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CEST CEST or cest may refer to: * Central European Summer Time (UTC+2), daylight saving time observed in the central European time zone * Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory * Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer, a subset of Magnetization transfer in ...

, utc_offset1_DST = +02:00 , postal_code_type = , postal_code = , area_code_type =

ISO 3166 ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., ...

code , area_code = IT-75 , blank_name_sec1 =

GDP (nominal) Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries. Due to its complex and subjective nature this measure is ofte ...

, blank_info_sec1 = €76.6 billion (2018) , blank1_name_sec1 = GDP per capita , blank1_info_sec1 = €19,000 (2018) , blank2_name_sec1 =

HDI The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, wh ...

(2018) , blank2_info_sec1 = 0.845
· 18th of 21 , blank_name_sec2 = NUTS Region , blank_info_sec2 = ITF , website = , footnotes = , governing_body = Council Apulia ( ), also known by its Italian name Puglia (), :: nap, label=, Puie :: nap, label= Tarantino, Puje : scn, label= Salentino, Puia : frp, label=

Faetar Faetar, fully known as Faetar-Cigliàje (Italian: ) is a Franco-Provençal language that is spoken in two small communities in Foggia, Italy: Faeto and Celle di San Vito, as well as émigré communities in Ontario, Canada (primarily Toronto ...

, Poulye : el, label=

Griko Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is the dialect of Italiot Greek spoken by Griko people in Salento (province of Lecce) and (also called Grecanic) in Calabria. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it ( el, ...

, Απουλία : aae, Pulia. is a

region of Italy The regions of Italy ( it, regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which have higher autonomy than the rest. U ...

, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the

Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to t ...

to the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Strait of Otranto and Gulf of Taranto to the south. The region comprises , and its population is about four million people. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of

Molise it, Molisano (man) it, Molisana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 ...

to the north,

Campania (man), it, Campana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demog ...

to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. Its chief town is Bari.

Geography

Apulia's coastline is longer than that of any other mainland Italian region. In the north, the Gargano promontory extends out into the Adriatic sea like a 'sperone' ("spur"), while in the south, the

Salento Salento (Salentino: ''Salentu'', Salentino Griko: ''Σαλέντο'') is a cultural, historical and geographic region at the southern end of the administrative region of Apulia in Southern Italy. It is a sub-peninsula of the Italian Peninsula, ...

peninsula forms the 'tacco' ("heel") of

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

's boot. The highest peak in the region is Monte Cornacchia (1.152 m/3.779 ft above sea level) within the

Daunian Mountains Daunian Mountains (in Italian Monti della Daunia or Monti Dauni, or also improperly Subappennino Dauno) are a mountain range in southern Italy, constituting the eastern appendix of the Campanian Apennines. They occupy the western fringe of Capit ...

, in the north along the Apennines. It is home to two national parks, the Alta Murgia National Park and

Gargano National Park The Gargano National Park () is a national park in the province of Foggia in southern Italy. Aside from the Gargano promontory (encompassing the ancient woodlands of the Foresta Umbra) from which it takes its name, it includes also the Tremiti Is ...

. Outside national parks in the North and West, most of Apulia and particularly the Salento peninsula is geographically flat with only moderate hills. The climate is typically Mediterranean with hot, dry and sunny summers and mild and rainy winters. Snowfall, especially on the coast is rare but has occurred as recently as January 2019 (following on from snow in March 2018 and January 2017). Apulia is among the hottest and driest regions of Italy in summer with temperatures sometimes reaching up to and above 40 °C/104 °F in Lecce and Foggia. The coastal areas, particularly on the Adriatic sea and in the southern Salento peninsula, are frequently exposed to winds of varying strengths and directions, strongly affecting local temperatures and conditions, sometimes within the same day. The Northerly Bora wind from the Adriatic sea can lower temperatures, humidity and moderate summer heat while the Southerly

Sirocco Sirocco ( ), scirocco, or, rarely, siroc (see below) is a Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe, especially during the summer season. Names ''Sirocco'' derives from ...

wind from

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

can raise temperatures, humidity and occasionally drop red dust from the

Sahara desert , photo = Sahara real color.jpg , photo_caption = The Sahara taken by Apollo 17 astronauts, 1972 , map = , map_image = , location = , country = , country1 = , ...

. On some days in spring and autumn/fall, it can be warm enough to swim in Gallipoli and

Porto Cesareo Porto Cesareo (; Salentino: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the Italian province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy. The area around the sea of Porto Cesareo is a beautiful example of "Maquis Shrubland". Beyond the importance of natu ...

on the Ionian coast while at the same time, cool winds warrant jackets and jumpers/sweaters in

Monopoli Monopoli (; Monopolitano: ) is a town and municipality in Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Bari and region of Apulia. The town is roughly in area and lies on the Adriatic Sea about southeast of Bari. It has a population of 49,24 ...

and

Otranto Otranto (, , ; scn, label=Salentino, Oṭṛàntu; el, label= Griko, Δερεντό, Derentò; grc, Ὑδροῦς, translit=Hudroûs; la, Hydruntum) is a coastal town, port and ''comune'' in the province of Lecce (Apulia, Italy), in a ferti ...

on the Adriatic coast. The area that is in between Otranto and

Santa Maria di Leuca Santa Maria di Leuca, often spelled simply Leuca (, from ''Leukos'', "white"), is a ''frazione'' of the ''comune'' of Castrignano del Capo, in the Salento peninsula ( Apulia), southern Italy. A part of the town once belonged to the ''comune'' of ...

is part of the Regional Natural Coastal Park of "Costa Otranto -

e Bosco di

Tricase Tricase is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Lecce, part of the Apulia region of south-east Italy. It is located in the Salento traditional region. In Tricase have Cardinale Giovanni Panico General Hospital. The area that is in between Otr ...

" wanted by the Apulia Region in 2008. This territory has numerous natural and historical attractions such as Ciolo, which is a rocky cove. Murge Castel del Monte

History

Apulia is one of the richest archaeological regions in Italy. It was first colonized by

Mycenaean Greeks Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece, spanning the period from approximately 1750 to 1050 BC.. It represents the first advanced and distinctively Greek civilization in mainland ...

. The Greeks referred to the region as Iapygía (whence 'Apulia') owing to the presence of the three main Iapygian tribes that inhabited Apulia during the first millennium B.C. – the

Daunians The Daunians ( el, Δαύνιοι, Daúnioi; la, Daunii) were an Iapygian tribe that inhabited northern Apulia in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Messapians, inhabited central and southern Apulia respectiv ...

in the North, the

Peucetians The Peucetians ( grc, Πευκέτιοι, Peukétioi; la, Peucetii; later also grc, Ποίδικλοι, Poidikloi, links=no; la, Poediculi, links=no) were an Iapygian tribe which inhabited western and central Apulia in classical antiquity. Tw ...

in the Centre, and the

Messapians The Messapians ( grc, Μεσσάπιοι, Messápioi; la, Messapii) were a Iapygian tribe who inhabited Salento in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Daunians, inhabited central and northern Apulia respective ...

in the South. Some parts of the regions were conquered by the Muslim Saracens and the

Emirate of Bari The Emirate of Bari was a short-lived Islamic state in Apulia ruled by non-Arabs, probably Berbers and Black Africans. Controlled from the South Italian city of Bari, it was established about 847 when the region was taken from the Byzantine Empire, ...

was established for a brief period of time by Muhammad Abul Abbas of Sicily. A number of castles were built in the area by the King of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, including Castel del Monte, sometimes called the "Crown of Apulia". Apulia was an autonomous duchy until 1130 when its duke became king of Sicily. After 1282, when the kingdom

lost Lost may refer to getting lost, or to: Geography *Lost, Aberdeenshire, a hamlet in Scotland * Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail, or LOST, a hiking and cycling trail in Florida, US History *Abbreviation of lost work, any work which is known to have bee ...

the island of

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

itself, Apulia remained part of the remnant Kingdom of Naples (confusingly known also as the Kingdom of Sicily), and remained so until the unification of Italy in 1861. This kingdom was independent under the House of Anjou from 1282 to 1442, then was part of Aragon until 1458, after which it was again independent under a cadet branch of the

House of Trastámara The House of Trastámara ( Spanish, Aragonese and Catalan: Casa de Trastámara) was a royal dynasty which first ruled in the Crown of Castile and then expanded to the Crown of Aragon in the late middle ages to the early modern period. They were ...

until 1501. As a result of the French–Spanish war of 1501–1504, Naples again came under the rule of Aragon and the Spanish Empire from 1504 to 1714. When Barbary pirates of North Africa sacked Vieste in 1554, they took an estimated 7,000 slaves. The coast of Apulia was Ottoman invasion of Otranto, occupied at times by the Ottoman Empire, Turks and at other times by the Republic of Venice, Venetians. In 1861 the region became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Economy

The region's contribution to Italy's gross value added was around 4.6% in 2000, while its population was 7% of the total. The per capita GDP is low compared to the national average and represents about 68.1% of the EU average. The share of gross value added by the agricultural and services sectors was above the national average in 2000. The region has industries specialising in particular areas, including food processing and vehicles in Foggia; footwear and textiles in the Barletta province, and wood and furniture in the Murge area to the west. Between 2007 and 2013 the economy of Apulia expanded more than that of the rest of southern Italy. Such growth, over several decades, is a severe challenge to the hydrogeological system. Apulia's thriving economy is articulated into numerous sectors boasting several leading companies, but most of them produce materials or components, not finished goods: * Aerospace (Leonardo S.p.A., Leonardo, Avio Aero, :it:Sitael (azienda), Sitael, :it:Blackshape, Blackshape) * Automotive (Robert Bosch GmbH, Bosch, Magneti Marelli, Getrag, Magna Gertrag, Bridgestone) * Mechanics (New Holland Construction, IVECO#Engines, IVECO Motori, Isotta Fraschini Motori, MERMEC) * Furniture (Natuzzi) * Food and Beverage (De Carlo, Divella, Quarta Caffé) * Agriculture (Casillo Group, G.C. Partecipazioni) * Publishing (:it:Casa editrice Giuseppe Laterza & figli, Laterza, :it:Edizioni Dedalo, Edizioni Dedalo) * Tourism (Nicolaus tour) * Logistics (GTS Rail) * I.C.T. (:it:Exprivia, Exprivia) In Taranto there is the largest metallurgical works ILVA Acciaierie di Taranto (8,200 empl.) in Europe with full iron and steel production cycle. It will be sold to Arcelor Mittal. In Brindisi there is a chemical industrial park with Eni, ENI power station, Eni, ENI oil refinery, :it:Syndial, Syndial chemical factory, Versalis chemical factory (basic chemistry, intermediates, polyethylene, styrenics and elastomers). LyondellBasell polypropylene plant, Sanofi plant (antibiotics). Other Eni, ENI oil refinery is located in Taranto.

Unemployment

The unemployment rate stood at 14.1% in 2020.

Fishing and aquaculture

The port of Taranto hosts numerous fishing boats. The fleet is mainly made up of about 80 fishing boats, which do not exceed 10 gross tonnage and which practice trawling, while the remaining small-scale fishing boats operate with gillnets. The sea, rich and generous, is populated by Dentex dentex, dentex and Sparus aurata, sea bream, Epinephelus marginatus, grouper, Mullet (fish), mullet and European anchovy, anchovies, Caridea, shrimp and squid. Other significant fishing ports are Manfredonia, Molfetta, Mola di Bari,

, Gallipoli (Italy), Gallipoli and Castro, Apulia, Castro Today Taranto is the world's largest producer of farmed mussels: with 1,300 employees, around 30,000 tons of mussels are processed per year. Mussel farming has characterized the city's economy for centuries, making the mussel the gastronomic symbol of Taranto. It is said that the first mussel gardens in La Spezia, Pula, Olbia and Chioggia were established by mussel farmers who emigrated from this city. The work place of the Taranto mussel farmers is the boat; every detail of the working method has improved over time. 10 m long structures made of wood or metal, called "pali" (piles), are attached to the seabed, to which ropes and nets are then attached, on which the mussels are grown. The mussels farmed here are particularly tasty and valued because they grow in a special environment, a mixture of salt seawater and karst freshwater. These special environmental conditions of the seas of Taranto are ideal not only for the mussels, but also for the fish and crustaceans that find food and shelter between the piles. While there are around 18 submarine freshwater springs, called "Citri", in the Mar Piccolo, there is only one large one in the Mar Grande, which is called "Anello di San Cataldo" in honor of the patron saint of the city. Dentex_dentex_1.jpg, Dentex Sparus_aurata_juvenile.jpg, Sea bream pandborealisind.jpg, Shrimp Cozza_tarantina.jpg, Mussels

Agriculture

Agriculture plays a prominent economic role in Apulia. It is a mainly intensive and modern agriculture that allows the region to be among the first in Italy for the production of many products: * durum wheat which is used to produce pasta * tomatoes * grape * almonds * olive oil Vegetable growing (lettuce, artichoke, fennel, cabbage, celery, barattiere, borage, sweet potato, caper, portulaca) and horticulture (Kiwifruit, kiwis, peaches, Orange (fruit), orange, clementine, lemon) are also developed.

Viticulture

Vineyards cover in Apulia, which is 1st place among Italian grape-growing regions. But in the production of quality DOC and DOCG wines, Apulia has only ranked 12th of 20 with 297.667 hl. There are four DOCG wines: * Castel del Monte Bombino Nero * Castel del Monte Nero di Troia Riserva * Castel del Monte Rosso Riserva * Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale

Oliviculture

There are an estimated 50 to 60 million olive trees in Apulia, and the region accounts for 40% of Italy's olive oil production. There are four specific Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) covering the whole region. Olive varieties include: ''Baresane'', ''Biancolilla'', ''Brandofino'' (Castiglione), ''Buscionetto'' (Biancolella, Biancolilla), ''Carolea'', ''Cellina di Nardò'', ''Cerasuola'' (Ogliara), ''Cerignola'' (Cerignola olive, Bella di Cerignola), ''Cima di Bitonto'', ''Cima di Mola'', ''Coratina'', also grown in Corning, California, a 2018 Gold Medal New York International Olive Oil Competition (NYIOOC) winner, ''Frantoio'', ''Garganica'', ''La Minuta'', ''Leccino'', ''Moresca'', ''Nocellara Etnea'', ''Nocellara Messinese'', ''Ogliarola'', ''Ogliarola Barese'', ''Ogliara Messinese'', ''Ottobratica'', ''Peranzana'', ''Rotondella'', ''Santagatese'', ''Saracena'', ''Tonda Iblea'', and ''Verdello'' (subspecies of San Benedetto).

''Xylella fastidiosa'' disease

Since 2008–2010, the olive oil industry in Apulia has been under threat from the pathogen ''Xylella fastidiosa'', a disease that inhibits the trees' uptake of water and nutrients. The epicenter of the epidemic is the south-eastern part of the region.

Transport

The region has a good network of roads, but the railway network is less comprehensive, particularly in the south. There are no high-speed lines. The region is crossed northwest to southeast by the Autostrada A14 (Italy), A14 highway (Bologna–Taranto), which connects the region capital, Bari, to Taranto, the second most populous city in the region. The A14 also connects Foggia and points further north along the Adriatic coast to: Pescara, Ancona, Rimini and eventually Bologna. The only other highway in the region is the Autostrada A16 (Italy), A16 (Naples–Canosa), which crosses the Italian peninsula east–west and links the region with Naples. There are two international airports, Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport, Karol Wojtyla Airport in Bari (IATA: BRI) and Brindisi Airport (IATA: BDS), which serves as the principal logistical hub for the United Nations Global Service Center headquartered in Brindisi. With the approval of a redevelopment project in 2018, the Grottaglie Airfield (IATA: TAR) will host a spaceport for the Italian Space Agency and Virgin Galactic.

Demographics

Emigration from the region's depressed areas to northern Italy and the rest of Europe was very intense in the years between 1956 and 1971. Subsequently, the trend declined, as economic conditions improved, to the point where there was net immigration in the years between 1982 and 1985. Since 1986 the stagnation in employment has led to a new inversion of the trend, caused by a decrease in immigration.

Government and politics

Since 1 June 2015, former judge and mayor of Bari, Michele Emiliano of the Democratic Party (Italy), Democratic Party has served as President of the Apulian region.

Culture

Cuisine

Important locally produced ingredients include olive oil, artichokes, tomatoes, eggplant, asparagus, and various kinds of seafood. Local specialties include the Carosello (melon), carosello, a variety of Cucumis melo, muskmelon which is often consumed when unripe. Apulian Protected designation of origin (PDO) and Protected geographical indication (PGI) products included cheeses, olive oils, fruits and vegetables, and a type of bread. Typically Apulian pasta shapes are Orecchiette, Cavatelli, and Troccoli. Popular street foods include panzerotti, sgagliozze (Fried Polenta), popizze (small fried balls of pizza dough that are sometimes also called pettule), rustici (puff pastries stuffed with tomatoes, bechamel sauce, mozzarella, and black pepper), the famous pasticiotto (a flaky short bread dough filled with custard), and focaccia barese. A popular snack in Apulia are Taralli. Spaghetti_con_le_cozze_2.jpg, Spaghetti con le cozze (with mussels) Munaceddhri.jpg, Monacelle (land snail species ''Cantareus apertus'') La_scapece.JPG, Scapece gallipolina: fried fish preserved in red wine vinegar with breadcrumbs and saffron Marro_al_forno_con_patate.JPG, Cazzomarro: baked Roulade, involtini of lamb entrails Goat_chops.jpg, Goat chops Lampascioni.jpg, , prepared bulbs of the grape hyacinth ''Leopoldia comosa'' preserved in olive oil

Language

As with the other regions of Italy, the national language (since 1861) is Italian. However, because of its long and varied history, other historical languages have been used in this region for centuries. The local languages of northern and central Apulia (roughly the provinces of Province of Bari, Bari, Barletta-Andria-Trani, and Province of Foggia, Foggia as well as the northwestern parts of the Province of Taranto) are the Apulian Southern Italo-Romance dialects, including Bari dialect and Tarantino dialect. In the southern region of

, an extreme Southern Italo-Romance language, the Salentino dialect is widely spoken. There is also an Italiot Greek language found in Salento called Griko, which is still spoken by a few thousand Griko people in some areas. In addition, a rare daughter language of the Franco-Provençal language called Faetar, is spoken in the mountain villages of Faeto and Celle di San Vito, in the Province of Foggia. It is sometimes classified as a pair of dialects of Franco-Provençal, Faetar and Cellese. The Arbëreshë people, Arbëreshë dialect of the Albanian language has been spoken by a small community since refugees settled there in the 16thcentury.

Sports

Apulia is home to several national football, water polo, volleyball, basketball and tennis clubs. Across the top 3 levels of Italian football league system, Italian football, the clubs in Apulia include: * U.S. Lecce playing in Serie A * S.S.C. Bari playing in Serie B * Calcio Foggia 1920 playing in Serie C * S.S. Audace Cerignola playing in Serie C * Fidelis Andria 2018 playing in Serie C * S.S. Monopoli 1966 playing in Serie C * Virtus Francavilla Calcio playing in Serie C * Taranto F.C. 1927 playing in Serie C

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Official website

Accademia Apulia

Environmental League Puglia

All About Puglia

The Big Gay Podcast from Puglia
{{Authority control Apulia, Coloniae (Roman) NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union Regions of Italy Wine regions of Italy