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Metz ( , , lat, Divodurum Mediomatricorum, then ) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle (river), Moselle and the Seille (Moselle), Seille rivers. Metz is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Moselle (department), Moselle Departments of France, department and the seat of the parliament of the Grand Est Regions of France, region. Located near the Tri-border area, tripoint along the junction of France, Germany and Luxembourg,Says J.M. (2010) La Moselle, une rivière européenne. Eds. Serpenoise. the city forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion.
Metz has a rich 3,000-year history,Bour R. (2007) Histoire de Metz, nouvelle édition. Eds. Serpenoise. having variously been a Celts, Celtic ''oppidum'', an important Gallo-Roman city,Vigneron B. (1986) Metz antique: Divodurum Mediomatricorum. Eds. Maisonneuve. the Merovingian capital of Austrasia,Huguenin A. (2011) Histoire du royaume mérovingien d'Austrasie. Eds. des Paraiges. pp. 134,275 the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty,Settipani C. (1989) Les ancêtres de Charlemagne. Ed. Société atlantique d'impression. pp. 3–49 a cradle of the Gregorian chant,Demollière C.J. (2004) ''L'art du chantre carolingien.'' Eds. Serpenoise. and one of the oldest Republic of Metz, republics in Europe.Roemer F. (2007) ''Les institutions de la République messine.'' Eds. Serpenoise. The city has been steeped in Culture of France, French culture, but has been strongly influenced by Culture of Germany, German culture due to its location and history.
Because of its historical, cultural and architectural background, Metz has been submitted on France's World Heritage Site, UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List. The city features noteworthy buildings such as the Gothic architecture, Gothic Metz Cathedral, Saint-Stephen Cathedral with its largest expanse of stained-glass windows in the world,Collectif (2009) Monumental 2009 – semestriel 1. Coll. Monumental. Eds. Guides archeologiques de la France. the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains being the oldest church in France,Delestre X. (1988) Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains (Metz – Moselle): de l'époque romaine à l'époque gothique. Eds. Guides archeologiques de la France. its Gare de Metz-Ville, Imperial Station Palace displaying the apartment of the German Kaiser,Schontz A. (2008) ''La gare de Metz.'' Eds. Serpenoise. or its Opéra-Théâtre de Metz Métropole, Opera House, the oldest one working in France.Masson G. (2002) ''L'Opéra-théâtre de Metz.'' Ed. Klopp, Gerard. Metz is home to some world-class venues including the Arsenal de Metz, Arsenal Concert Hall and the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum.
A basin of urban ecology,Pelt J.M. (1977) ''L'Homme re-naturé.'' Eds. Seuil. Metz gained its nickname of Metz#Urban ecology, The Green City (), as it has extensive open grounds and public gardens. The historic city centre is one of the largest commercial pedestrian areas in France.
A historic garrison town, Metz is the economic heart of the Lorraine (région), Lorraine region, specialising in information technology and automotive industry, automotive industries. Metz is home to the University of Lorraine, Georgia Tech Lorraine, and a centre for applied research and development in the materials sector, notably in metallurgy and metallography, the heritage of the Lorraine region's past in the iron and steel industry.
Metz has a recorded history dating back over 2,000 years. Before the Gallic Wars, conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, it was the oppidum of the Celtic Mediomatrici tribe. Integrated into the Roman Empire, Metz became quickly one of the principal towns of Gaul with a population of 40,000, until the migration period, barbarian raid (military), depredations and its transfer to the Franks about the end of the 5th century. Between the 6th and 8th centuries, the city was the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Metz became the capital of the Kingdom of Lotharingia and was ultimately integrated into the Holy Roman Empire, being granted semi-independent status. During the 12th century, Metz became a republic and the Republic of Metz stood until the 15th century.
With the signature of the Treaty of Chambord in 1552, Metz passed into the hands of the Kingdom of France, Kings of France. As the German Protestant Princes who traded Metz (alongside Toul and Verdun) for the promise of French military assistance, had no authority to cede territory of the Holy Roman Empire, the change of jurisdiction was not recognised by the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Under French rule, Metz was selected as capital of the Three Bishoprics and became a strategic fortified town.Vigneron B. (2010) Le dernier siècle de la république de Metz. Eds. du Panthéon. With creation of the Departments of France, departments by the Estates-General of 1789, Metz was chosen as capital of the Moselle (département), Department of Moselle.
Although largely French-speaking, after the Franco-Prussian War and according to the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871), Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, the city became part of the German Empire, being part of the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine and serving as capital of the Bezirk Lothringen.
Metz remained German until the end of the First World War, when it reverted to France.Berrar J.C. (2009) Metz, retour à la France. Eds. Serpenoise. However, after the Battle of France during the Second World War, the city was annexed by Nazi Germany. In 1944, the Battle of Metz, attack on the city by the United States Army Central, U.S. Third Army removed the city from German rule and Metz reverted one more time to France after World War II.
During the 1950s, Metz was chosen to be the capital of the newly created Lorraine (region), Lorraine Regions of France, region.Roth F. (2012) Histoire politique de la Lorraine, de 1900 à nos jours. Eds. Serpenoise. With the creation of the European Community and the later European Union, the city has become central to the Greater Region and the SaarLorLux Euroregion.
Like every commune of the present French Fifth Republic, French Republic, Metz is managed by a mayor () and a municipal council (), democratically elected by two-round system, two-round proportional voting for six years. The mayor is assisted by 54 municipal councillors, and the municipal council is held on the last Thursday of every month. Since 2008, the mayor of Metz has been Socialist Party (France), socialist Dominique Gros.
The city belongs to the Metz Metropole union of cities, which includes the 40 cities of the Metz urban agglomeration. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle based in the former Intendant Palace. In addition, Metz is the seat of the parliament of the Grand Est Regions of France, region, hosted in the former Saint Clement of Metz, Saint-Clement Abbey.
Metz contains a mishmash of architectural layers, bearing witness to centuries of history at the crossroads of different cultures, and features a number of architectural landmarks.Hubert P. (2004) Metz, ville d'architectures. Ed. Domini, Serge. ; pp. 164–165 The city possesses one of the largest Conservation area, Urban Conservation Areas in France, and more than List of Historic Monuments in Metz, France, 100 of the city's buildings are classified on the Monument Historique list. Because of its historical and cultural background, Metz is designated as French Towns and Lands of Art and History, French Town of Art and History, and has been submitted on to France's World Heritage Site, UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.
The city is famous for its yellow limestone architecture, a result of the extensive use of Pierre de Jaumont, Jaumont stone. The historic district has kept part of the Gallo-Roman city with Divodurum's Cardo Maximus, then called Via Scarponensis (today the Trinitaires, Taison and Serpenoise streets), and the Decumanus Maximus (today En Fournirue and d'Estrées streets). At the Cardo and Decumanus Intersection (road), intersection was situated the Forum (Roman), Roman forum, today the Place Saint-Jacques (Metz), Saint-Jacques Square.
Under the leadership of such people as botanist Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz pioneered a policy of urban ecology during the early 1970s. Because of the failure of post-war urban planning and housing estate development in Europe during the 1960s, mostly based on the concepts of Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne, CIAM, Jean-Marie Pelt, then municipal councillor of Metz, initiated a new approach to the urban environment.
Based initially on the ideas of the Chicago school (sociology), Chicago School, Pelt's theories pleaded for better integration of humans into their environment and developed a concept centered on the relationship between "stone and water". His policy was realized in Metz by the establishment of extensive open areas surrounding the Moselle (river), Moselle and the Seille (Moselle), Seille rivers and the development of large pedestrian areas. As a result, Metz has over of open areas per inhabitant in the form of numerous public gardens in the city.
The principles of urban ecology are still applied in Metz with the implementation of a local Agenda 21 action plan. The municipal ecological policy encompasses the sustainable refurbishment of ancient buildings, the erection of sustainable architecture, sustainable districts and buildings, Sustainable transport, green public transport, and the creation of public gardens by means of landscape architecture.
Additionally, the city has developed its own cogeneration, combined heat and power station, using waste wood biomass from the surrounding forests as a renewable energy source. With a thermal efficiency above 80%, the 45MW boiler of the plant provides electricity and heat for 44,000 dwellings. The Metz power station is the first local producer and distributor of energy in France.
As a historic Garrison town, Metz has been heavily influenced by military architecture throughout its history. From ancient history to the present, the city has been successively fortified and modified to accommodate the troops stationed there. Defensive walls from classical antiquity to the 20th century are still visible today, incorporated into the design of public gardens along the Moselle and Seille rivers. A medieval bridge castle from the 13th century, named Germans' Gate (), today converted into a convention and exhibition centre, has become one of the landmarks of the city. It is still possible to see parts of the 16th century citadel, as well as fortifications built in the 1740s by Louis de Cormontaigne but based on designs by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Vauban.Halleck W., Halleck H.W., and Halleck H. (2009) Elements of military art and science. Ed. Applewood Books. Important barracks, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries, are spread around the city: some, which are of architectural interest, have been converted to civilian use, such as the Arsenal de Metz, Arsenal Concert Hall by Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill.
The extensive fortifications of Metz, which ring the city, include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts. Other forts were incorporated into the Maginot Line. A hiking trail on the Saint-Quentin plateau passes through a former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts, providing a vantage point from which to survey the city.
Although the steel industry has historically dominated Moselle's economy, Metz's efforts at economic diversification have created a base in the sectors of commerce, tourism, information technology and the automotive industry. The city is the economic heart of the Lorraine region and around 73,000 people work daily within the urban agglomeration. The transport facilities found in the conurbation, including the international high-speed railway, Controlled-access highway, motorway, Inland navigation, inland connections and the local bus rapid transit system, have made the city a transport hub in the heart of the European Union. Metz is home to the biggest harbour handling cereals in France with over 4,000,000 tons/year.
Metz is home to the Moselle Chamber of Commerce. International companies such as PSA Peugeot Citroën, ArcelorMittal, SFR and TDF Group, TDF have established plants and centres in the Metz conurbation. Metz is also the regional headquarters of the Groupe Caisse d'Epargne, Caisse d'Epargne and Groupe Banque Populaire, Banque Populaire banking groups.
Metz is an important commercial centre of northern France with France's biggest retailer federation, consisting of around 2,000 retailers. Important retail companies are found in the city, such as the Galeries Lafayette, the Printemps department store and the Fnac entertainment retail chain. The historic city centre displays one of the largest commercial pedestrian areas in France and a mall, the Saint-Jacques centre. In addition there are several multiplex movie theatres and malls found in the urban agglomeration.
In recent years, Metz municipality have promoted an ambitious policy of tourism development, including urban revitalization and refurbishment of buildings and public squares. This policy has been spurred by the creation of the Centre Pompidou-Metz in 2010. Since its inauguration, the institution has become the most popular cultural venue in France outside Paris, with 550,000 visitors per year. Meanwhile, Metz Cathedral, Saint-Stephen Cathedral is the most visited building in the city, accommodating 652,000 visitors per year.
* The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a museum of Contemporary art, modern and contemporary arts, the largest temporary exhibition area in France outside Paris. The museum features exhibitions from the extensive collection of the Centre Georges Pompidou, Centre Pompidou, Europe's largest collection of 20th-century art.
* Metz Cathedral, Saint Stephen's Cathedral is the Gothic architecture, Gothic cathedral of the city built during the 13th century. The cathedral exhibits the collection of the Bishopric of Metz, including paraments and items used in the service of the Eucharist. Metz Cathedral is sometimes nicknamed the Good Lord's Lantern (), as it has the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world: . These include works by Gothic art, Gothic and Renaissance art, Renaissance master glass makers Hermann von Münster, Théobald of Lixheim and Valentin Bousch, romanticism, romantic Charles-Laurent Maréchal, tachisme, tachist Roger Bissière, cubism, cubist Jacques Villon and modernism, modernist Marc Chagall.
* Another of the city's churches displays a complete set of stained glass windows by French modernism, modernist Jean Cocteau.
In addition, Metz features other museums and exhibition venues, such as:
* The Regional Contemporary Art Fund of Lorraine, FRAC Lorraine, a public collection of contemporary art of the Lorraine (region), Lorraine region. It is located in the 12th-century Saint-Liver Hôtel particulier, Hôtel and organizes exhibitions of local and international contemporary artists.
* The museums of Metz, Golden Courtyard (), a museum dedicated to the history of Metz, divided into four sections (e.g. archeology, medieval, architecture and fine arts). The Golden Courtyard displays a rich collection of Gallo-Roman and medieval finds and the remains of the Gallo-Roman baths of ''Divodurum Mediomatricum'', revealed by the extension works to the museums in the 1930s.
* The Museum of the 1870 War and of the Annexion in Gravelotte, a village located within the Metz-Metropole conurbation and the site of the Battle of Gravelotte, the only museum in Europe dedicated to the Franco-Prussian War. The museum exhibits military and everyday items from the period as well as artworks related to the 1870 war. A mausoleum erected in 1904 honoring the soldiers who died during the battle, the Memorial Hall (), has been included in the museum.
* The House for Europe, located on the estate of Robert Schuman in Scy-Chazelles in the Metz-Metropole conurbation, transformed into a museum and convention centre. Across the street is the fortified 12th Century church where Robert Schuman now rests. The Robert Schuman House for Europe organises cultural and educational events that introduce the visitor to Schuman's life and works and to the way Europe has been constructed and continues to develop today.
* Verlaine's House () is a museum located in the house where the poet Paul Verlaine was born, dedicated to his work, featuring permanent and temporary exhibitions. The Solange Bertrand foundation, located in the artist's former house, conserves and displays her artworks. The municipal archives preserve and exhibit Metz's historical municipal records dating from medieval times to the present.
Metz is home to the Football Club of Metz (FC Metz), a football association club in Ligue 1, the highest division of French football (as of 2019–2020 season). FC Metz has won three times the Ligue 2 (1935, 2007 and 2014), twice the Coupe de France (in 1984 and 1988) and the Coupe de la Ligue, French League Cup (in 1986 and 1996), and was Ligue 1, French championship runner-up in 1998. FC Metz has also gained recognition in France and Europe for its successful youth academy, winning the Coupe Gambardella, Gambardella Cup 3 times in 1981, 2001 and 2010. The Stade Saint-Symphorien, Saint-Symphorien stadium has been the home of FC Metz since the creation of the club.
Metz Handball is a Handball club. Metz Handball has won the French Women's First League championship 23 times, the Women's France Cup nine times, and the French Women's League Cup eight times. The Arènes de Metz, Metz Arena has been the home of Metz Handball since 2002.
Since 2003, Metz has been home to the Open de Moselle, Moselle Open, an ATP World Tour 250 series, ATP World Tour 250 tournament played on indoor hard courts, which usually takes place in September.
Etymology
In ancient times, the town was known as "city of Mediomatrici", being inhabited by the tribe of the same name.Martin P. (2010) ''Metz, 2000 years of history.'' Eds. Serpenoise. pp. 8–9 After its integration into the Roman Empire, the city was called ''Divodurum Mediomatricum'', meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress of the Mediomatrici, then it was known as ''Mediomatrix''. During the 5th century AD, the name evolved to "Mettis", which gave rise to the current spelling, Metz, but also spellings such as ''Mès'', which are no longer used, but reflect its actual pronunciation in French (like "mess")..History
Metz has a recorded history dating back over 2,000 years. Before the Gallic Wars, conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, it was the oppidum of the Celtic Mediomatrici tribe. Integrated into the Roman Empire, Metz became quickly one of the principal towns of Gaul with a population of 40,000, until the migration period, barbarian raid (military), depredations and its transfer to the Franks about the end of the 5th century. Between the 6th and 8th centuries, the city was the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Metz became the capital of the Kingdom of Lotharingia and was ultimately integrated into the Holy Roman Empire, being granted semi-independent status. During the 12th century, Metz became a republic and the Republic of Metz stood until the 15th century.
With the signature of the Treaty of Chambord in 1552, Metz passed into the hands of the Kingdom of France, Kings of France. As the German Protestant Princes who traded Metz (alongside Toul and Verdun) for the promise of French military assistance, had no authority to cede territory of the Holy Roman Empire, the change of jurisdiction was not recognised by the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Under French rule, Metz was selected as capital of the Three Bishoprics and became a strategic fortified town.Vigneron B. (2010) Le dernier siècle de la république de Metz. Eds. du Panthéon. With creation of the Departments of France, departments by the Estates-General of 1789, Metz was chosen as capital of the Moselle (département), Department of Moselle.
Although largely French-speaking, after the Franco-Prussian War and according to the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871), Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, the city became part of the German Empire, being part of the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine and serving as capital of the Bezirk Lothringen.
Metz remained German until the end of the First World War, when it reverted to France.Berrar J.C. (2009) Metz, retour à la France. Eds. Serpenoise. However, after the Battle of France during the Second World War, the city was annexed by Nazi Germany. In 1944, the Battle of Metz, attack on the city by the United States Army Central, U.S. Third Army removed the city from German rule and Metz reverted one more time to France after World War II.
During the 1950s, Metz was chosen to be the capital of the newly created Lorraine (region), Lorraine Regions of France, region.Roth F. (2012) Histoire politique de la Lorraine, de 1900 à nos jours. Eds. Serpenoise. With the creation of the European Community and the later European Union, the city has become central to the Greater Region and the SaarLorLux Euroregion.
Geography
Metz is located on the banks of the Moselle (river), Moselle and the Seille (Moselle), Seille rivers, from the Schengen, Luxembourg, Schengen tripoint where the borders of France, Germany and Luxembourg meet. The city was built in a place where many branches of the Moselle river creates several islands, which are encompassed within the urban planning. The terrain of Metz forms part of the Paris Basin and presents a plateau relief cut by river valleys presenting cuestas in the north–south direction. Metz and its surrounding countryside are included in the forest and crop Lorraine Regional Natural Park, covering a total area of .Climate
The climate of Lorraine (région), Lorraine is a oceanic climate. The summers are warm and humid, sometimes stormy, and the warmest month of the year is July, when daytime temperatures average approximately . The winters are cold and snowy with temperature dropping to an average low of in January. Lows can be much colder through the night and early morning and the snowy period extends from November to February. The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year. The shortest day is 21 December with 7:30 hours of sunlight; the longest day is 20 June with 16:30 hours of sunlight. The median cloud cover is 93% and does not vary substantially over the course of the year.Demographics
Population
The inhabitants of Metz are called ''Messin(e)s''. Statistics on the ethnic and religious make up of the population of Metz are haphazard, as the French Fifth Republic, French Republic prohibits making distinctions between citizens regarding race, beliefs, and political and philosophic opinions in the process of census taking. The French national census of 2018 estimated the population of Metz to be 116,581, while the population of Metz functional area (France), metropolitan area was about 368,000. Through history, Metz's population has been impacted by the vicissitudes of the wars and annexations involving the city, which have prevented continuous population growth. More recently, the city has suffered from the restructuring of the military and the metallurgy industry. The historical population for the current area of Metz municipality is as follows:Notable people
Several well-known figures have been linked to the city of Metz throughout its history. Renowned ''Messins'' include poet Paul Verlaine, composer Ambroise Thomas and mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet; numerous well-known German figures were also born in Metz notably during the annexation periods. Moreover, the city has been the residence of people such as writer François Rabelais, Cardinal Mazarin, political thinker Alexis de Tocqueville, artist and the inventor of the motion picture camera Louis Le Prince, French patriot and American Revolutionary War hero Marquis Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette, and Luxembourg-born German-French statesman Robert Schuman.Law and government
Local law
The ''local law'' () applied in Metz is a legal system that operates in parallel with French law. Created in 1919, it preserves the French laws applied in France before 1870 and maintained by the Germans during the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, but repealed in the rest of France after 1871. It also maintains German laws enacted by the German Empire between 1871 and 1918, specific provisions adopted by the local authorities, and French laws that have been enacted after 1919 to be applicable only in Alsace-Lorraine. This specific local legislation encompasses different areas including religion, social work and finance. The most striking of the legal differences between France and Alsace-Lorraine is the absence in Alsace-Lorraine of strict secularism, even though a constitutional right of freedom of religion is guaranteed by the French government. Alsace-Lorraine is still governed by a pre-1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, 1905 law established by the Concordat of 1801, which provides for the public subsidy of the Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic, Lutheran Church, Lutheran and Calvinist Church, Calvinist churches and the Judaism, Jewish religion.Administration
Like every commune of the present French Fifth Republic, French Republic, Metz is managed by a mayor () and a municipal council (), democratically elected by two-round system, two-round proportional voting for six years. The mayor is assisted by 54 municipal councillors, and the municipal council is held on the last Thursday of every month. Since 2008, the mayor of Metz has been Socialist Party (France), socialist Dominique Gros.
The city belongs to the Metz Metropole union of cities, which includes the 40 cities of the Metz urban agglomeration. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle based in the former Intendant Palace. In addition, Metz is the seat of the parliament of the Grand Est Regions of France, region, hosted in the former Saint Clement of Metz, Saint-Clement Abbey.
City administrative divisions
The city of Metz is divided into 14 administrative divisions:Cityscape and environmental policy
Metz contains a mishmash of architectural layers, bearing witness to centuries of history at the crossroads of different cultures, and features a number of architectural landmarks.Hubert P. (2004) Metz, ville d'architectures. Ed. Domini, Serge. ; pp. 164–165 The city possesses one of the largest Conservation area, Urban Conservation Areas in France, and more than List of Historic Monuments in Metz, France, 100 of the city's buildings are classified on the Monument Historique list. Because of its historical and cultural background, Metz is designated as French Towns and Lands of Art and History, French Town of Art and History, and has been submitted on to France's World Heritage Site, UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.
The city is famous for its yellow limestone architecture, a result of the extensive use of Pierre de Jaumont, Jaumont stone. The historic district has kept part of the Gallo-Roman city with Divodurum's Cardo Maximus, then called Via Scarponensis (today the Trinitaires, Taison and Serpenoise streets), and the Decumanus Maximus (today En Fournirue and d'Estrées streets). At the Cardo and Decumanus Intersection (road), intersection was situated the Forum (Roman), Roman forum, today the Place Saint-Jacques (Metz), Saint-Jacques Square.
Architecture
From its Gallo-Roman past, the city preserves vestiges of the thermae (in the basement of the museums of Metz, Golden Courtyard museum), parts of the Aqueduct (bridge), aqueduct,Collectif (2006) L'aqueduc antique de Gorze à Metz. Moselle 119. Coll. Itinéraires du patrimoine. Eds. Serpenoise. and the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains. Saint Louis' square with its vaulted arcades and a Knights Templar chapel remains a major symbol of the city's High Middle Ages, High Medieval heritage. The Gothic architecture, Gothic Metz Cathedral, Saint-Stephen Cathedral, several churches and Hôtel particulier, Hôtels, and two remarkable municipal Granary, granaries reflect the Late Middle Ages. Examples of Renaissance architecture can be seen in Hôtels from the 16th century, such as the House of Heads (). The city hall and the buildings surrounding the town square are by French architect Jacques-François Blondel, who was awarded the task of redesigning and modernizing the centre of Metz by the Académie royale d'architecture, Royal Academy of Architecture in 1755 the context of the Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment. Neoclassical architecture, Neoclassical buildings from the 18th century, such as the Opéra-Théâtre de Metz, Opera House, the Intendant Palace (the present-day prefecture), and the Royal Governor's Palace (the present-day courthouse) built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau, are also found in the city. The Imperial District was built during the first annexation of Metz by the German Empire.Pignon-Feller C. (2005) Metz 1848–1918. Eds. Serpenoise. In order to "germanise" the city, Emperor Wilhelm II decided to create a new district shaped by a distinctive blend of Germanic architecture, including Renaissance, neo-Romanesque and neo-Classical, mixed with elements of Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Alsatian and mock-Bavarian styles. Instead of Pierre de Jaumont, Jaumont stone, commonly used everywhere else in the city, stone used in the Rhineland, such as pink and grey sandstone, granite and basalt were used. The district features noteworthy buildings including the Gare de Metz-Ville, rail station and the Central Post Office by German architect Jürgen Kröger. Modern architecture can also be seen in the town with works of French architects Roger-Henri Expert (Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church, 1934), Georges-Henri Pingusson (Fire Station, 1960) and Jean Dubuisson (Subdivision (land), subdivisions, 1960s).Expert R.H. Roger-Henri Expert, 1882–1955. Volume 3 de Institut français d'architecture. Eds. du Moniteur. The refurbishment of the former Arsenal de Metz, Ney Arsenal as a Concert Hall in 1989 and the erection of the Arènes de Metz, Metz Arena in 2002, by Spanish and French architects Ricardo Bofill and French Paul Chemetov represent the postmodernism, Postmodern movement. The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum in the Amphitheatre District represents a strong architectural initiative to mark the entrance of Metz into the 21st century.Jodidio P. (2010) Shigeru Ban, complete works 1985–2010. Ed. Jodidio, Philip. pp. 426–447 Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, the building is remarkable for the complex, innovative carpentry of its roof, and integrates concepts of sustainable architecture. The project encompasses the architecture of two recipients of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, Shigeru Ban (2014) and French Christian de Portzamparc (1994). The Amphitheatre District is also conceived by French architects Nicolas Michelin, Jean-Paul Viguier and Jean-Michel Wilmotte, and designer Philippe Starck. The urban project is expected to be completed by 2023. Further, a contemporary music venue designed by contextualism, contextualist French architect Rudy Ricciotti stands in the Borny District.Urban ecology
Under the leadership of such people as botanist Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz pioneered a policy of urban ecology during the early 1970s. Because of the failure of post-war urban planning and housing estate development in Europe during the 1960s, mostly based on the concepts of Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne, CIAM, Jean-Marie Pelt, then municipal councillor of Metz, initiated a new approach to the urban environment.
Based initially on the ideas of the Chicago school (sociology), Chicago School, Pelt's theories pleaded for better integration of humans into their environment and developed a concept centered on the relationship between "stone and water". His policy was realized in Metz by the establishment of extensive open areas surrounding the Moselle (river), Moselle and the Seille (Moselle), Seille rivers and the development of large pedestrian areas. As a result, Metz has over of open areas per inhabitant in the form of numerous public gardens in the city.
The principles of urban ecology are still applied in Metz with the implementation of a local Agenda 21 action plan. The municipal ecological policy encompasses the sustainable refurbishment of ancient buildings, the erection of sustainable architecture, sustainable districts and buildings, Sustainable transport, green public transport, and the creation of public gardens by means of landscape architecture.
Additionally, the city has developed its own cogeneration, combined heat and power station, using waste wood biomass from the surrounding forests as a renewable energy source. With a thermal efficiency above 80%, the 45MW boiler of the plant provides electricity and heat for 44,000 dwellings. The Metz power station is the first local producer and distributor of energy in France.
Military architecture
As a historic Garrison town, Metz has been heavily influenced by military architecture throughout its history. From ancient history to the present, the city has been successively fortified and modified to accommodate the troops stationed there. Defensive walls from classical antiquity to the 20th century are still visible today, incorporated into the design of public gardens along the Moselle and Seille rivers. A medieval bridge castle from the 13th century, named Germans' Gate (), today converted into a convention and exhibition centre, has become one of the landmarks of the city. It is still possible to see parts of the 16th century citadel, as well as fortifications built in the 1740s by Louis de Cormontaigne but based on designs by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Vauban.Halleck W., Halleck H.W., and Halleck H. (2009) Elements of military art and science. Ed. Applewood Books. Important barracks, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries, are spread around the city: some, which are of architectural interest, have been converted to civilian use, such as the Arsenal de Metz, Arsenal Concert Hall by Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill.
The extensive fortifications of Metz, which ring the city, include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts. Other forts were incorporated into the Maginot Line. A hiking trail on the Saint-Quentin plateau passes through a former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts, providing a vantage point from which to survey the city.
Economy
Although the steel industry has historically dominated Moselle's economy, Metz's efforts at economic diversification have created a base in the sectors of commerce, tourism, information technology and the automotive industry. The city is the economic heart of the Lorraine region and around 73,000 people work daily within the urban agglomeration. The transport facilities found in the conurbation, including the international high-speed railway, Controlled-access highway, motorway, Inland navigation, inland connections and the local bus rapid transit system, have made the city a transport hub in the heart of the European Union. Metz is home to the biggest harbour handling cereals in France with over 4,000,000 tons/year.
Metz is home to the Moselle Chamber of Commerce. International companies such as PSA Peugeot Citroën, ArcelorMittal, SFR and TDF Group, TDF have established plants and centres in the Metz conurbation. Metz is also the regional headquarters of the Groupe Caisse d'Epargne, Caisse d'Epargne and Groupe Banque Populaire, Banque Populaire banking groups.
Metz is an important commercial centre of northern France with France's biggest retailer federation, consisting of around 2,000 retailers. Important retail companies are found in the city, such as the Galeries Lafayette, the Printemps department store and the Fnac entertainment retail chain. The historic city centre displays one of the largest commercial pedestrian areas in France and a mall, the Saint-Jacques centre. In addition there are several multiplex movie theatres and malls found in the urban agglomeration.
In recent years, Metz municipality have promoted an ambitious policy of tourism development, including urban revitalization and refurbishment of buildings and public squares. This policy has been spurred by the creation of the Centre Pompidou-Metz in 2010. Since its inauguration, the institution has become the most popular cultural venue in France outside Paris, with 550,000 visitors per year. Meanwhile, Metz Cathedral, Saint-Stephen Cathedral is the most visited building in the city, accommodating 652,000 visitors per year.
Culture
Museums and exhibition halls
* The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a museum of Contemporary art, modern and contemporary arts, the largest temporary exhibition area in France outside Paris. The museum features exhibitions from the extensive collection of the Centre Georges Pompidou, Centre Pompidou, Europe's largest collection of 20th-century art.
* Metz Cathedral, Saint Stephen's Cathedral is the Gothic architecture, Gothic cathedral of the city built during the 13th century. The cathedral exhibits the collection of the Bishopric of Metz, including paraments and items used in the service of the Eucharist. Metz Cathedral is sometimes nicknamed the Good Lord's Lantern (), as it has the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world: . These include works by Gothic art, Gothic and Renaissance art, Renaissance master glass makers Hermann von Münster, Théobald of Lixheim and Valentin Bousch, romanticism, romantic Charles-Laurent Maréchal, tachisme, tachist Roger Bissière, cubism, cubist Jacques Villon and modernism, modernist Marc Chagall.
* Another of the city's churches displays a complete set of stained glass windows by French modernism, modernist Jean Cocteau.
In addition, Metz features other museums and exhibition venues, such as:
* The Regional Contemporary Art Fund of Lorraine, FRAC Lorraine, a public collection of contemporary art of the Lorraine (region), Lorraine region. It is located in the 12th-century Saint-Liver Hôtel particulier, Hôtel and organizes exhibitions of local and international contemporary artists.
* The museums of Metz, Golden Courtyard (), a museum dedicated to the history of Metz, divided into four sections (e.g. archeology, medieval, architecture and fine arts). The Golden Courtyard displays a rich collection of Gallo-Roman and medieval finds and the remains of the Gallo-Roman baths of ''Divodurum Mediomatricum'', revealed by the extension works to the museums in the 1930s.
* The Museum of the 1870 War and of the Annexion in Gravelotte, a village located within the Metz-Metropole conurbation and the site of the Battle of Gravelotte, the only museum in Europe dedicated to the Franco-Prussian War. The museum exhibits military and everyday items from the period as well as artworks related to the 1870 war. A mausoleum erected in 1904 honoring the soldiers who died during the battle, the Memorial Hall (), has been included in the museum.
* The House for Europe, located on the estate of Robert Schuman in Scy-Chazelles in the Metz-Metropole conurbation, transformed into a museum and convention centre. Across the street is the fortified 12th Century church where Robert Schuman now rests. The Robert Schuman House for Europe organises cultural and educational events that introduce the visitor to Schuman's life and works and to the way Europe has been constructed and continues to develop today.
* Verlaine's House () is a museum located in the house where the poet Paul Verlaine was born, dedicated to his work, featuring permanent and temporary exhibitions. The Solange Bertrand foundation, located in the artist's former house, conserves and displays her artworks. The municipal archives preserve and exhibit Metz's historical municipal records dating from medieval times to the present.
Entertainment and performing arts
Metz has several venues for the performing arts. The Opéra-Théâtre de Metz Métropole, Opera House of Metz, the oldest working opera house in France, features plays, dance and lyric poetry. The Arsenal de Metz, Arsenal Concert Hall, dedicated to art music, is widely renowned for its excellent acoustics. The Trinitarians Club is a multi-media arts complex housed in the vaulted cellar and chapel of an ancient convent, the city's prime venue for jazz music. The Music Box (), familiarly known as BAM, is the concert venue dedicated to rock and electronic music. The Braun Hall and the Bernard-Marie Koltès, Koltès Theater feature plays, and the city has two movie theaters specializing in Auteur theory, Auteur cinema. The Place Saint-Jacques (Metz), Saint-Jacques Square, surrounded by busy bars and pubs whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square. Since 2014, the former bus garage has been converted to accommodate over thirty artists in residence, in a space where they can create and rehearse artworks and even build set decorations. The artistic complex, called Metz Network of All Cultures () and familiarly known as TCRM-Blida, encompasses a large hall of while theater and dance companies benefit from a studio of with backstages.Metz in the arts
Metz was an important cultural centre during the Carolingian Renaissance. For instance, Gregorian chant was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of Gallican and ancient Roman repertory. Then called Messin Chant, it remains the oldest form of music still in use in Western Europe. The bishops of Metz, notably Chrodegang of Metz, Saint-Chrodegang promoted its use for the Roman liturgy in Gallic lands under the favorable influence of the Carolingian monarchs. Messin chant made two major contributions to the body of chant: it fitted the chant into the ancient Greek octoechos system, and invented an innovative musical notation, using neumes to show the shape of a remembered melody. Metz was also an important centre of Illuminated manuscripts, illumination of Carolingian art#Illuminated manuscripts, Carolingian manuscripts, producing such monuments of Carolingian book illumination as the Drogo Sacramentary. The Metz School () was an art movement in Metz and the region between 1834 and 1870, centred on Charles-Laurent Maréchal.Livre Groupe (2010) École de Metz: Christophe Fratin, Charles-Franois Champigneulle, Laurent-Charles Marechal, Louis-Theodore Devilly, Auguste Migette. Eds. Books LLC. The term was originally proposed in 1845 by the poet Charles Baudelaire, who appreciated the works of the artists. They were influenced by Eugène Delacroix and inspired by the medieval heritage of Metz and its romantic surroundings. The Franco-Prussian War and the annexation of the territory by the Germans resulted in the dismantling of the movement. The main figures of the Metz School were Charles-Laurent Maréchal, Auguste Migette, , Louis-Théodore Devilly, Christophe Fratin and . Their works include paintings, engravings, drawings, stained-glass windows and sculptures. A festival named "passages" takes place in May. Numerous shows are presented to it.Graoully dragon as symbol of the city
The Graoully is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by the sacred powers of Saint Clement of Metz, the first Bishop of the city. The Graoully quickly became a symbol of Metz and can be seen in numerous insignia of the city, from the 10th century on.Bellard A. (1966) Le Graoully de Metz à la lumière de la paléontologie. Ed. Mémoires de l'Académie de Metz. Writers from Metz tend to present the legend as an allegory of Christianity's victory over paganism, represented by the harmful dragon.Cuisine
Local specialties include the quiche, the potée, the Lorrain pâté and also suckling pig.Sassi J. (2002) Cuisine, terroir et traditions de Moselle. Eds. Serpenoise. Different recipes, such as jam, tart, charcuterie and fruit brandy, are made from the Mirabelle plum, Mirabelle and Damson plums. Also, Metz is the cradle of some Pastry, pastries like the Metz cheese pie and the Metz Balls (), a ganache-stuffed biscuit coated with marzipan, caramel and dark chocolate. Local beverages include Moselle wine and Amos beer. The Covered Market, Metz, Covered Market of Metz is one of the oldest, most grandiose in France and is home to traditional local food producers and retailers. Originally built as the bishop's palace, the French Revolution broke out before the Bishop of Metz could move in and the citizens decided to turn it into a food market. The adjacent Chamber's Square () is surrounded by numerous local food restaurants.Celebrations and events
Many events are celebrated in Metz throughout the year. The city of Metz dedicates two weeks to the Mirabelle plum during the popular Mirabelle Festival held in August. During the festival, in addition to open markets selling fresh plums, mirabelle tarts and mirabelle liquor, there are live music, fireworks, parties, art exhibits, a parade with floral floats, a competition, the crowning of the Mirabelle Queen and a gala of celebration. A literature festival is held in June. The Montgolfiades hot air balloon festival is organized in September. The second most popular Christmas Market in France is held in November and December. Finally, a St. Nicholas, Saint Nicholas parade honors the patron saint of the Lorraine (region), Lorraine region in December.Sports
Metz is home to the Football Club of Metz (FC Metz), a football association club in Ligue 1, the highest division of French football (as of 2019–2020 season). FC Metz has won three times the Ligue 2 (1935, 2007 and 2014), twice the Coupe de France (in 1984 and 1988) and the Coupe de la Ligue, French League Cup (in 1986 and 1996), and was Ligue 1, French championship runner-up in 1998. FC Metz has also gained recognition in France and Europe for its successful youth academy, winning the Coupe Gambardella, Gambardella Cup 3 times in 1981, 2001 and 2010. The Stade Saint-Symphorien, Saint-Symphorien stadium has been the home of FC Metz since the creation of the club.
Metz Handball is a Handball club. Metz Handball has won the French Women's First League championship 23 times, the Women's France Cup nine times, and the French Women's League Cup eight times. The Arènes de Metz, Metz Arena has been the home of Metz Handball since 2002.
Since 2003, Metz has been home to the Open de Moselle, Moselle Open, an ATP World Tour 250 series, ATP World Tour 250 tournament played on indoor hard courts, which usually takes place in September.
Education
High schools
Metz has numerous high schools, including the Lycée Fabert, Fabert High School and the Lycée of Communication. Some of these institutions offer higher education programs such as classes préparatoires (undergraduate school) or Brevet de Technicien Supérieur, BTS (technician certificate).University of Lorraine
Metz is also home to the University of Lorraine (often abbreviated as UdL). The university is divided into two university centers, one in Metz (material sciences, technology and management) and one in Nancy, France, Nancy (biological sciences, health care, administration and management). The University of Lorraine, which ranks in 2016 among the top 15 of French universities and among the top 300 of universities in the world according to the 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities, has a student body of over 55,000 and offers 101 accredited research centers organized in 9 research areas and 8 doctoral colleges.Graduate schools
At the end of the 1990s, the city expanded and the Metz Science Park was created in the southern area. Along with this expansion, several graduate schools took the opportunity to establish campuses in the park. At first, facilities were grouped around the lake Symphony, like Supélec in 1985 and Georgia Tech Lorraine in 1990. In 1996, the engineering school Arts et Métiers ParisTech (ENSAM) built a research and learning center next to the golf course. This opened the way to the development of a new area, where the Franco-German university (ISFATES) and the ENIM moved in 2010. These graduate schools often cooperate with the University of Lorraine. For instance, the university and ENSAM share research teams, laboratories, equipments and doctoral programs. The École supérieure d'ingénieurs des travaux de la construction de Metz is also located in the city.Transport
Local transport
Public transport includes a bus rapid transit system, called Mettis. Mettis vehicles are high-capacity Hybrid vehicle drivetrain, hybrid bi-articulated buses built by Van Hool, and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with disability access. Mettis has its own planned and integrated transportation system, which includes two dedicated lines that spread out into the Metz conurbation. Mettis lanes A and B serve the city's major facilities (e.g., city centre, university campus and hospitals), and a transport hub is located next to the railway station.Railways
Metz Railway Station is connected to the French high speed train (TGV) network, which provides a direct rail service to Paris and Luxembourg (city), Luxembourg. The time from Paris (Gare de l'Est) to Metz is 82 minutes. Additionally, Metz is served by the Gare de Lorraine TGV, Lorraine TGV railway station, located at Louvigny, Moselle, Louvigny, to the south of Metz, for high speed trains going to Nantes, Rennes, Lille and Bordeaux (without stopping in Paris). Also, Metz is one of the main stations of the regional express trains system, Métrolor.Motorways
Metz is located at the Intersection (road), intersection of two major road axes: the A4 autoroute, Eastern Motorway, itself a part of the European route E50 connecting Paris to Prague, and the A31 autoroute, A31 Motorway, which goes north to Luxembourg and south to the Mediterranean Sea towards Nancy, France, Nancy, Dijon and Lyon.Airports
The Luxembourg – Findel Airport, Luxembourg International Airport is the nearest international airport, connected to Metz by Métrolor train. The Gare de Lorraine TGV, Lorraine TGV Station is 75 minutes by train from France international Charles de Gaulle Airport. Finally, Metz–Nancy–Lorraine Airport is located in Goin, Moselle, Goin, southeast of Metz.Waterways
Metz is located at the confluence of the Moselle (river), Moselle and the Seille (Moselle), Seille rivers, both Voies navigable de France, navigable waterways. The marina connects Metz to the cities of the Moselle valley (i.e. Trier, Schengen, Luxembourg, Schengen and Koblenz) via the Moselle river.Main sights
Religious heritage
* the Gothic architecture, Gothic Metz Cathedral, Saint Stephen's cathedral built during the 13th century. The cathedral is nicknamed the Good Lord's Lantern (), as it has the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world and the List of highest church naves, tenth-highest nave in the world. * the Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica, one of the List of oldest churches, oldest churches in the world and cradle of the Gregorian Chant. * Saint Maximin's church featuring stained glass windows by French artist Jean Cocteau, and the Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church built by French architect Roger-Henri Expert. * the 13th century Romanesque Knights Templar's chapel, once part of the Templar Commandry (feudalism), commandery of Metz, the oldest Templar institution in the Holy Roman Empire.Civil heritage
* The Opéra-Théâtre de Metz, opera house of Metz Metropole built during the 18th century in Tuscany-influenced neo-Classical style. It is the oldest working opera house in France and one of the oldest in Europe. * The birthplaces of Paul Verlaine, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, André Schwarz-Bart, Gustave Kahn, Gabriel Pierné, the sculptor Charles Pêtre, and Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle. * The house of François Rabelais, when he came to Metz—then a free imperial city and a republic—to escape condemnation for heresy by the University of Paris. * Numerous medieval edifices, including two granary, granaries and several Hôtel particulier, Hôtels.Administrative heritage
* the town square and its surrounding Neoclassical architecture, Neoclassical buildings, built by French architect Jacques-François Blondel. * the Neoclassical architecture, Neoclassical courthouse (former Governor#France, Governor's Palace), built by French artist Charles-Louis Clérisseau, location in 1775 of the ''Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette#Joining the American War, Diner of Metz'' when Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, Lafayette met Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec, Marquis of Ruffec and Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Duke of Gloucester and decided to support the American Revolutionary War. * the Romanesque Revival architecture, Romanesque Revival Gare de Metz-Ville, Station-Palace and Central Post Office, built by German architect Jürgen Kröger. * the Northeast France defense headquarters (former Kaiser headquarters), built by German architects Schönhals and Stolterfoth in a neo-Flemish style.Military heritage
* the German's Gate from the 13th century, the last medieval bridge castle in France. The fortification played a crucial defensive role during the Siege of Metz (1552), siege of Metz in 1552–1553 by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. * the ruins of the city's defensive walls dating from ancient history to the 18th century, and the extensive 19th- and 20th-century fortifications of Metz. * the Fort de Queuleu, Fort of Queuleu, also called the Hell of Queuleu (), used by the Germans as a detention and interrogation centre for members of the French Resistance during the Second World War. * the war memorial, art deco sculpture by French sculptor Paul Niclausse representing a mother cradling the dead body of her son.International relations
Metz is a member of the QuattroPole:fr:QuattroPole, (FR) :de:QuattroPole, (DE) union of cities, along with Luxembourg (city), Luxembourg, Saarbrücken and Trier (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg, France, and Germany). Metz has a central place in the Greater Region and of the economic SaarLorLux Euregio, Euroregion. Metz is also twin town with: * Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, from 1957 * Gloucester, England, United Kingdom, from 1967 * Karmiel, Israel, from 1984 * Saint-Denis, Réunion, France, from 1986 * Yichang, China, from 1991 * Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, from 2001 * Djambala, Republic of Congo, from 2012Notes and references
{{Authority control Metz, Communes of Moselle (department) Free imperial cities Prefectures in France Mediomatrici Three Bishoprics Cities in France