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The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ( hr, Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija; hu, Horvát-Szlavónország or ; german: Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien) was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation within the
Austro-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
. It was created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. It was associated with the Kingdom of Hungary within the dual Austro-Hungarian state, being within the
Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen The Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen ( hu, a Szent Korona Országai), informally Transleithania (meaning the lands or region "beyond" the Leitha River) were the Hungarian territories of Austria-Hungary, throughout the latter's entire exis ...
, also known as '' Transleithania''. While Croatia had been granted a wide internal autonomy with "national features", in reality, Croatian control over key issues such as tax and military issues was minimal and hampered by Hungary. It was internally officially referred to as the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, also simply known as the Triune Kingdom, and had claims on
Dalmatia Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see #Name, names in other languages) is one of the four historical region, historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of ...
, which was administered separately by the Austrian
Cisleithania Cisleithania, also ''Zisleithanien'' sl, Cislajtanija hu, Ciszlajtánia cs, Předlitavsko sk, Predlitavsko pl, Przedlitawia sh-Cyrl-Latn, Цислајтанија, Cislajtanija ro, Cisleithania uk, Цислейтанія, Tsysleitaniia it, Cislei ...
. The city of
Rijeka Rijeka ( , , ; also known as Fiume hu, Fiume, it, Fiume ; local Chakavian: ''Reka''; german: Sankt Veit am Flaum; sl, Reka) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primor ...
, following a disputed section in the 1868 Settlement known as the , became a ''
corpus separatum ''Corpus separatum'' is a Latin term referring to a city or region which is given a special legal and political status different from its environment, but which falls short of being sovereign, or an independent city state. The term may refer to: * ...
'' and was legally owned by Hungary, but administered by both Croatia and Hungary. The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was ruled by the emperor of Austria, who bore the title ''King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia'' and was confirmed by the State Sabor (Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia or Croatian-Slavonian Diet) upon accession. The King's appointed steward was the Ban of Croatia and Slavonia. On 21 October 1918, Emperor
Karl I Charles I or Karl I (german: Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria, hu, Károly Ferenc József Lajos Hubert György Ottó Mária; 17 August 18871 April 1922) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary (as Charles IV, ), King of Croatia, ...
, known as King Karlo IV in Croatia, issued a Trialist manifest, which was ratified by the Hungarian side on the next day and which unified all Croatian Crown Lands. One week later, on 29 October 1918, the Croatian State Sabor proclaimed an independent kingdom which entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.


Name

The kingdom used the formal title of the ''
Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia The Triune Kingdom ( hr, Trojedna kraljevina) or Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia ( hr, Trojedna Kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije) was the concept—advocated by the leaders of the 19th-century Croatian national revival ...
'', thereby pressing its claim on the Kingdom of Dalmatia. But Dalmatia was a ''Kronland'' within the
imperial Austria The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, ...
n part of Austria-Hungary (also known as
Cisleithania Cisleithania, also ''Zisleithanien'' sl, Cislajtanija hu, Ciszlajtánia cs, Předlitavsko sk, Predlitavsko pl, Przedlitawia sh-Cyrl-Latn, Цислајтанија, Cislajtanija ro, Cisleithania uk, Цислейтанія, Tsysleitaniia it, Cislei ...
). The claim was, for most of the time, supported by the Hungarian government, which backed Croatia–Slavonia in an effort to increase its share of the dual state. The union between the two primarily Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary never took place, however. According to the Article 53 of the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary, the ban's official title was "Ban of Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". Not only would different parts of the Monarchy at the same time use different styles of the titles, but even the same institutions would at the same time use different naming standards for the same institution. For instance, when the Imperial and Royal Court in Vienna would list the Croatian Ban as one of the Great Officers of State in the Kingdom of Hungary (''Barones Regni''), the style used would be ''Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Banus'', but when the Court would list the highest officials of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, the title would be styled as "Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia" (putting Slavonia before Dalmatia and omitting "Kingdom"). The laws passed in Croatia–Slavonia used the phrase "Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". In Hungarian, Croatia is referred to as ''Horvátország'' and Slavonia as ''Szlavónia''. The combined polity was known by the official name of ''Horvát-Szlavón Királyság''. The short form of the name was ''Horvát-Szlavónország'' and, less frequently ''Horvát-Tótország''. The order of mentioning Dalmatia was a contentious issue, as it was ordered differently in the Croatian- and Hungarian-language versions of the 1868 Settlement.


History

The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was created in 1868, when the former kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were joined into one single kingdom (the full civil administration was introduced in the Kingdom of Slavonia in 1745 and it was, as one of the
Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen The Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen ( hu, a Szent Korona Országai), informally Transleithania (meaning the lands or region "beyond" the Leitha River) were the Hungarian territories of Austria-Hungary, throughout the latter's entire exis ...
, administratively included into both the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary, but it existed virtually until 1868). The Croatian parliament, elected in a questionable manner, confirmed the subordination of Croatia–Slavonia to Hungary in 1868 with signing of Hungarian–Croatian union constitution called the ''Nagodba'' ( Croatian–Hungarian Settlement, known also as Croatian–Hungarian Agreement or Hungarian–Croatian Compromise of 1868). This kingdom included parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia (eastern part of
Syrmia Syrmia ( sh, Srem/Срем or sh, Srijem/Сријем, label=none) is a region of the southern Pannonian Plain, which lies between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is divided between Serbia and Croatia. Most of the region is flat, with the exce ...
). After the
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (german: Ausgleich, hu, Kiegyezés) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary ...
the only remaining open question of the new state was the status of Croatia, which would be solved with the Hungarian–Croatian Compromise of 1868 when agreement was reached between the Diet of Hungary on one hand and the Croatian Parliament on the other hand, with regard to the composition by a joint enactment of the constitutional questions at issue between them.Constitution of Union between Croatia–Slavonia and Hungary
/ref> Settlement reached between Hungary and Croatia was in Croatian version of the Settlement named "The
Settlement Settlement may refer to: *Human settlement, a community where people live *Settlement (structural), the distortion or disruption of parts of a building *Closing (real estate), the final step in executing a real estate transaction *Settlement (fina ...
between Kingdom of Hungary, united with
Erdély Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the A ...
on the one side and the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". In the Hungarian version neither Hungary, nor Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia are styled kingdoms, and Erdély is not even mentioned, while the Settlement is named as the Settlement between Parliament of Hungary and Parliament of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. Both versions received Royal sanction and both as such became fundamental laws of the state with constitutional importance, pursuant to article 69. and 70. of the Settlement. With this compromise the parliament of personal union (in which Croatia–Slavonia had only twenty-nine, after 1881 – forty deputies) controlled the military, the financial system, Sea (Maritime) Law, Commercial Law, the law of Bills of Exchange and Mining Law, and generally matters of commerce, customs, telegraphs, Post Office, railways, harbours, shipping, and those roads and rivers which jointly concern Hungary and Croatia–Slavonia. Similarly to these affairs, trade matters including hawking, likewise with regard to societies which do not exist for public gain, and also with regard to passports, frontier police, citizenship and naturalization, the legislation was joint, but the executive in respect of these affairs was reserved to Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia. The citizenship was named "Hungarian–Croatian citizenship" in Croatia–Slavonia. In the end, fifty-five per cent of the total income of Croatia–Slavonia were assigned to the Joint Treasury ("Joint Hungarian–Croatian Ministry of Finance"). The kingdom existed until 1918 when it joined the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which together with the
Kingdom of Serbia The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Princi ...
formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The new Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia became a part of the
Sava Banate The Sava Banovina or Sava Banate ( hr, Savska banovina), was a province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1939. It was named after the Sava River and consisted of much of the present-day Croatia (the areas of historical Croat ...
and in 1939 autonomous
Banovina of Croatia The Banovina of Croatia or Banate of Croatia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Banovina Hrvatska, Бановина Хрватска) was an autonomous province ( banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1939 and 1941. It was formed by a merg ...
.


Government and politics


Political status

The
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (german: Ausgleich, hu, Kiegyezés) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary ...
(''Ausgleich'') created the Dual Monarchy. Under the Compromise, Austria and Hungary each had separate parliaments (the Imperial Council and the Diet of Hungary) that passed and maintained separate laws. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "common monarchy" consisted of the emperor-king and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance in Vienna. The Compromise confirmed Croatia–Slavonia's historic, eight-centuries-old relationship with Hungary and perpetuated the division of the Croat lands, for both
Dalmatia Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see #Name, names in other languages) is one of the four historical region, historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of ...
and
Istria Istria ( ; Croatian language, Croatian and Slovene language, Slovene: ; ist, Eîstria; Istro-Romanian language, Istro-Romanian, Italian language, Italian and Venetian language, Venetian: ; formerly in Latin and in Ancient Greek) is the larges ...
remained under Austrian administration (as Kingdom of Dalmatia and
Margraviate of Istria The March of Istria (or Margraviate of Istria ) was originally a Carolingian frontier march covering the Istrian peninsula and surrounding territory conquered by Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy in 789. After 1364, it was the name of the Istria ...
). Biondich 2000, p. 9 At Franz Joseph's insistence, Hungary and Croatia reached the Compromise (or ''Nagodba'' in Croatian) in 1868, giving the Croats a special status in Hungary. The agreement granted the Croats autonomy over their internal affairs. The Croatian Ban would now be nominated by the joint Croatian–Hungarian government led by the Hungarian Prime Minister, and appointed by the king. Areas of "common" concern to Hungarians and Croats included finance, currency matters, commercial policy, the post office, and the railroad. Croatian became the official language of Croatia's government, and Croatian representatives discussing "common" affairs before the Croatian–Hungarian diet were permitted to speak Croatian. A ministry of Croatian Affairs was created within the Hungarian government. Although the ''Nagodba'' provided a measure of political autonomy to Croatia–Slavonia, it was subordinated politically and economically to Hungary in the Croatian–Hungarian entity of the Monarchy.


Parliament

The Croatian Parliament or the Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Sabor ( Croatian: ''Kraljevski Hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinski sabor'' or ''Sabor Kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije'') had legislative authority over the autonomous issues according to the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. A draft law (bill), approved by the Diet, became a statute (an act) after the royal assent (sanction). It also had to be signed by the Ban of Croatia. The King had the power to veto all legislation passed by the Diet and also to dissolve it and call new elections. If the King dissolved the Diet, he would have to call new elections during the period of three months. The parliament was summoned annually at Zagreb by the King or by the King especially appointed commissioner (usually the Ban). It was unicameral, but alongside 88 elected deputies (in 1888), 44 ''
ex officio An ''ex officio'' member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term '' ex officio'' is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right ...
'' members were Croatian and Slavonian high nobility (male princes, counts and
baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knig ...
s – similar to hereditary peers – over the age of 24 who paid at least 1,000
florins The Florentine florin was a gold coin struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time. It had 54 grains (3.499 grams, 0.113 troy ounce) of nominally pure or 'fine' gold with a purcha ...
a year land tax), high dignitaries of the Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and supreme county prefects (''veliki župani'') of all Croatian–Slavonian counties. Legislative term was three years, after 1887 – five years. The Croatian Parliament elected twenty-nine (after reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881 – forty) deputies to the House of Representatives and two members (after 1881 – three) to the
House of Magnates The House of Magnates ( hu, Főrendiház) was the upper chamber of the Diet of Hungary. This chamber was operational from 1867 to 1918 and subsequently from 1927 to 1945. The house was, like the current British House of Lords, composed of hered ...
of the Diet of Hungary. The delegates of Croatia–Slavonia were allowed to use Croatian in the proceedings, but they voted personally. The Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia held independent elections for the Croatian Parliament in
1865 Events January–March * January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at Broad Street (Manhattan), 10-12 Broad near Wall Street, in New York City. * January 13 – American Civil War : Sec ...
,
1867 Events January–March * January 1 – The Covington–Cincinnati Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, in the United States, becoming the longest single-span bridge in the world. It was renamed a ...
,
1871 Events January–March * January 3 – Franco-Prussian War – Battle of Bapaume: Prussians win a strategic victory. * January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the sout ...
,
1872 Events January–March * January 12 – Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first ruler crowned in that city in over 500 years. * February 2 – The government of the United Kingdom buys a number of forts on ...
,
1878 Events January–March * January 5 – Russo-Turkish War – Battle of Shipka Pass IV: Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire. * January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. * January 17 – Battle o ...
,
1881 Events January–March * January 1– 24 – Siege of Geok Tepe: Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans. * January 13 – War of the Pacific – Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos: The C ...
,
1883 Events January–March * January 4 – ''Life'' magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States. * January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people. * Ja ...
,
1884 Events January–March * January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London. * January 5 – Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Princess Ida'' premières at the Savoy Theatre, London. * January 18 – Dr. William Price atte ...
,
1887 Events January–March * January 11 – Louis Pasteur's anti-rabies treatment is defended in the Académie Nationale de Médecine, by Dr. Joseph Grancher. * January 20 ** The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Har ...
,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
,
1897 Events January–March * January 2 – The International Alpha Omicron Pi sorority is founded, in New York City. * January 4 – A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the ruler. This leads to a puniti ...
,
1901 Events January * January 1 – The Crown colony, British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria (Australia), Victoria and Western Australia Federation of Australia, federate as the Australia, ...
,
1906 Events January–February * January 12 – Persian Constitutional Revolution: A nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to grant a constitution, ...
, 1908 Croatian parliamentary election, 1908, 1910 Croatian parliamentary election, 1910, 1911 Croatian parliamentary election, 1911, 1913 Croatian parliamentary election, 1913. Main political parties represented in the Parliament were People's Party (Kingdom of Croatia), People's Party (People's Liberal Party), Independent People's Party (Kingdom of Croatia), Independent People's Party (after 1880), Croatian-Hungarian Party (People's (National) Constitutional Party or Unionist Party) (1868–1873), Party of Rights, Pure Party of Rights (after 1895), Starčević's Party of Rights (after 1908), Serb Independent Party (after 1881), Croatian Peasants' Party, Croatian Peoples' Peasant Party (after 1904), Croat-Serb Coalition (after 1905) etc.


Autonomous Government

The Autonomous Government or Land Government, officially "Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Land Government"( hr, Zemaljska vlada or ''Kraljevska hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinska zemaljska vlada'')Najviši reškript, kojim se potvrdjuje zakonski članak ob ustrojstvu autonomne hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinske zemaljske vlade
[The highest rescript, confirming the legal article for the organization of the autonomous Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Land Government (1869)], Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevinu Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1869. ( in Croatian) komad I.-VIII., p. 07.-12., Retrieved 2018-09-27
was established in 1869 with its seat in Zagreb (Croatian Parliament Act No. II of 1869). Until 1914 it possessed three departments: * Department of Internal Affairs ( hr, Odjel za unutarnje poslove); * Department of Religion and Education ( hr, Odjel za bogoštovlje i nastavu); * Department of Justice ( hr, Odjel za pravosuđe). * The Department of National Economy was established in 1914 as a fourth department ( hr, Odjel za narodno gospodarstvo) At the head of the Autonomous Government in Croatia–Slavonia stood the Ban of Croatia, Ban, who was responsible to the Croatian–Slavonian Diet.http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba3.htm The Hungaro–Croatian Compromise of 1868 (The Nagodba), III


Ban (Prime Minister and Viceroy)

The Ban was appointed by the King, on the proposal and under the counter-signature of the Joint Hungarian Prime minister of Hungary#Kingdom of Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1867-1918, minister-president. List of Ban (title), bans (viceroys) from 1868 until 1918: *1868 – 1871: Baron Levin Rauch de Nyék *1871 – 1872: Koloman Bedeković, Koloman pl. Bedeković de Komor *1872 – 1873: Antun Vakanović, Antun pl. Vukanović acting *1873 – 1880: Ivan Mažuranić *1880 – 1883: Count Ladislav Pejačević de Virovitica *1883: Hermann Ramberg, Herman pl. Ramberg acting *1883 – 1903: Count Károly Khuen-Héderváry de Hédervár *1903 – 1907: Count Teodor Pejačević de Virovitica *1907 – 1908: Aleksandar Rakodczay, Aleksandar pl. Rakodczay *1908 – 1910: Baron Pavao Rauch de Nyék *1910 – 1912: Nikola Tomašić, Nikola pl. Tomašić *1912 – 1913: Baron Slavko Cuvaj de Ivanska *1913 – 1917: Baron Ivan Skerlecz de Lomnica *1917 – 1918: Antun Mihalović, Antun pl. Mihalović


Law

The supreme court of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia was the Table of Seven in Zagreb ("Table of Septemvirs" or "Court of Seven"; Croatian: ''Stol sedmorice'', Latin language, Latin: ''Tabula Septemviralis''), while the second-level court (court of appeal) was the Tabula Banalis, Ban's Table or Tabula Banalis, Ban's Court ( Croatian: ''Banski stol'', Latin language, Latin: ''Tabula Banalis'') in Zagreb. After the judicial reorganization of 1874 – 1886 (complete separation of judicial and administrative power, laws on judges' independence and judicial organization, the Organization of Courts of the First Instance Act of 1874 (with 1886 amendments), the Judicial Power Act of 1874 and the Judges' Disciplinary Responsibility (etc.) Act of 1874, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Act of 1875, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Press Offences Act of 1875) and reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881; courts of first instance became 9 royal court tables with collegiate judgeships ( Croatian: ''kraljevski sudbeni stolovi'' in Zagreb, Varaždin, Bjelovar, Petrinja, Gospić, Ogulin, Požega, Croatia, Požega, Osijek and Sremska Mitrovica, Mitrovica; criminal law, criminal and major Civil law (Civil law), civil jurisdiction; all of which had been former county courts and Land Court/Royal Court Table, Zagreb, Royal County Court Table in Zagreb), approximately 63 royal district courts with single judges ( Croatian: ''kraljevski kotarski sudovi''; mainly Civil law (Civil law), civil and misdemeanor jurisdiction; former district administrative and judicial offices and city courts) and local courts ( Croatian: ''mjesni sudovi''), also with single judges, which were established in each municipality and city according to the Local Courts and Local Courts Procedure Act of 1875 as special tribunals for minor civil cases. The Royal Court Table, Zagreb, Royal Court Table in Zagreb was also a jury court for press offences. Judges were appointed by the king, but their independence was legally guaranteed.


Counties

In 1886, under Croatian Ban (title), ban Károly Khuen-Héderváry, Dragutin Khuen-Héderváry, Croatia–Slavonia was divided into eight counties (''županije'', known as comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary), comitatus): Biondich 2000, p. 11 #Modruš-Rijeka County #Zagreb County (former), Zagreb County #Varaždin County (former), Varaždin County #Bjelovar-Križevci County #Virovitica County (former), Virovitica County #Požega County (former), Požega County #Srijem County #Lika-Krbava County Lika-Krbava became a county after the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier into Croatia–Slavonia in 1881. The counties were subsequently divided into a total of 77 districts ( Croatian: ''kotari'', similar to Austrian ''District (Austria), Bezirke'') as governmental units. Cities (''gradovi'') and municipalities (''općine'') were local authorities.


Symbols


Flag

According to the 1868 Agreement and the Decree No. 18.307 of 16 November 1867 of the Department of the Interior of the Royal Country Government: ''The red–white–blue tricolor is the civil flag in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia, which with the united coat of arms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with the crown of St. Stephen on top is the official flag for usage in autonomous affairs. The aforementioned civil flag may be used by everyone in an appropriate way.'' It was also stated that the emblem for "joint affairs of the territories of the Hungarian Crown" is formed by the Coat of arms of Hungary#Kingdom of Hungary, united coat of arms of Hungary and Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia.The Hungaro–Croatian Compromise of 1868 (The Nagodba), II
/ref> However, there existed several variations of the internally used version of the flag, with some variants using an unofficial type of crown or simply omitting the crown instead of using the officially prescribed Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen. There were also variations in the design of the shield. The unofficial coat of arms was the preferred design and its widespread use was the reason that the Ban issued a Decree on 21 November 1914, stating that it had become "''a custom in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia to use flags that are not adequate either in state-juridical or in political sense''" and which strengthened flag related laws. It reiterated the aforementioned definitions of Croatian flags from 1867 and further stated that "''Police authorities shall punish violations of this Decree with a fine of 2 to 200 K or with arrest from 6 hours to 14 days and confiscate the unauthorized flag or emblem.''"


Coat of arms

File:Coa Croatia Country History (with crown) (1868-1918).svg, The official version had Holy Crown of Hungary, St. Stephen's crown due to Croatia–Slavonia being part of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. File:Coa Croatia Country History (without crown) (1868-1918).svg, Version without crown File:Coat of arms of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.svg, Unofficial, but more common design of the coat of arms without the Holy Crown of Hungary, St. Stephen's crown File:Coat Croatian Parliament.jpg, The coat of arms of the Triune Kingdom on the building of the Croatian Parliament File:CoA Croatia and Zagreb (St. Marko Church).jpg, The coat of arms of the Triune Kingdom on the roof of the St. Mark's Church, Zagreb


Demographics


Nationality

* 1875 data (without the Military Frontier) **Croats and Serbs 1,032,000 **Germans 31,700 **Hungarians 12,000 **Czechs and Slovaks 5,000 **Italians 2,000 **Slovenians 2,000 **Others 2,000


Religion

Data taken from the 1910 census. *Roman Catholic: 1,877,833 *Eastern Orthodox: 653,184 *Protestant: 51,707 *Uniate: 17,592


Literacy

According to the 1910 census, illiteracy rate in Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia was 45.9%. The lowest illiteracy was in Zagreb, Osijek and Zemun.


Military

The Royal Croatian Home Guard was the military of the Kingdom. Additionally, Croats made up 5 percent of members in the Austro-Hungarian Common Army, a higher proportion than the percentage of the general population of the empire they composed. Notable Croatians in the Austro-Hungarian Army included Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević, commander of the Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops, Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Emil Uzelac, commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Maximilian Njegovan and Josip Broz Tito who later became Marshal of Yugoslavia, Marshal and President of Yugoslavia, President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.Pero Simic: Tito, tajna veka Novosti; 2nd edition (2009)


Culture

The modern University of Zagreb was founded in 1874. The Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts and Matica hrvatska were the main cultural institutions in the kingdom. In 1911 the main cultural institution in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Matica dalmatinska, merged with Matica hrvatska. Vijenac was one of the most important cultural magazines in the kingdom. The building of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb was opened in 1895. The Croatian National Theatre in Osijek was established in 1907. The Sisters of Charity Hospital (Zagreb), Sisters of Charity Hospital in Zagreb was the first established in the kingdom.


Religion


Catholic Church

Roughly 75% of the population were Roman Catholic, with the remaining 25% Orthodox. The Catholic Church had the following hierarchy within the kingdom:


Judaism

In 1890, there were 17,261 Jews living in the kingdom. In 1867 the Zagreb Synagogue was built.


Transportation

The first railway line opened in the kingdom was the Zidani Most– Zagreb–Sisak route which began operations in 1862. The Zaprešić–Varaždin–Čakovec line was opened in 1886 and the Vinkovci–Osijek line was opened in 1910.


Sports

The Croatian Sports Association was formed in 1909 with Franjo Bučar as its president. While Austria-Hungary had competed in the modern Olympics since the inaugural games in 1896, the Austrian Olympic Committee and Hungarian Olympic Committee held the exclusive right to send their athletes to the games. The association organized a Croatian First League 1912, national football league in 1912.


Legacy

In 1918, during the last days of World War I, the Croatian parliament abolished the Hungarian–Croatian personal union, and both parts of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and the Kingdom of Dalmatia (excluding Zadar and Lastovo), became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which together with the
Kingdom of Serbia The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Princi ...
, formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The new Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banovina, and most of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia became part of the Littoral Banovina. On the basis of the political agreement between Dragiša Cvetković and Vlatko Maček (Cvetković-Maček Agreement) and the "Decree on the
Banovina of Croatia The Banovina of Croatia or Banate of Croatia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Banovina Hrvatska, Бановина Хрватска) was an autonomous province ( banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1939 and 1941. It was formed by a merg ...
" (''Uredba o Banovini Hrvatskoj'') dated 24 August 1939, the autonomous
Banovina of Croatia The Banovina of Croatia or Banate of Croatia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Banovina Hrvatska, Бановина Хрватска) was an autonomous province ( banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1939 and 1941. It was formed by a merg ...
(Banate of Croatia) was created by uniting the Sava Banovina, the Littoral Banovina, and districts Brčko, Derventa, Dubrovnik, Fojnica, Gradačac, Ilok, Šid and Travnik.


Notes


References

*Biondich, Mark (2000).
Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the Politics of Mass Mobilization
'. University of Toronto Press. .


Further reading

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External links

*
Codex diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Slavoniae et Dalmatiae
Internet Archive – digital library
Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank MapMap

Ethnic map
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Croatia-Slavonia Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia Croatia under Habsburg rule History of Slavonia History of Syrmia Vojvodina under Habsburg rule Hungary under Habsburg rule Former countries in the Balkans 1868 establishments in Austria-Hungary 1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary Establishments in the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918) Disestablishments in the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918) Former countries, Croatia-Slavonia Lands of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918) Former kingdoms