Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg

The flag of the Republic of China (), also known as the Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth () and retroactively the Nationalist Flag of China, now more commonly known as the Flag of Taiwan, consists of a red field with a blue canton bearing a white disk surrounded by twelve triangles; said symbols symbolize the sun and rays of light emanating from it, respectively.

The flag was originally designed by the anti-Qing group, Revive China Society, in 1895 with the addition of the red field component in 1906 by Sun Yat-sen in his speech. This was first used in mainland China as the Navy flag in 1912,Official gazette of Ministry of the Navy of Republic of China, July 1912, page 344
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, National Central Library - Gazette Online and was made the official national flag of the Republic of China in 1928 by the Kuomintang. It was enshrined in the sixth article of the Constitution of the Republic of China when it was promulgated in 1947. The flag is no longer officially used in mainland China, as the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949. As the islands of Taiwan and Penghu were under Japanese rule until 1945, the flag was not in use in two territories, until the ROC took control in 1945. The flag is now mostly used within Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other outlying islands, where the ROC relocated in 1949 after its defeat in the Chinese Civil War.

The public display of this flag is still seen in historical museums and war cemeteries across mainland China but its use remains illegal as tools for subversion of state power. Some supporters of Taiwanese independence reject the flag due to its association with Chinese nationalism and as a statement of opposition against the Kuomintang, although the Democratic Progressive Party and its leaders still generally retain and use the current flag both domestically and abroad.

History

The canton (upper corner on the hoist side) originated from the " Blue Sky with a White Sun flag" () designed by Lu Haodong, a martyr of the Xinhai Revolution. He presented his design to represent the revolutionary army at the inauguration of the Society for Regenerating China, an anti- Qing society in Hong Kong, on 21 February 1895. This design was later adopted as the KMT party flag and the Coat of Arms of the Republic of China. The "red Earth" portion was added by Sun Yat-sen in winter of 1906, bringing the flag to its modern form. According to George Yeo, the Foreign Minister of Singapore, in those days the Blue Sky with a White Sun flag was sewn in the Sun Yat Sen Villa or Wan Qing Yuan in Singapore by Teo Eng Hock and his wife.

During the Wuchang Uprising in 1911 that heralded the Republic, the various revolutionary armies had different flags. Lu Hao-tung's "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag was used in the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. In Wuhan, a flag with 18 yellow stars was used to represent the 18 administrative divisions at the time. In Shanghai and northern China, a "Five-coloured Flag" () (Five Races Under One Union flag) was used of five horizontal stripes representing the five major nationalities of China: the Han (red), the Manchu (yellow), the Mongol (blue), the Hui (white), and the Tibetan (black).

When the government of the Republic of China was established on 1 January 1912, the "Five-coloured Flag" was selected by the provisional Senate as the national flag. The "18-Star Flag" was adopted by the army and the modern flag was adopted as a naval ensign. Sun Yat-sen, however, did not consider the five-coloured flag appropriate, reasoning that horizontal order implied a hierarchy or class like that which existed during dynastic times.

After President Yuan Shikai assumed dictatorial powers in 1913 by dissolving the National Assembly and outlawing the KMT, Sun Yat-sen established a government-in-exile in Tokyo and employed the modern flag as the national ROC flag. He continued using this design when the KMT established a rival government in Guangzhou in 1917. The modern flag was made the official national flag on 17 December 1928, after the successful Northern Expedition that toppled the Beijing government, though the Five-coloured Flag still continued to be used by locals in an unofficial capacity. One reason for this discrepancy in use was lingering regional biases held by officials and citizens of northern China, who favored the Five-coloured Flag, against southerners such as the Cantonese/Hakka Sun Yat-sen.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the invading Japanese established a variety of puppet governments using several flag designs. The Reformed Government was established in March 1938 in Nanjing to consolidate the various puppet governments employed the Five-coloured Flag. When Wang Jingwei was slated to take over the Japanese-installed government in Nanjing in 1940, he demanded to use the modern flag as a means to challenge the authority of the Nationalist Government in Chongqing under Chiang Kai-shek and position himself as the rightful successor to Sun Yat-sen. However, the Japanese preferred the Five-coloured flag. As a compromise, the Japanese suggested adding a triangular yellow pennant on top with the slogan "Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction" () in black, but this was rejected by Wang. In the end, Wang and the Japanese agreed that the yellow banner was to be used outdoors only, until 1943 when the banner was abandoned, leaving two rival governments with the same flag, each claiming to be the legitimate Nationalist government of China.

The national flag was specified in Article Six of the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China. The flag was also used in Communist-held areas until 1949. After the Chinese Civil War began to ease, the government of Chiang Kai-shek relocated the Republic of China to the island of Taiwan, whose administration was handed over to the ROC from Japan in 1945. On the mainland, the communist forces of Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China and adopted their own national flag.

On 23 October 1954, the National Emblem and National Flag of the Republic of China Act () was promulgated by the Legislative Yuan to specify the size, measure, ratio, production, and management of the flag.

Symbolism

The "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag of Lu Hao-tung was unveiled in February 1895 in Hong Kong. The twelve rays of the white Sun symbolize the twelve months and the twelve traditional '' shichen'' (), a traditional unit of time which corresponds to two modern hours. Sun Yat-sen added the "Red Earth" to the flag to signify the blood of the revolutionaries who sacrificed themselves in order to overthrow the Qing dynasty and create the ROC. Together, the three colours of the flag correspond to the Three Principles of the People: Blue represents nationalism and liberty; White represents democracy and equality; and Red represents the people's livelihood and fraternity. President Chiang Kai-shek proclaimed on the National Day in 1929, "As long as a national flag with Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth flies in the land of China, it will symbolize the independence and liberty of the descendants of the Huang Emperor".

The blue-and-white canton of the ROC flag is often used as the party flag of the KMT. The flag has developed a great deal of additional symbolism due to the unique and controversial political status of Taiwan. At one level, the flag represents a clear symbol that Taiwan is not governed by the same government as Mainland China, as this flag is different from the flag of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Meanwhile, because it was formerly used as the flag over all of China, the flag has become a symbol of continuity with the ideals of the Chinese nationalism and Chinese unification movements, and has become a symbol of a connection both historical and current with mainland China. In addition, the flag is derived from the seal of the KMT, and the colour of the field of the flag is associated with the KMT party colours.

Some Chinese see the flag as an expression of Chinese nationalism and pride combined with simultaneous disapproval for the current communist regime. Additionally, the flag may symbolize identification with, and admiration for the political thoughts of Sun Yat-sen, and his Three Principles of the People.

One irony is that given the association of the flag with Chinese nationalism in opposition to Taiwan independence, the ROC flag has found an unexpected ally in the People's Republic of China. The PRC has criticized Taiwan independence groups for wishing to change or abolish the ROC flag, and has implied that legal steps to do so would bring a strongly negative reaction from the PRC.

However, the presence of the ROC flag in Taiwan also distinguishes the fact that Taiwan and ROC territorial islands elsewhere fall under jurisdiction of a country separate from that of mainland China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). The hoisting of the ROC flag is even advocated by the most extreme Taiwanese independence supporters, such as Taiwan Solidarity Union members when emphasizing the separate and independently governed systems and territories of the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in mainland China.

Construction details

The specific designs of the flag are located in the "Law about the national flag and emblem of the Republic of China." The ratio of the flag is 2:3, with most of it being red. One-fourth of the flag is blue, which contains the 12 pointed sun. Each sun ray is 30 degrees, so the total sun rays will make up a complete 360 degree circle. Inside the sun, the blue ring is the diameter of the white sun divided by 15.

In later years, more details regarding of the canton area (also used as the flag of the KMT), were codified into law. In the drawing released in "Law on the Party and National Flag Manufacturing and Methods" (), the sun was drawn in more specific detail and mathematical values were given to all elements in the flag. In the law, the canton still had a ratio of 2:3, but the math values given were 24x36 meters. The diameter of the sun with rays is of height of the canton, so in this case, it will be 18. The diameter of the white sun without the sun rays is of the width of the canton, so it is 9. The blue ring that is on top of this sun and part of the rays is diameter of the white sun, so the size will be 0.6. The angle of the rays, 30 degrees, and the total number of rays have not changed.

The colours of the national flag are dark red, white and dark blue. However, the KMT party flag only uses white and dark blue; both flags are to be topped with a golden finial. The law does not list any specific colour processes, such as Pantone, to manufacturing or drawing the flag. The Ministry of the Interior provides colours only for reference. Other publications, such as the '' Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives'', have given approximations for Pantone colours: the dark blue as Pantone 301c and the dark red as Pantone 186c. ''Album des pavillons'' also gave the approximate CMYK colours for the flag; dark blue is 100-45-0-10 and dark red is 0-90-75-5.

Colours

The colours approximation in other colour spaces are listed below:

Uses

In the early years of the Republic, under the KMT's political tutelage, the flag shared the same prominence as the KMT party flag. A common wall display consisted of the KMT flag perched on the left and the ROC flag perched on the right, each tilted at an angle with a portrait of Father of the Nation Sun Yat-sen displayed in the center. For the summits held between the KMT and Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War, the ROC flag was displayed at an equal position to the flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic (Jiangxi Soviet). Later, the flag law specified a horizontal display of the flag with the portrait of Sun Yat-sen in a portion of the red field at the center position. This display can be found in numerous government offices in Taiwan and is that which the President and Vice President face to take the oath of office.

The flag has a ubiquitous presence in Taiwan. The hoisting and lowering of the flag are ceremoniously accompanied by the National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China while those present stand at attention to give a standard salute with the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. Schoolchildren have traditionally been required to attend morning rallies where the flag is raised after a rendition of the ''National Anthem of the Republic of China''. Before martial law was lifted in 1987 in Taiwan, it was required that all vehicles be halted when passing by a flag ceremony.

Instead, the ROC is usually represented under a pseudonym (usually " Chinese Taipei").
The symbolism of the ROC flag began to shift in the early 21st century as there was a warming of relations between the pan-Blue coalition in Taiwan and the Chinese Communist Party on mainland China. The flag of the Republic of China has begun to symbolize a common shared history between both mainland China and Taiwan, and as such the government of the PRC has made it clear that for Taiwan to change the flag would be a major provocation in favor of Taiwan independence. The ambiguity surrounding the flag was made apparent during the trip of Kuomintang Chairman Lien Chan to mainland China in April 2005, during which the flag was very prominently displayed at ceremonies honoring Sun Yat-Sen at which both KMT party officials and government officials from the PRC were in attendance. One place in Mainland China where the White Sun emblem is still prominently displayed in public is the ceiling mosaic within Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.

The use of the flag in Taiwan reflects the controversy behind its symbolism. Although supporters of Taiwan independence, such as former President Chen Shui-bian, will display and salute the flag on formal official state occasions, it is never seen at political rallies of the Democratic Progressive Party. This is not only because of its association with mainland China but also because the flag contains design elements of the KMT party flag. By contrast, the ROC flag is always extremely prominent at political rallies of the pan-Blue coalition. This difference extends to the colours seen at the rallies. Rallies of the pan-Blue coalition give prominence to the colours of the ROC flag, with very large amounts of blue and smaller amounts of red. Rallies of independence-leaning parties are filled with green, with no blue or red at all.

Some supporters of Taiwan independence, including former president Lee Teng-hui, have called for the abandonment of the flag, and there are a number of alternative designs for a specifically Taiwanese flag. However, the prospects for this are not high given that changing the flag requires a constitutional amendment; that the current flag has a huge amount of support among pan-Blue supporters and grudging acceptance among moderate independence supporters; and because changing the flag might cause political tension with the PRC. During the 2004 ROC legislative elections, it was briefly suggested that if the pan-green coalition won the elections that it would force the KMT to change the party emblem to be different from the flag. This proposal generated a few days of controversy and was then quickly forgotten.

There has been disagreement in the overseas Chinese community on which flag to fly to represent themselves, supporters and organizations of the Chinese democracy movement often fly the ROC flag rather than the PRC flag to symbolize opposition to Communist rule.

Flag gallery

Subdivisions

Taiwan Province Flag.svg, Taiwan Province
Flag of Kaohsiung City.svg, Kaohsiung
Flag of New Taipei City.svg, New Taipei
Flag of Taichung City.svg, Taichung
Flag of Tainan City.svg, Tainan
Flag of Taipei City.svg, Taipei
Flag of Taoyuan City.svg, Taoyuan

Military flags

File:ROC Ministry of National Defense Flag.svg, Armed Forces
File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg, Army
File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg, Navy
File:Flag of the Republic of China Air Force.svg, Air Force
File:Flag of the Republic of China Marine Corps.svg, Marine Corps
File:Flag of the Republic of China Military Police.svg, Military Police
File:Flag of the Republic of China Reserve Command.svg, Armed Forces Reserve
File:Flag of the Republic of China Combined Service Force.svg, Combined Logistics Command

Historical flags

National flags

File:Chinese-Army-Wuhan-Flag-1911-1928_dots18.svg, 18 star flag
File:Chinese-Army-Wuhan-Flag-1911-1928_dots19.svg, 19 star flag
File:Flag of China (1912–1928).svg, First national flag of the Republic of China (1912–1928)
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg, Current flag of the Republic of China (1928–present, in Taiwan after 1945). Also used as a naval ensign of the ROC since 1912.
File:Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg , The Flag of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China, a Japanese puppet state during World War II, was based on the Flag of the Republic of China.
File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg, The " Blue Sky with a White Sun flag" was designed by Lu Haodong in 1895 and is still used as the naval jack of the Republic as well as the flag of the Kuomintang (KMT).

Gallery

File:ROC Presidential Office (0753).JPG, Chieh Shou Hall in the Presidential Office Building contains the flag and portrait of Sun Yat-sen which presidents face to take the oath of office.
File:Pan-blue supporters during 2004 ROC presidential election with ROC flags.jpg, Pan-Blue supporters wave the ROC flag at a rally during the 2004 presidential election.
File:Washington Street, San Francisco (6453).JPG, Flags of the ROC, PRC, and U.S. can be seen flying atop adjacent buildings in San Francisco Chinatown. Most benevolent associations in San Francisco, including the Chinese Six Companies, continue to fly the ROC flag due to their close relations with the KMT.
File:Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Seattle.jpg, ROC flag in the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Seattle.
File:台灣駐美團體舉行元旦升旗儀式 (03).jpg, Flags of the United States and the ROC, 2016.
File:中華民國外交部大廳 中華民國國旗與邦交國國旗 20150713.jpg, Flags of the ROC and its diplomatic allies.
File:Closed Minsheng Post Office with Flags of th Republic of China and Double Ten Light 20141012.jpg, Four ROC flags in the Minsheng post office.
File:Hung Lau 090111 29.JPG, Series of the ROC flags at the Red House (Hong Kong).
File:WCTCショッピングセンター.JPG, WCTC Shopping Center in Koror, Palau with Flag of Palau and ROC flags at this street.
File:Interior in Constitutional Court, Judicial Yuan 20090706.jpg, View of the ROC flags in the Judicial Yuan.
File:01.24 總統出席內政部警政署「106年第一次署務會議」，並頒發新春紅包予警察同仁 (31651014364).jpg, Tsai Ing-wen with the ROC flags in the background.
File:Flag of USA and ROC flying in Hong Kong protest 20191020.jpg, ROC flag seen alongside American flags in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, used as a symbol of political opposition to the PRC government.
File:1月3日(日)は東京タワーを台湾色にライトアップ 2.jpg, Tokyo Tower in Japan lit up with the ROC flag colors in 2021.
File:Meeting Room in Nanjing Presidential Palace.JPG, Flag in mainland China, at the Presidential Palace (Nanjing)
File:Zhongshan12.jpg, Blue Sky with a White Sun flag in mainland China, at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
File:1945 liberation of Hong Kong at Cenotaph.jpg, Flag in Hong Kong, Liberation Day in 1945

See also

*Blue Sky with a White Sun (the national emblem of the Republic of China)
*National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China
* Chinese Taipei Olympic flag
* Flag of the Qing dynasty
* Flag of the People's Republic of China
* Flags of the Republic of China-Nanjing
* History of the Republic of China
* List of Chinese flags (including PRC and ROC flags)
* List of Taiwanese flags (including ROC flags)
* Military of the Republic of China
* Politics of the Republic of China
* Proposed flags of Taiwan

References

External links

Etiquette of Raising the National Flag, Ministry of the Interior (Traditional Chinese)





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China, Republic of
China, Republic of

China, Republic of