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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from the monomer
ethylene Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or . It is a colourless, flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odour when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds). Ethylene i ...
. It is sometimes called "alkathene" or "polythene" when used for HDPE pipes. With a high strength-to-density ratio, HDPE is used in the production of plastic bottles, corrosion-resistant piping, geomembranes and plastic lumber. HDPE is commonly recycled, and has the number "2" as its resin identification code. In 2007, the global HDPE market reached a volume of more than 30 million tons.


Properties

HDPE is known for its high strength-to-density ratio. The density of HDPE ranges from 930 to 970 kg/m3. The standard method to test plastic density is ISO 1183 part 2 (gradient columns), alternatively ISO 1183 part 1
MVS2PRO density analyzer
. Although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of low-density polyethylene, HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength (38 MPa versus 21 MPa) than LDPE. The difference in strength exceeds the difference in density, giving HDPE a higher specific strength. It is also harder and more opaque and can withstand somewhat higher temperatures (120 °C/248 °F for short periods). High-density polyethylene, unlike polypropylene, cannot withstand normally required autoclaving conditions. The lack of branching is ensured by an appropriate choice of catalyst (e.g., Ziegler–Natta catalysts) and reaction conditions. High DPE is resistant to many different solvents, so it cannot be glued. Pipe joints must be made by welding. The physical properties of HDPE can vary depending on the molding process that is used to manufacture a specific sample; to some degree, a determining factor is the international standardized testing methods employed to identify these properties for a specific process. For example, in rotational molding, to identify the environmental stress crack resistance of a sample, the ''notched constant tensile load test'' (NCTL) is put to use. Owing to these desirable properties, pipes constructed out of HDPE are ideally applicable for drinking water and waste water (storm and sewage).


Applications

File:HDPE Construction safety net.jpg, HDPE fibers can be spun into rope File:Pulling on the hood of the Tyveck suit (5429334133).jpg, Disposable suits; nonwoven HDPE fabric File:US Navy 100824-N-0858D-272 Sailors work on a new home for Habitat for Humanity during Boise Navy Week.jpg, Housewrap File:Registered Mail Royal Mail - Great Britain-Germany 2017 - envelope front side.jpg, Plastic mailing envelopes File:Blue Striped Water Pipe.jpg, Flexible HDPE pipes File:Hdpe pipe installation.jpg, Corrugated HDPE pipe installation in storm drain project in Mexico File:Plastic outdoor chair 1 2017-06-14.jpg, The monobloc chair File:Hanoi Vietnam The-omnipresent-plastic-chairs-01.jpg, Stools for outdoor use File:Milk crate.jpg, Bottle crates File:Cubocubo.png, Toys and playground equipment File:2014. Уничтоженные гривны в Донецке 015.jpg, Clear plastic bags (shown) are made of LDPE; blown-film shopping bags with handles are now made of HDPE File:250ml HDPE pump plastic bottle.jpg, HDPE is used to make sturdy bottles that resist oils. Transparent bottles are usually made of other plastics, such as
polyethylene terephthalate Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P), is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods ...
File:Bottle of milk.jpg, Milk jug File:Diverse Kanisterformen.png, HDPE jerrycans resist softening and swelling from aromatic components of fuels File:FODS Connect202 TC-1 TRACKOUT CONROL STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE 2.jpg, Roller on HDPE construction entrance mat
HDPE has a wide variety of applications; for applications that fall within the properties of other polymers, the choice to use HDPE is usually economic: *
3D printer 3D printing or additive manufacturing is the Manufacturing, construction of a three-dimensional object from a computer-aided design, CAD model or a digital 3D modeling, 3D model. It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is ...
filament * Arena board (puck board) * Backpacking frames * Ballistic plates * Banners * Bottle caps * Boats * Chemical containers * Chemical-resistant piping * Coax cable inner insulator * Conduit protector for electrical or communications cables * Corrosion protection for steel pipelines * Electrical and plumbing boxes * Far-IR
lenses A lens is a transmissive optical device which focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (''elements''), ...
* Fireworks * Folding chairs and tables * Food storage containers * Fuel tanks for vehicles * Geomembrane for hydraulic applications (such as canals and bank reinforcements) * Geothermal heat transfer piping systems * Heat-resistant firework mortars * Housewrap ( Tyvek) *
Hovercraft A hovercraft, also known as an air-cushion vehicle or ACV, is an amphibious Craft (vehicle), craft capable of travelling over land, water, mud, ice, and other surfaces. Hovercraft use blowers to produce a large volume of air below the hull ...
: The material is too heavy and dense for such craft but is still used occasionally *
Ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation (or ionising radiation), including nuclear radiation, consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them. Some particles can travel ...
shield *Laundry detergent jugs * Lasts for shoes * Microwave telescope windows * Milk jugs * Natural gas distribution pipe systems * Piping for fluid, slurry and gas purposes *
Plastic bag A plastic bag, poly bag, or pouch is a type of container made of thin, flexible, plastic film, nonwoven fabric, or plastic textile. Plastic bags are used for containing and transporting goods such as foods, produce, powders, ice, magazines, c ...
s * Plastic bottles suitable both for recycling or re-use * Plastic surgery (skeletal and facial reconstruction) * Potable water mains *
Root barrier A root barrier is an underground wall placed to block plant roots. This is often for the purpose of protecting structures or other plants, but root barriers are also used to preserve soil moisture. Development Root barriers were developed to stop ...
* Shampoo bottles * Sewage mains *
Snowboard Snowboards are boards where the user places both feet, usually secured, to the same board. The board itself is wider than most skis, with the ability to glide on snow."snowboarding." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 17 Mar ...
rails and boxes *
Stone paper Stone paper products, also referred to as bio-plastic paper, mineral paper or rich mineral paper, are strong and durable paper-like materials manufactured from calcium carbonate bonded with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) resin. They are used in ...
* Storage sheds * Swimming pool installation * Trackout control mats * Telecom ducts * Water pipes for domestic water supply and agricultural processes * Wood plastic composites (utilizing recycled polymers) HDPE is also used for cell liners in United States subtitle D
sanitary landfill Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage. Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation systems ...
s, wherein large sheets of HDPE are either extrusion welded or wedge welded to form a
homogeneous Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts often used in the sciences and statistics relating to the uniformity of a substance or organism. A material or image that is homogeneous is uniform in composition or character (i.e. color, shape, siz ...
chemical-resistant barrier, with the intention of preventing the pollution of soil and groundwater by the liquid constituents of
solid waste Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste, ...
. HDPE is preferred by the
pyrotechnics Pyrotechnics is the science and craft of creating such things as fireworks, safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and other fasteners, parts of automotive airbags, as well as gas-pressure blasting in mining, quarrying, and demolition. ...
trade for mortars over steel or PVC tubes, being more durable and safer: HDPE tends to rip or tear in a malfunction instead of shattering and becoming shrapnel like the other materials. Milk bottles, jugs, and other hollow goods manufactured through blow molding are the most important application area for HDPE, accounting for one-third of worldwide production, or more than 8 million tonnes. Above all, China, where beverage bottles made from HDPE were first imported in 2005, is
growing market
for rigid HDPE packaging, as a result of its improving
standard of living Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available, generally applied to a society or location, rather than to an individual. Standard of living is relevant because it is considered to contribute to an individual's quality ...
. In India and other highly populated, emerging nations, infrastructure expansion includes the deployment of pipes and cable insulation made from HDPE. The material has benefited from discussions about possible health and environmental problems caused by PVC and
polycarbonate Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, tough materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily work ...
associated
bisphenol A Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound primarily used in the manufacturing of various plastics. It is a colourless solid which is soluble in most common organic solvents, but has very poor solubility in water. BPA is produced on an industrial s ...
(BPA), as well as its advantages over glass, metal, and cardboard.


See also

* Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) * HDPE pipe (HDPE) * Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) *
Linear low-density polyethylene Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) is a substantially linear polymer (polyethylene), with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with longer-chain olefins. Linear low-density polyethylene differs s ...
(LLDPE) * Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) *
Phillips Disaster On 23 October, 1989 at approximately 1:05 PM Central Daylight Time, a series of explosions occurred at Phillips Petroleum Company's Houston Chemical Complex in Pasadena, Texas, near the Houston Ship Channel. The initial blast registered 3.5 on the ...
* Plastic recycling * Polyethylene (PE) * Resin identification code * Stretch wrap *
Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, UHMW) is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene. Also known as high-modulus polyethylene, (HMPE), it has extremely long chains, with a molecular mass usually between 3.5 and 7.5 million amu. T ...
(UHMWPE)


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:High-Density Polyethylene Plastics Polyolefins de:Polyethylen