HŽ 1142 series locomotive (01).JPG

Croatian Railways ( hr, Hrvatske željeznice; abbreviated as HŽ) is the national railway company of Croatia. Croatia is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Croatia is 78. The Croatian rail network carried 20.270 million passengers in 2018.

Railway network

, the Croatian railway system consists of 2,617 km of rails (of which 275 km is double track). 970 km of track (37.1% of the network) is electrified.

There are several major railway routes in the country:
* (via Ljubljana, Slovenia) from Dobova via Zagreb, Slavonski Brod and Vinkovci to Tovarnik (and onwards to Belgrade, Serbia), with a connection in Strizivojna–Vrpolje towards Osijek
* from Zagreb to Koprivnica
* from Zagreb to Oštarije and Rijeka
* from Oštarije to Split
* from Zagreb to Sisak
* from Zagreb to Varaždin

There are other routes to Slovenia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, as well as regular overnight trains to Austria (namely Villach). The network enjoyed a limited number of improvements in the 2000s, such as an increase in the maximum speed of the Zagreb-Novska-Vinkovci line: certain sections of the route have had witnessed a rise in maximum speed from 80 km/h to 160 km/h.

The Croatian Rail network dates back to the mid 19th century, when the first train lines were built around Zagreb and Northern Croatia in 1857 though 1860. Of the current network of 2,617 km in operation (some 300 km of rail track isn't operational due to low demand), only 17% allow for speeds over 100 km/h, of these only 5% of the network allows speeds in excess of 160 km/h. Some 970 km of the rail network is electrified and only 275 km of the rail network is double tracked. In 2007/8 Croatian railways transported over 46 million passengers, the latest figures for the number of passengers aren't available due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but are likely to have dropped significantly.

None the less, the long awaited modernization of the entire rail network infrastructure is underway, with feasibility studies underway on main routes to Split, a new high speed link to Rijeka and a section of track linking Krapina and Varaždin. A detailed survey and project documentation on routes linking Zagreb with Novska and onward to Vinkovci as well as Zagreb to Karlovac have been completed and a public tender for works on these lines is underway. Work on a high speed €500 million rail link which will initially be limited to maximum speed of 160 km/h is underway between Dugo Selo and Križevci, and the line between Koprivnica and the Hungarian border is also under construction, eventually this line will link Rijeka and Zagreb with Budapest, work on this line should be completed by end of 2024.

The route between Dugo Selo and Novska will receive a 2nd track and after modernization of the entire line between Zagreb and Vinkovci, which should be completed by 2026/7, trains should be able to attain speeds of 160 km/h on much of the track, with much higher speeds possible but limited due to signalization which will limit speeds to 160 km/h. To ensure such speeds local road traffic and pedestrian crossings will be separated by construction of underpasses and overpasses for pedestrians and road traffic removing any risk of collisions on any segment of the route. Modernization of rail routes between Zagreb - Savski Marof is nearing completion, and the modernization of the Zaprešić - Zabok 24 km link is also nearing its end; the modernization includes realigning of the entire route, laying completely new tracks and electrification of the entire route. Eventually, the Zagreb - Varaždin route with this section being part of the route, will undergo the same modernization allowing speeds of 100–140 km/h on the route.

As of late 2020, only 17.5% of the entire Croatian rail network allows for speeds over 100 km/h, nearly 40% of the network allows for a maximum speed of 60 km/h, with the remaining 44% of the rail network allowing for speeds between 60 km/h and 100 km/h. After the modernization of some main rail corridors and a few key regional corridors, speeds on the entire network should increase with half of network or some 1500 km allowing for speeds of over 100 km/h and the remaining 1400 km for speeds between minimum of 60 km/h and up to 100 km/h, eliminating slow routes entirely. However, the modernization of the entire network is an ongoing process dependent on government and EU funding, however the most optimistic time frame for a complete modernization of the Croatian rail network could run in to several decades.

Recent EU report placed Croatian railway infrastructure almost at the bottom of EU, with only several Baltic states, Bulgaria and Romania having worse infrastructure, average speed on Croatian rail network was barely 58.7 km/h and satisfaction with Croatian rail service was at all time low at 29%. Major investments in to rail infrastructure in past 3 years no doubt has improved average speed but there's still massive work that needs to be done before Croatian rail infrastructure is on par with their western counterparts. Not surprisingly actually, but Croatian motorway infrastructure is one of the best in the EU according same EU report, this is after massive investment in to road infrastructure over past few decades.

Railway modernisation is set to be extended further, and a national 'railway investment plan' (with funding totalling over 18 billion HRK through 2012) was announced; following the 2008–09 financial crisis, however, the plan has yet to come to fruition.

Dobova-Tovarnik line (International corridor X)

The railway lines M101, M102, M103 and M104 linking Dobova, Zagreb and Tovarnik, operating the length of Croatia east-west via Zagreb, are the country's most important railway line, and part of the Pan-European corridor X. It is also the most advanced and busiest, being completely electrified and consisting mostly of double track. It longitudinally crosses Croatia's continental regions Slavonia, Posavina and the Greater Zagreb Region, connecting the most economically developed towns in Croatia with each other. The route is as follows:

* Dobova (on the Croatian border with Slovenia)
* Zagreb Glavni kolodvor
* Sesvete (track split towards Sisak (electrified))
* Dugo Selo (track split towards Koprivnica (electrified)) (This is planned as the future corridor 5b)
* Ivanić Grad, Kutina
* the village of Banova Jaruga (track split towards Virovitica (non-electrified))
* Novska (track split backwards towards Sisak (electrified))
* Nova Gradiška
* the combined station for the villages Nova Kapela–Batrina (track split towards Požega, and via Pleternica towards Našice (non-electrified) )
* Slavonski Brod
* combined station for the villages Strizivojna–Vrpolje (two track splits: towards Osijek (currently non-electrified) and towards Slavonski Šamac (electrified, Croatian border to Bosnia and Herzegovina))
* Vinkovci (four track splits: towards Osijek, Vukovar, Županja and Brčko in Bosnia and Herzegovina, before the War of Independence, Vinkovci was a highly important junction station in this part of Europe, both for passengers as well as for freight)
* Tovarnik (on the Croatian border with Serbia)

At Vinkovci, lines extend towards Županja and Vukovar, both unelectrified. The connection towards Osijek was severely damaged in the Croatian War of Independence. Repairs began in 2003 and in December 2008 the line was fully reopened.

(Zagreb)-Ogulin-Knin-(Split) line

The Ogulin–Knin line, also known as the "''Lička pruga''" ( en. "Lika railway") is part of the railway connection between Zagreb and Split. , this line is being heavily upgraded with many sharp bends and grades removed in order to allow tilting trains to travel at nearly full speed on most parts of the track. Reducing travel time from Split to Zagreb by around a third, to 5–6 hours. This track was not intended as the shortest distance between Zagreb and Split. The line via Martin Brod which forms the border with Bosnia, has been closed to passenger traffic since the wars of the early 1990s.

Some of the problems faced include the age of the line; it was constructed 1913-1925 and contained many curves, often in difficult terrain. Services were slow and speeds severely restricted. The modernisation has involved rebuilding entire sections of track, straightening many curvy segments by rerouting portions of the track and renewing the rails, leading to higher operational speeds. The electrification of the line is not scheduled for the near future.

Numerous stations along the line that were in the area of Serbian military occupation have been abandoned. Local trains are only functioning between Ogulin-Vrhovine (two per day). From Vrhovine to Knin there is as of 2013 no local passenger transport, even though some stations are in good condition (e.g. Medak, Malovan, Plavno). ICN tilting trains only stop in Gospić and Gračac. Some stations are to soon be renovated or rebuilt (Lovinac, Gospić); Croatian Railways, however, currently has no plans to restart local passenger transport.

In late September 2014 HŽ Putnički prijevoz abandoned the night train 824/825 between Zagreb and Split.

International corridor V

The fifth Pan-European corridor has two branches in Croatia, the "b" and "c" branch.

Corridor Vb enters Croatia in Botovo, and runs to Zagreb. The part from Zagreb to Rijeka should become part of this corridor, as soon as the extension towards Rijeka is built.

Corridor Vc is a Pan-European railway line, running north to south within Croatia. It enters Croatia at Beli Manastir on the border with Hungary, and runs through Osijek to enter Bosnia and Herzegovina in Slavonski Šamac. It enters Croatia again in Metković, in the very south-east of Dalmatia, where it ends at the Ploče harbour. The line crosses the Dobova-Tovarnik line in Strizivojna–Vrpolje. The line is currently being heavily modernised in order to revitalise Ploče's harbour.

The part from Strizivojna-Vrpolje towards Slavonski Šamac is fully electrified, and recently the modernised catenary has been put into operation. The passenger traffic scheduled from Vinkovci to Slavonski Šamac (now performed by electrical power) is still fragmented. The remaining part from Strizivojna-Vrpolje to region of Osijek (heart of the region Slavonia) is scheduled to be electrified, as soon the general overhaul of the line track is completed, after which operating speeds will finally be raised to . The line will stay single track.

The Vinkovci-Osijek line

Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the Vinkovci- Osijek line was one of the busiest branch lines of Croatia, linking two regional centres. At the time the line allowed speeds of up to 120 km/h. As a result of the war, only about 10 kilometres of the 35-km line remained intact. Most of the track was dismantled by invading Serb forces, both in the form of vandalism as well as to use the materials in barricades.

The reconstruction of this vital route was finally finished in 2008, and today the route is once again fully operational. Test runs with a measuring vehicle were successful, and speeds reaching 80 km/h were attained. The first test train had its maiden voyage along the route on 12 December 2008, and regular revenue service restarted two days later, on 14 December.

The "Unska pruga" route

The route called ''Unska pruga'' (lit. Una railway) that connects Zagreb and Split along the Una river valley was once an integral part of the Yugoslav Railways railway system. Today, this route remains largely unused, since much of the route virtually runs ''over'' the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, crossing it multiple times, on the section between Knin and Bihać.

Although this route is largely well preserved and electrified at 25 kV/50 Hz (making it compatible with the Croatian electrification system), administrative problems concerning the many border crossings cause this route to be used only for limited freight traffic services. The designated border crossing along the line between the two countries is at the village of Martin Brod.

Network connection problems

There are some rail network connection problems, which have historical causes. When Croatia was part of Yugoslavia, the rail network was consistently connected and managed by Yugoslav Railways. As the Yugoslav constituent states demerged, important rail links were severed.

Istria

Istria has no direct connection through Croatia. Currently, all rail operates through Slovenia, though this is planned to be solved with a tunnel northwestern of Rijeka.

Dubrovnik and Ploče

The Dubrovnik area is again a special case. Dubrovnik and its surrounds are an exclave, divided by the small Neum corridor belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Historically, the Dubrovnik region has been developed through sea travel. There has never been a direct rail link through Croatia to Dubrovnik, and none is planned in the future.

A large 760mm narrow-gauge rail network was constructed in the early 20th century, when the Kingdom of Dalmatia as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina were under Austrian control. The rail route to Dubrovnik went from Sarajevo via Mostar and Čapljina rather than to Split and Zagreb in Croatia. In 1967 the line from Sarajevo to Čapljina was upgraded to standard gauge, and from there extended not to Dubrovnik but to terminate at the nearby Port of Ploče, handling freight via Bosnia.

The route from Čapljina to Dubrovnik was closed in 1975 by the Yugoslav Government, acting on the advice of foreign transport consultants. This was in spite of the attractive scenery of the route which has been compared to Switzerland's narrow gauge network. Proposals in 1985 to reopen the route were unsuccessful.

Direct trains connected Zagreb with Ploče in thirteen hours, via Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are no more passenger trains between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some buses (with HŽ-tarification) connect Ploče with Metković and stops between both places. The road connection from Ploče to Dubrovnik is and passes through Neum.

Zadar

From 1966 passenger trains served Zadar and Knin. In around 2013 plans were put forward to upgrade the line so that it could support speeds of up to 120 km/h. However, a Serbian mine was discovered. The project was closed and all rail traffic stopped, and has not begun since. Buses have been introduced to the route, which currently run 3 times in each direction per day. The travel time is roughly the same.

Power systems

The original decision in former Yugoslavia was to use 3 kV DC electrification for the railway network. This was performed on the Rijeka–Zagreb line, which due to the mountainous Gorski kotar region had a need for more powerful trains than the traditional diesel powered ones.

Beginning with the modernisation of the Zagreb–Belgrade railway line an electrification system of 25 kV/50 Hz was used. Electrification on other lines in Croatia was then made exclusively 25 kV/50 Hz. Later, the majority of the Zagreb– Rijeka line was re-electrified to 25 kV/50 Hz, but until December 2012 there was still a part that under 3 kV DC. Consequentially a power system break existed at Moravice. HŽ was considering the purchase of dual-voltage locomotives, as an alternative to full re-electrification of 3 kV DC tracks, but the idea was scrapped for good as all electrified railways in Croatia are now using 25 kV/50 Hz.

All railway power systems in Croatia are exclusively of type overhead catenary.

Rolling stock

* 25 kV electric locomotives
** HŽ 1141.0
** HŽ 1141.1
** HŽ 1141.2
** HŽ 1141.3
** HŽ 1142.0
* Diesel locomotives
** HŽ 2041
** HŽ 2044
** HŽ 2062.0
** HŽ 2063.0
* Shunting diesel locomotives
** HŽ 2132.0
** HŽ 2132.1
** HŽ 2132.2
** HŽ 2132.3
* Electric trainsets:
** HŽ 6111.0
** HŽ 6112.0
* Diesel trainsets: 3 classes (including ICN)
** HŽ 7022.0
** HŽ 7023.0
** HŽ 7121.0
** HŽ 7121.1
** HŽ 7122.0
** HŽ 7123.0

Due to lack of passenger train-sets, sometimes some endorsed classes are still used, like 7021.0 (two left) and 7221.0 (as branch-line or backup train-sets).

Tilting trains

In 2004, 8 modern Bombardier RegioSwinger tilting trains called "ICN" (short for InterCity Nagibni; Tilting InterCity) from the German branch of Bombardier Transportation were delivered to Croatian Railways. These trains are normally deployed on the mountainous route between the two largest Croatian cities, route Zagreb - Split, but are also sometimes on the InterCity routes in the continental part of the country. In the case of the Zagreb-Split route, this offers passengers a much more comfortable and time-saving journey with regard to previous trains whose journey took 8 hours, whereas the tilting trains take less than 5 and a half hours, and are more quiet and better equipped as well.

However, the safety of the tilting trains and their possible technical incompatibility with the conditions of the Croatian railroads are disputed after the 2009 Rudine train derailment, an incident that occurred on 24 July of that year, in which six passengers were killed and 55 were injured in the crash. Approximately 3 years before this fatal derailment, on 24 November 2006, there was another accident in which the train's engineer was killed; the tilting train crashed into a lorry at a railroad crossing that had no ramp or warning lights. Out of eight trainsets that were introduced in 2004, two are therefore out of service. The tilting train services may therefore have to be reduced as there are no longer enough train-sets to serve all scheduled ICN trains and destinations.

Renumbering

In 1993 HŽ renumbered all their vehicles. This results in some confusion to the relation to their previous numbers. All other companies, which have been formed after dissolution of JŽ have kept the original numbers.

Croatian speed record

The current rail speed record in Croatia is 185 km/h. The record was set on the line between Novska and Nova Gradiška. The run was performed in order to demonstrate the possibilities offered by the Rade Končar built JŽ 442 electric locomotive class (now HŽ1142 train class). Despite being over 25 years old the 1 142 remains the fastest locomotive in operation with Croatian railways.

Future developments and projects

High-speed rail line

A fully electrified line connects Rijeka with Zagreb, onwards towards Koprivnica and the Hungarian border; the railway line forms part of the European 5b corridor. A transportation bill to be passed by the Croatian Parliament will see the start of construction of Croatia's first high-speed rail line along this pan-European corridor, enabling theoretical speeds of between 200 and 250 km/h with an average journey speed of no less than 160 km/h. The plan consists of retrofitting the existing track between the Hungarian border and Karlovac to a double-track configuration, as well as constructing new tracks along an entirely new alignment from Karlovac to Rijeka. The line's complete length will be 269 km, or 61 km shorter than the current line. Construction on the new line was announced to start in the autumn of 2008 and was to be completed before the end of 2013. The onset of the economic downturn of the late 2000s has put this project on indefinite hold.

The speeds of this line will enable a trip from Rijeka to Zagreb in an hour, as opposed to the current four hours. The initial route plan is described on this link
Initial proposed solution
. The line is conceived primarily to better connect the Port of Rijeka to the network of European transport, as the port serves many regions and locales across Central Europe.

Technical information

* Maximum operating speed: 160 km/h
* Train protection system used (where applicable): INDUSI (a stripped down derivative of German system)
* Signaling system: at sight only, automatic block protection (on mainlines and where applicable)

Organisation

* HŽ Cargo d.o.o. (Cargo transport)
* HŽ Putnički prijevoz d.o.o. (Passenger transport)
* HŽ Infrastruktura d.o.o. (Railway Infrastructure)

See also

* Transport in Croatia

References

External links

*

Map with all railway stations

Forum about Croatian Railways
- also with an English subforum

Map







HŽ stock photo gallery

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Transport companies of Croatia
Rail transport in Croatia
Railway companies established in 1991
Government-owned railway companies
Government-owned companies of Croatia
Companies based in Zagreb
Croatian companies established in 1991