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The HP-35 was
Hewlett-Packard The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened to Hewlett-Packard ( ) or HP, was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. HP developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components ...
's first pocket calculator and the world's first ''scientific'' pocket calculator: a calculator with trigonometric and exponential functions. It was introduced in 1972.


History

In about 1970 HP co-founder Bill Hewlett challenged his co-workers to create a "shirt-pocket sized HP-9100". At the time, slide rules were the only practical portable devices for performing trigonometric and exponential functions, as existing pocket calculators could only perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Introduced at , like HP's first scientific calculator, the desktop 9100A, it used reverse Polish notation (RPN) rather than what came to be called "algebraic" entry. The "35" in the calculator's name came from the number of keys. The original HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975. In 2007 HP announced the release of the "retro"-look HP 35s to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the launch of the original HP-35. It was priced at . The HP-35 was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009.


Description

The calculator used a traditional floating decimal display for numbers that could be displayed in that format, but automatically switched to scientific notation for other numbers. The fifteen-digit
LED A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor Electronics, device that Light#Light sources, emits light when Electric current, current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy i ...
display was capable of displaying a ten-digit mantissa plus its sign and a decimal point and a two-digit
exponent Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as , involving two numbers, the '' base'' and the ''exponent'' or ''power'' , and pronounced as " (raised) to the (power of) ". When is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to re ...
plus its sign. The display used a unique form of multiplexing, illuminating a single LED segment at a time rather than a single LED digit, because HP research had shown that this method was perceived by the human eye as brighter for equivalent power. Light-emitting diodes were relatively new at the time and were much dimmer than high-efficiency diodes developed in subsequent decades. The calculator used three "AA"-sized NiCd batteries assembled into a removable proprietary battery pack. Replacement battery packs are no longer available, leaving existing HP-35 calculators to rely on AC power, or their users to rebuild the battery packs themselves using available cells. An external battery charger was available, and the calculator could also run from the charger, with or without batteries installed. Internally, the calculator was organized around a serial ( 1-bit) processor chipset made under contract by Mostek, processing 56-bit
floating-point numbers In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic that represents real numbers approximately, using an integer with a fixed precision, called the significand, scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base. For example, 12.345 can be ...
, representing 14-digit BCD numbers. The calculator had a four-register
stack Stack may refer to: Places * Stack Island, an island game reserve in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia, in Tasmania’s Hunter Island Group * Blue Stack Mountains, in Co. Donegal, Ireland People * Stack (surname) (including a list of people ...
(x, y, z and t), the "enter" key pushed the displayed value (x) down the stack. Any binary operation popped the top two registers and pushed the result. When the stack was popped, the t register duplicated into the z register.


Descendants

The HP-35 was the start of a family of related calculators with similar mechanical packaging: * The HP-45 added many more features, including the ability to control the output format (rather than the purely automatic format of the HP-35). It also contained an undocumented timer feature. The timer worked, but was not accurate enough to use as a stopwatch due to lack of a crystal oscillator. * The HP-65 added programmability, with program storage on magnetic cards. * The HP-55, a less expensive follow-on to the HP-65, provided storage for smaller programs, but didn't provide any external storage. The timer that was already present on the HP-45 was now crystal-controlled to achieve the needed accuracy and explicitly documented. * The
HP-67 The HP-67 is a magnetic card-programmable handheld calculator, introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1976 at an MSRP of $450. A desktop version with built-in thermal printer was sold as the HP-97 at a price of $750. Marketed as improved successors ...
expanded on the programmability of the HP-65, and added fully merged keycodes. * The HP-80 and cheaper HP-70 provided financial, rather than scientific functions, such as future value and net present value. Follow-on calculators used varying mechanical packaging but most were operationally similar. The HP-25 was a smaller, cheaper model of a programmable scientific calculator without magnetic card reader, with features much like the HP-65. The HP-41C was a major advance in programmability and capacity, and offered
CMOS Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss", ) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFE ...
memory so that programs were not lost when the calculator was switched off. It was the first calculator to offer alphanumeric capabilities for both the display and the keyboard. Four external ports below the display area allowed memory expansion ( RAM modules), loading of additional programs (
ROM Rom, or ROM may refer to: Biomechanics and medicine * Risk of mortality, a medical classification to estimate the likelihood of death for a patient * Rupture of membranes, a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac * R ...
modules) and interfacing a wide variety of peripherals including
HP-IL The HP-IL (''Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop''), was a short-range interconnection bus or network introduced by Hewlett-Packard in the early 1980s. It enabled many devices such as printers, plotters, displays, storage devices (floppy disk drives ...
("HP Interface Loop"), a scaled-down version of the
HPIB IEEE 488 is a short-range digital communications 8-bit parallel multi-master interface bus specification developed by Hewlett-Packard as HP-IB (Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus). It subsequently became the subject of several standards, and is ...
/ GPIB/ IEEE-488 instrument bus. The later HP-28C and HP-28S added much more memory and a substantially different, more powerful programming metaphor.


Calculator trivia

* The HP-35 was long and wide, said to have been designed to fit into one of William Hewlett's shirt pockets. * Was the first scientific calculator to fly in space in 1973. * HP-35 calculators were carried on the Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 flights, between July 1973 and February 1974. * Is the first pocket calculator with a numeric range that covered 200 decades (more precise 199, ±10±99). * The LED display power requirement was responsible for the HP-35's short battery life between charges — about three hours. To extend operating time and avoid wearing out the on/off slide switch, users would press the decimal point key to force the display to illuminate just a single LED junction. * The HP-35 calculated arithmetic, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions but the complete implementation used only 767 carefully chosen instructions (7670 bits). * One high quality feature of the HP-35 was its use of double-injected keys. Rather than printing the function on the key surface where it could wear off over time and use as with cheaper calculators, the keys were constructed with two colors of plastic, providing durable key top labels for the labeled keys. * Introduction of the HP-35 and similar scientific calculators by Texas Instruments soon thereafter signaled the demise of the slide rule among science and engineering students. Slide rule holsters rapidly gave way to "electronic slide rule" holsters, and colleges began to drop slide-rule classes from their curricula. * 100,000 HP-35 calculators were sold in the first year, and over 300,000 by the time it was discontinued in 1975—3½ years after its introduction.


See also

* CORDIC * France Rode * Sinclair Executive


References


External links


CODEX 99 'The HP-35 Consumer Electronics, an Origin Story'
*
HP-35
pictures o
MyCalcDB
(database about 1970s and 1980s pocket calculators) * A thorough analysis of the HP-35 firmware including the CORDIC algorithms and the bugs in the early ROM.

* ttp://hp35.wz.cz/HP-35RD.html A list of earliest HP-35 "Red Dot" calculatorsbr>HP-35 Calculator Simulator (JavaScript)HP-35 Calculator Emulator (JavaScript; original ROM or bug-fixed ROM)
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Hp-35 35 Computer-related introductions in 1972 Serial computers