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Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński (; born 18 June 1949) is a Polish politician. He has been the leader of the
Law and Justice Law and Justice ( pl, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość , PiS) is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Poland. Its chairman is Jarosław Kaczyński. It was founded in 2001 by Jarosław and Lech Kaczyński as a direct su ...
party (PiS) since 2003. He served as Prime Minister of Poland from 2006 to 2007, and has twice held the post of Deputy Prime Minister of Poland, firstly from 2020 to 2022, and a second time from June to November 2023. Jaroslaw Kaczyński as a student took part in protest during the March 1968 political crisis. Subsequently, he became involved in the anti-communist opposition as a collaborator of KOR and KSS KOR. He took part in the protests in August 1980 when he was arrested, then joined the
Solidarity ''Solidarity'' is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes. It is based on class collaboration.''Merriam Webster'', http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictio ...
movement. In 1982 he became a member of the Polish
Helsinki Committee The Helsinki Committees for Human Rights exist in many European countries (the OSCE region) as volunteer, non-profit organizations devoted to human rights and presumably named after the Helsinki Accords. Formerly organized into the International ...
. He took part in the 1988 strikes. In 1989, Kaczyński took part in the Round Table talks. In 1989–1991, he served as a
senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
. In 1990, he founded the
Centre Agreement Porozumienie Centrum (PC; en, Centre Agreement) was a Polish Christian democratic political party. The party rose in 1990. Its chairman was Jarosław Kaczyński. In its programme, the PC opposed socialism and was anti-communist. In 1997 PC join ...
party, of which he served as leader until 1998. In 1990–91 he was head of the chancellery of President Lech Wałęsa. He served as a Member of Parliament from 1991 to 1993 and continuously since 1997. In 2001 he co-founded the PiS party with his twin brother, Lech Kaczyński, of which he became leader in 2003. Running for PiS, he served as the prime minister of Poland from July 2006 to November 2007, while his brother was the president of Poland. After PiS's electoral defeat in 2007, Kaczyński was the main leader of the opposition during Civic Platform's governments. Following the death of his brother in a plane crash, Jarosław Kaczyński ran in the
2010 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 20 June 2010. As no candidate received a majority of votes in the first round, a second round was held on 4 July 2010. Bronisław Komorowski, the acting President of Poland and vice-chairman of the C ...
losing to Bronisław Komorowski. Since the 2015 victories of PiS, both in the
presidential President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese fu ...
and parliamentary election, Kaczyński was considered to be the most powerful politician in Poland and one of the most influential European leaders. In 2020, he was designated as the Deputy Prime Minister of Poland with oversight over the defense, justice and interior ministries.


Early life

Kaczyński was born on 18 June 1949, the identical twin brother of Lech Kaczyński. They were born in Warsaw. His father was (1922–2005), an engineer who served as a soldier in the
Armia Krajowa The Home Army ( pl, Armia Krajowa, abbreviated AK; ) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) esta ...
in World War II, and his mother was (1925–2013), a philologist at the Polish Academy of Sciences, during the war served in the Grey Ranks. As children, he starred with his brother in the 1962 Polish film ''
The Two Who Stole the Moon ''The Two Who Stole the Moon'' ( pl, O dwóch takich, co ukradli księżyc) is a 1962 Polish children's film based on Kornel Makuszyński's 1928 story of the same name. Despite having been known to Polish children for many generations, the film ...
'' ( pl, O dwóch takich, co ukradli księżyc), based on a popular children's story by
Kornel Makuszyński Kornel Makuszyński (; 8 January 1884 – 31 July 1953) was a Polish writer of children's and youth literature. Dorota Piasecka. ''Proza Kornela Makuszyńskiego dla młodego odbiorcy: zarys problematyki''. PWN. 1984. pp. 11, 34. He was an elected ...
. Kaczyński attended the Joachim Lelewel XLI High School, but due to failing to be promoted to the next grade he moved to the Mikołaj Kopernik XXXIII High School. He graduated from secondary school in 1967. Kaczyński studied law at the Warsaw University's Faculty of Law and Administration, where in 1976 he obtained a Doctor of Law (LL.D.) degree after completing a dissertation titled "The role of collegial bodies in governing institutions of higher education" under the supervision of . From 1971 to 1976, he was employed as a researcher at the Institute of Scientific Policy and Higher Education and then became an assistant professor at the Białystok branch of the University of Warsaw.


Political career


Anti-communist opposition

During his studies, he took part in the student protests in March 1968. Kaczyński began working with the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR) in 1976. KOR was formed after the workers' protests of June 1976 to defend workers against persecution by the communist authorities. In 1976, he was stopped in time while carrying out tasks for the KOR during a journey to Płock. Subsequently, the KOR was transformed into the
Committee for Social Self-Defense KOR The Committee for Social Self-Defense KOR or KSS KOR (Polish: ''Komitet Samoobrony Społecznej KOR'') was a Polish civil society group that emerged under the communist rule. It was created in 1977-1978 from the Workers' Defense Committee (''Komit ...
(KSS KOR), which aimed to undertake broader dissident activities. Jarosław Kaczyński worked in the , run by
Zbigniew Romaszewski Zbigniew Jan Romaszewski (2 January 1940 – 13 February 2014) was a Polish conservative politician, senator since 1989, and human rights activist. After the June 1976 protests he was cofounder of assurance to workers prosecuted by communist regi ...
and
Zofia Romaszewska Irena Zofia Romaszewska (née Płoska; born August 17, 1940, in Warsaw) is a Polish social activist, who served as a member of the State Tribunal from 1991 to 1993, and a member of the Movement for Reconstruction of Poland from 1996 to 2001. She ...
. Its task was to register all cases of human rights violations by the authorities, providing assistance to the repressed and those affected by the regime's actions. Kaczynski investigated cases of murders committed by MO and SB officers. Kaczyński also joined the editorial board of the monthly magazine ''Głos'' in 1979, which was associated with KSS KOR and headed by Antoni Macierewicz. During the communist-era, Kaczyński worked for several opposition organizations including Workers' Defence Committee, Committee for Social Self-Defense, and the
Solidarity ''Solidarity'' is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes. It is based on class collaboration.''Merriam Webster'', http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictio ...
trade union. Kaczyński was also the executive editor of the '' Tygodnik Solidarność'' weekly magazine from 1989 to 1991.


1990s

In 1991, he created the conservative, Christian democratic
Centre Agreement Porozumienie Centrum (PC; en, Centre Agreement) was a Polish Christian democratic political party. The party rose in 1990. Its chairman was Jarosław Kaczyński. In its programme, the PC opposed socialism and was anti-communist. In 1997 PC join ...
party and later became its chairman, remaining in the role until 1998. In the years 1991 to 1993 and since 1997, Kaczyński was a member of the Sejm. In the same year, he worked under direction of the president of Poland, Lech Wałęsa, as the head of his presidential chancellery. Wałęsa fired Kaczyński, who then led the protest movement against him.


2005 elections

Kaczyński was the Law and Justice prime ministerial candidate in the September 2005 Polish parliamentary election. However, when the party emerged as winner of the election, he pledged that he would not take the position, expecting that his nomination would reduce the chances of his brother Lech Kaczyński, who was a candidate for the October presidential election. Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz was appointed prime minister. In the following months, he was a frontbench MP and the leader of his party. He was said to have an enormous influence on the prime minister's decision-making process. Kaczyński was described as the architect of the coalition with the populist Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland ( pl, Samoobrona) and the far-right
League of Polish Families The League of Polish Families (Polish: ''Liga Polskich Rodzin'', LPR) is a conservative political party in Poland, with many far-right elements in the past. The party's original ideology was that of the National Democracy movement which was heade ...
party.


Prime Minister: 2006–2007

Following reports of a rift between Kaczyński and Marcinkiewicz, the latter resigned on 7 July 2006. Kaczyński was appointed prime minister by his brother, the president, Lech Kaczyński, on 10 July, and sworn in on 14 July, following the formation of a cabinet and a confidence vote in the Sejm. They were the first pair of brothers in the world to serve as president and prime minister of a country and the only twin brothers to have done so. The following 15 months were erratic and not without controversy, Kaczyński initiated a nationwide program ('' Lustracja'') which required thousands of public employees, teachers, and journalists to formally declare whether or not they had collaborated with the security services of the former communist regime. In 2006, Kaczyński also established a Central Anticorruption Bureau (
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
: ''Centralne Biuro Antykorupcyjne'') with far-reaching powers and was embroiled in a case relating to the suicide of Barbara Bilda who was under investigation for corruption. The government also modified Polish foreign relations relating to the European Union by adopting a more
eurosceptic Euroscepticism, also spelled as Euroskepticism or EU-scepticism, is a political position involving criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration. It ranges from those who oppose some EU institutions and policies, and seek reform ...
al stance, where Polish governments had in the past adopted a very pro-European Union position. At the request of his government, taxes were reduced.


2007 parliamentary election

Despite gaining votes, Law and Justice lost the parliamentary election on 21 October 2007, finishing a distant second behind the pro-European and liberal-conservative party Civic Platform. Kaczyński was succeeded as prime minister by Donald Tusk, but remained chairman of Law and Justice and became leader of the opposition.


2010 presidential election

Following the death of his brother, Jarosław announced that he would run for president against Bronisław Komorowski in the election held on 20 June 2010.
Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska Joanna Grażyna Kluzik-Rostkowska (born 14 December 1963) is a Polish politician and member of the Sejm for Civic Platform. She was elected for Law and Justice in 2007, but led a breakaway group in 2010 to form the more liberal Poland Comes Firs ...
ran his electoral campaign staff and the spokesperson was
Paweł Poncyljusz Paweł Janusz Poncyljusz (born 18 May 1969 in Warsaw) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 4232 votes in Warsaw I as a candidate on the Law and Justice list. In November 2010, he moved to the new party ...
. Kaczyński appeared to soften his image during the campaign in order to win centrist voters. The campaign's motto was ''Poland Comes First''. He polled 36.5% of the vote in the first round, against the acting president Bronisław Komorowski's 41.5%. In the second round he lost with 47.0% of the vote to Komorowski's 53.0%.


After 2015

In order to win over moderate voters, rather than running as PiS's candidate for president or prime minister, Kaczyński put forward more moderate PiS members in the 2015 presidential and parliamentary elections. Andrzej Duda ran as PiS's presidential candidate, while Beata Szydło was its candidate for prime minister. PiS won both elections. In the parliamentary election, PiS became the first party to win an outright majority since the end of communism. But despite being a popular leader among PiS's base, he himself remains unpopular among the wider public, with some polls showing that more Poles think Kaczyński is not trustworthy compared to Duda or Szydło. In 2017, ''Politico'' described him as the de facto ruler of Poland and as one of the most influential politicians in Poland. In 2020, Kaczyński became deputy prime minister in the Mateusz Morawiecki government. Kaczyński announced in mid-October 2021 that he would step down as the deputy prime minister at the beginning of 2022 in order to focus on his leadership of his party, and stepped down on 21 June 2022. On 10 April 2020, on the anniversary of the Smolensk air disaster, Kaczyński and nine other people, standing close together, visited the grave of Kaczynski's mother and the symbolic grave of twin-brother Lech at Powązki Military Cemetery, though they were closed to the public due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The
Polish Police Policja () is the generic name for the national police force of the Republic of Poland. The Polish police force was known as ''policja'' throughout the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), and in the modern Republic of Poland since 1990. Its c ...
stated that the gathering in Powązki did not constitute a gathering in the sense of big gatherings forbidden in relation to the pandemic, this caused controversy and criticism. The former prime minister of Poland Leszek Miller described the gathering as showing contempt for ordinary people respecting the restrictions. In May, a Polish radio station Trójka (run by state-owned broadcaster Polskie Radio) was accused of censoring "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" ("Your Pain is Better Than Mine"), a song by Kazik Staszewski that is critical of Law and Justice. The song was inspired by Kaczyński's actions and does not reference the party or Kaczyński by name. When "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" charted at number one on Trójka's weekly countdown on 15 May, the station subsequently suppressed the chart and all references to the song from its website. Station director Tomasz Kowalczewski accused the programme's host Marek Niedźwiecki of having rigged the chart in favour of Kazik's song. Bartosz Gil — who also works on the chart show — alleged that Kaczyński's claim was false, and accused him of specifically targeting the song. The following Sunday, Niedźwiecki announced his immediate resignation from the station, and also threatened legal action against the broadcaster for false claims of fraud. On 16 May, Polskie Radio music head Piotr Metz revealed that, after the chart show aired, Kowalczewski had ordered him via text message to remove "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" from the station's music library. Metz also resigned from the station. The station also faced threats of boycotts from members of the Polish music industry.


Political views

Kaczyński's project is said to consist of a "moral revolution" culminating in the creation of a " fourth republic" drawing a radical break from the compromises surrounding the fall of Communism in Poland, as well as reverting Poland back to its conservative, Roman Catholic roots and away from a multi-cultural styled Western European mainstream. In April 2016, he stated that he is not going to run for the office of President or Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland in the upcoming elections. Drawing from his strong, uncompromising views (especially regarding parts of the political, cultural and media environment, which he sees as remnants or heirs of the former communist networks), Kaczyński is often labelled as "polarizing".Hoppe, Ralf; Puhl, Jan (8 December 2016).
Poland after a Year of Populist Rule
. ''Spiegel Online International''. Retrieved 25 September 2017. "The conservative party leader is considered highly intelligent and well educated, but he is also a polarizing figure."
In recent years, he was also known as an activist for animal rights, and, among other things, undertook activities aimed at banning the breeding of fur animals. A pejorative term for ideology of Jarosław Kaczyński used by some of his political opponents is "
Kaczyzm ''Kaczyzm'' () is a Polish neologism and an ideological concept ( wikt:ideologeme, ideologeme) pejoratively or satirically describing the rule of the Law and Justice party (PiS), derived from the names of Polish politicians, brothers Jarosław and ...
". Kaczyński is a
Eurosceptic Euroscepticism, also spelled as Euroskepticism or EU-scepticism, is a political position involving criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration. It ranges from those who oppose some EU institutions and policies, and seek reform ...
, and he pejoratively stated that " Germany wants to turn the European Union into Fourth Reich".


LGBT views

On 21 September 2005, Kaczyński said that "homosexuals should not be isolated, however, they should not be school teachers for example. Active homosexuals surely not, in any case", but that they "should not be discriminated otherwise". He has also stated, "The affirmation of homosexuality will lead to the downfall of civilization. We can't agree to it".. On 30 August 2006, during a visit to the European Commission, Kaczyński, as the Prime Minister, stated that "people with such preferences have full rights in Poland, there is no tradition in Poland of persecuting such people". He also asked the President of the European Commission, Jose Manuel Barroso "not to believe in the myth of Poland as an anti-Semitic, homophobic and xenophobic country". In 2019, Kaczyński characterized the LGBT rights movement as a foreign import that threatens the Polish nation. He also stated that everyone must recognize Christianity and questioning the Roman Catholic Church in Poland as unpatriotic: "We are dealing with a direct attack on the family and children — the sexualization of children, that entire LGBT movement, gender. This is imported, but they today actually threaten our identity, our nation, its continuation and therefore the Polish state."


Honors

: *Title "Man of the Year" by the weekly magazine '' Gazeta Polska'', thrice (2004, 2015, 2019) *Title "Man of the Year" by the weekly magazine '' Wprost'', twice (2005, 2015) *Title "Man of the Year" by the Federation of Regional Associations of Municipalities and Powiats of the Republic of Poland (2005) *Title "Man of the Year 2014" by the Economic Forum (2015) * Title "Man of Freedom" by the weekly magazine ''
Sieci ''Sieci'' (English lit.: ''the Network''), also stylised as ''W Sieci'', ''wSieci'', or ''Tygodnik Sieci''; is a right-wing weekly magazine published in Poland.
'', twice (2016, 2021) *25th anniversary award of ''Gazeta Polska'' (2018) : *
St. George's Order of Victory Saint George's Order of Victory ( ka, წმინდა გიორგის სახელობის გამარჯვების ორდენი, ''ts'minda giorgis sakhelobis gamarjvebis ordeni'') is an honor awarded by the governm ...
(2013) : * Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 2nd class (2022)


Personal life

Kaczyński is a practicing Roman Catholic. He is a lifelong bachelor and has no partner or children. He lived with his ailing mother until her hospitalization. He owns no computer and is said to have opened his first bank account only in 2009. He owns a cat and has been described as a " feline enthusiast". The communist-era Security Service (SB) files described Kaczyński as "...very uncertain about his fate. His appearance is careless. He claimed that he was not interested in material matters, women, e.g. he does not care about having a family in the future. He has a phlegmatic disposition, the appearance of a bookworm." The files also noted that he was not willing to cooperate with the SB in any capacity.


In popular culture

The main character of the political satire web series ''
The Chairman's Ear ''The Chairman's Ear'' (Polish language, Polish: ''Ucho Prezesa'') is a Polish political satire web series broadcast since 9 January 2017 on YouTube, and since 15 February 2017 on Showmax. It was created by Robert Górski, the lead member of the ...
'', chairman Jarosław (portrayed by series creator
Robert Górski Robert Górski (born 14 April 1971) is a Polish comedian, satirist, actor, and scriptwriter. He is a co-founder of the Kabaret Moralnego Niepokoju comedy group. Among his notable works is 2017 political satire web series '' The Chairman's Ear'' (2 ...
), is modeled on Kaczyński.


See also

*
Polish nationalism Polish nationalism is a form of nationalism which asserts that the Poles are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Poles. Norman Davies, in the context of Polish nationalism, generally defined nationalism as "a doctrine ... to create a n ...
*
List of Law and Justice politicians A list of notable Polish politicians of the Law and Justice Party ( pl, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość). A * Andrzej Adamczyk * Waldemar Andzel B * Małgorzata Bartyzel * Ryszard Bender * Adam Bielan * Jerzy Bielecki * Jacek Bogucki * Anna Boruck ...
* Janina Goss


References


External links

*
Official Website of Jarosław Kaczyński
, - , - , - , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Jaroslaw 1949 births Polish actor-politicians Identical twin politicians Law and Justice politicians Centre Agreement politicians Lawyers from Warsaw Leaders of political parties in Poland Living people Members of the Senate of Poland 1989–1991 Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993 Members of the Polish Sejm 1997–2001 Members of the Polish Sejm 2001–2005 Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007 Members of the Polish Sejm 2007–2011 Members of the Polish Sejm 2011–2015 Members of the Polish Sejm 2015–2019 Members of the Polish Sejm 2019–2023 Members of the Polish Sejm 2023–2027 Movement for Reconstruction of Poland politicians Male actors from Warsaw Polish anti-communists Polish male child actors Polish Roman Catholics Politicians from Warsaw Candidates in the 2010 Polish presidential election Prime Ministers of Poland Solidarity (Polish trade union) activists Polish twins Academic staff of the University of Białystok University of Warsaw alumni Polish dissidents Polish Round Table Talks participants Right-wing populism in Poland Recipients of St. George's Order of Victory Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 2nd class