'': /θɛroʊ/, /θiːrɪəm/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek θήρ (''thḗr''). ''Meaning'': beast. Used for supposedly monstrous animals. The suffix "-therium" is often used to denote extinct mammals. *:Examples: theropod ("beast foot"), ''Deinotherium'' ("terrible beast") ''Megatherium'' ("big beast") ''

'' ("thunder beast"); ''Uintatherium'' ("beast of the Uinta mountains") *thylac-: ''Pronunciation'': /θaɪlæk/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek θύλακος (''thúlakos''). ''Meaning'': a sack. In the sense of "pouch", used for marsupials. *:Examples: Thylacine ("pouched one"); ''Thylacoleo'' ("pouched lion"); ''Thylacosmilus'' ("pouched knife") *tri-: ''Pronunciation'': /traɪ/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek τρία (''tría''). ''Meaning'': three. *:Examples: ''

'' ("three-horned face"); ''Triconodon'' ("three coned teeth"); trilobite ("three lobes") *titano-, -titan: ''Pronunciation'': /taɪtænoʊ/, /taɪtən/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek Τιτάν, Τιτᾶνος (''Titán'', ''Titânos''). ''Meaning'': Titan (mythology), Titan, of the Titan, respectively. Used for large animals. *:Examples: ''Titanosaurus'' ("Titan lizard"); ''Giraffatitan'' ("giraffe Titan"); ''Anatotitan'' ("duck Titan"); ''Titanotherium'' ("Titan beast"); ''Titanoboa'' ("Titanic boa") *tyranno-, -tyrannus: ''Pronunciation'': /taɪrænoʊ/, /taɪrænəs/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek τύραννος (''túrannos''). ''Meaning'': tyrant. Used for animals similar to ''Tyrannosaurus''. *:Examples: ''Zhuchengtyrannus'' ("Zhucheng tyrant"); ''Tyrannosaurus'' ("tyrant lizard"); ''Nanotyrannus'' ("dwarf tyrant"); ''Tyrannotitan'' ("Titanic tyrant"); ''Sinotyrannus'' ("Chinese tyrant"); ''Suskityrannus'' ("coyote tyrant") *-urus, -uro-: ''Pronunciation'': /uːrəs/, /uːroʊ/. ''Origin'': grc, οὐρά (''ourá''). ''Meaning'': tail. *:Examples: ''Quoll, Dasyurus'' ("hairy tail"); Coelurosauria ("hollow tail lizards"); ''Uromastyx'' ("tail scourge") *veloci-: ''Pronunciation'': /vəlɑsɪ/. ''Origin'': Latin ''velox''. ''Meaning'': speed. *:Example: ''Velociraptor'' ("quick thief"); ''Velocisaurus'' ("swift lizard") *-venator: ''Pronunciation'': /vɛnətər/. ''Origin'': Latin ''venator''. ''Meaning'': hunter. *:Examples: ''Afrovenator'' ("African hunter"); ''Juravenator'' ("Jura Mountains, Jura hunter"); ''Scorpiovenator'' ("scorpion hunter"); ''Neovenator'' ("new hunter"); ''Concavenator'' ("Province of Cuenca, Cuenca hunter") *xeno-: ''Pronunciation'': /zinoʊ/. Origin: Ancient Greek ξένος (''xénos''). ''Meaning'': strange, stranger. Used for organisms that exhibit unusual traits for their class. *:Examples: ''Xenosmilus'' ("strange knife"); ''Xenotarsosaurus'' ("strange ankled lizard"); ''Xenopsitta'' ("strange parrot"); ''Xenocyon'' ("strange dog"); ''Xenokeryx'' ("strange horn"); ''Xenostega'' ("strange roof"); ''Xenohyla'' ("strange hynadae"); ''Xenozancla'' ("strange animal"); ''Xenodermus'' ("strange skin") *-zoon, -zoa: ''Pronunciation'': /zoʊɑːn/, /zoʊə/. ''Origin'': Ancient Greek ζῷον (''zōion''). ''Meaning'': animal. Used for broad categories of animals, or in certain names of animals. *:Examples: Metazoa ("encompassing animals"); Parazoa ("near animals"); Ecdysozoa ("moulting animals"); ''Yunnanozoon'' ("animal from Yunnan"); ''Yuyuanozoon'' ("animal from Yu Yuan")

See also