Caen Hill Locks.jpg

Caen (, ; nrf, Kaem) is a Communes of France, commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Calvados (department), Calvados. The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (), while its functional area (France), functional urban area has 470,000,Comparateur de territoire
INSEE, retrieved 20 June 2022. making Caen the second largest urban area in Normandy (administrative region), Normandy and the 19th largest in France. It is also the third largest commune in all of Normandy after Le Havre and Rouen.

It is located inland from the English Channel, north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen (Ouistreham) to Portsmouth ferry route. Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, and it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power. Located a few miles from the coast, the landing beaches, the bustling resorts of Deauville and Cabourg, as well as Norman Switzerland and Pays d'Auge, Caen is often considered the archetype of Normandy.

Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William I of England, William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen, heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Invasion of Normandy, Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city. The city has now preserved the memory by erecting a memorial and a museum dedicated to peace, the Mémorial de Caen.

History

Early history

Caen was known in Roman times as 'Catumagos', from the Gaulish roots ''magos'' meaning 'field' and ''catu'' meaning 'combat'. It remained a minor settlement throughout the Roman period and began to see major development commence in the 10th century, under the patronage of the Dukes of Normandy. Around 1060, William the Conqueror began construction of the Château de Caen, which became the centre of the ducal court. Duchess Matilda of Flanders also founded the Benedictine Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen around the same time, eventually being buried in the abbey. Caen succeeded Bayeux as the capital of Lower Normandy, complementing the second ducal capital of Rouen.

Caen fell to Philip II of France on 21 May 1204, and was incorporated along with the remainder of Normandy into the Kingdom of France.

Hundred Years' War

In 1346, King Edward III of England led his army against the city, hoping to loot it. It was expected that a siege of perhaps several weeks would be required, but the army took the city in less than a day, on 26 July 1346, Battle of Caen (1346), storming and sacking it, killing 3,000 of its citizens, and burning much of the merchants' quarter on the Île Ste-Jean. Only the castle of Caen held out, despite attempts to besiege it. A few days later, the English left, marching to the east and on to their victory at the Battle of Crécy. It was later Siege of Caen (1417), captured following a siege by Henry V of England, Henry V in 1417 and treated harshly for being the first town to put up any resistance to his invasion. In 1450 towards the end of the war, French forces Siege of Caen (1450), recaptured Caen.

Second World War

During the Invasion of Normandy, Battle of Normandy in the Second World War, Caen was Battle for Caen, taken back from German forces in early July, a month after the Normandy landings, particularly those by I Corps (United Kingdom), British I Corps on 6 June 1944. British and Canadian troops had intended to capture the town on D-Day. However they were held up north of the city until 9 July, when an intense bombing campaign during Operation Charnwood destroyed 70% of the city and killed 2,000 French civilians. The Allies seized the western quarters, a month later than Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, Field Marshal Montgomery's original plan. During the battle, many of the town's inhabitants sought refuge in the ''Abbaye aux Hommes'' ("Men's Abbey"), built by William the Conqueror some 800 years before. The spire of the Church of Saint-Pierre, Caen and the university were destroyed by the British and Canadian bombing.

Postwar

Postwar work included the reconstruction of complete districts of the city and the university campus. It took 14 years (1948–1962) and led to the current urbanization of Caen. Having lost many of its historic quarters and its university campus in the war, Caen does not have the atmosphere of a traditional Norman town such as Honfleur, Rouen, Cabourg, Deauville or Bayeux.

The Canadian Army Film and Photo Unit filmed the D-Day offensive and Orne breakout several weeks later. It returned several months later to document the city's recovery efforts. The resulting film, ''You Can't Kill a City'', is preserved in the National Archives of Canada.

Etymology

The very first mentions of the name of Caen are found in different acts of the dukes of Duchy of Normandy, Normandy: ''Cadon'' 1021/1025, ''Cadumus'' 1025, ''Cathim'' 1026/1027. Year 1070 of the Parker manuscript of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' refers to Caen as ''Kadum'', and year 1086 of the Laud manuscript gives the name as ''Caþum''. Despite a lack of sources as to the origin of the settlements, the name Caen would seem to be of Gaulish origin, from the words ''catu-'', referring to military activities and ''magos'', field, hence meaning "manoeuvre field" or "battlefield". In Layamon's Layamon's Brut, ''Brut'', the poet asserts that King Arthur named the city in memory of Sir Kay.

Geography

Caen is in an area of high humidity. The river Orne (river), Orne flows through the city, as well as small rivers known as ''les Odons'', most of which have been buried under the city to improve urban hygiene. Caen has a large flood zone, named "La prairie", located around the hippodrome, not far from the river Orne, which is regularly submerged.

Caen is from the English Channel, Channel. A canal (Canal de Caen à la Mer) parallel to the Orne was built during the reign of Napoleon III of France, Napoleon III to link the city to the sea at all times. The canal reaches the English Channel at Ouistreham. A lock keeps the tide out of the canal and lets large ships navigate up the canal to Caen's freshwater harbours.

Population

The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Caen proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Caen absorbed the former commune of Venoix in 1952.

Main sights

Castle

The castle, ''Château de Caen'', built circa 1060 by William the Conqueror, who successfully Norman Conquest of England, conquered England in 1066, is one of the largest medieval fortresses of Western Europe. It remained an essential feature of Norman dynasty, Norman strategy and policy. At Christmas 1182, a royal court celebration for Christmas in the wikt:Special:Search/aula, aula of Caen Castle brought together Henry II of England, Henry II and his sons, Richard I of England, Richard the Lionheart and John of England, John Lackland, receiving more than a thousand knights. Caen Castle, along with all of Normandy, was handed over to the French Crown in 1204. The castle saw several engagements during the Hundred Years' War (1346, 1417, 1450) and was in use as a barracks as late as the Second World War. Bullet holes are visible on the walls of the castle where members of the French Resistance were shot during the Second World War. Today, the castle serves as a museum that houses the ''Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen'' (Museum of Fine art, Fine Arts of Caen) and ''Musée de Normandie'' (Museum of Normandy) along with many periodical exhibitions about arts and history. (See )

Abbeys

In repentance for marrying his cousin Mathilda of Flanders, William ordered two abbeys to be built on the Pope's encouragement:
* Eglise de Ste.-Etienne, Caen, Eglise St.-Etienne, formerly the ''Abbaye aux Hommes'' (Men's Abbey). It was completed in 1063 and is dedicated to St Stephen. The current ''Hôtel de Ville'' (town hall) of Caen is built onto the South Transept of the building.
* Eglise de la Ste.-Trinité, Caen, ''Eglise de la Ste.-Trinité'', formerly the ''Abbaye aux Dames'' (Women's Abbey). It was completed in 1060 and is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The current seat of the regional council (''conseil régional'') of Basse-Normandie is nearby.

Others

* Jardin botanique de Caen, a historic botanical garden
* Church of Saint-Pierre, Caen, Church of Saint-Pierre
* Church of Saint-Étienne-le-Vieux
* Church of Saint-Jean de Caen
* Mémorial de Caen, ''Mémorial pour la Paix'' ("Memorial for Peace") built in 1988, a museum charting the events leading up to and after D-Day. It is an emotional presentation inviting meditation on the thought of Elie Wiesel: "Peace is not a gift from God to man, but a gift from man to himself". The Memorial for Peace also includes an exhibit of Nobel Peace Prize winners and another one on Conflict resolution, Conflict Resolution in different cultures.
* Parc Festyland, an amusement park to the west of Caen in the nearby town of Carpiquet. The park receives 110,000 visitors every year.
* Mondeville 2 is a regional shopping centre in adjoining Mondeville, Calvados, Mondeville.
* Medieval wooden houses
* :fr:Colline aux Oiseaux, Colline aux Oiseaux, a floral parc located on the former dump of the city of Caen

Administration

List of mayors of Caen, Mayors of Caen have included:
* 1945–1959: Yves Guillou, Rally of the French People
* 1959–1970: Jean-Marie Louvel, Popular Republican Movement, MRP and Democratic Centre (France), Centre Démocrate
* 1970–2001: Jean-Marie Girault, Republican Party (France), Republican Party and Union for French Democracy, UDF
* 2001–2008: Brigitte Le Brethon, Rally for the Republic, RPR and Union for a Popular Movement, UMP
* 2008–2014: Philippe Duron, Socialist Party (France), PS
* 2014–present: Joël Bruneau, The Republicans (France), The Republicans

Joël Bruneau was re-elected mayor in the 2020 Caen municipal election, 2020 municipal elections.

In 1952, the small commune of Venoix became part of Caen.

In 1990, the agglomeration of Caen was organized into a district, transformed in 2002 into a ''Communauté d'agglomération'' (''Grand Caen'' (Greater Caen), renamed Communauté d'agglomération Caen la Mer, Caen la Mer in 2004), gathers 29 towns and villages, including Villons-les-Buissons, Lion-sur-Mer, Hermanville-sur-Mer, which joined the Communauté d'agglomération in 2004. The population of the "communauté d'agglomération" is around 220,000 inhabitants.

In the former administrative organisation, Caen was a part of 9 canton in France, cantons, of which it was the chief town. These cantons contained a total of 13 towns. Caen gave its name to a 10th canton, of which it was not part. Since the 2015 canton reorganization, Caen is part of the cantons of Canton of Caen-1, Caen-1, Canton of Caen-2, 2, Canton of Caen-3, 3, Canton of Caen-4, 4 and Canton of Caen-5, 5.

Transport

Public transport

Twisto

Twisto is the urban transport network of Caen Including about sixty bus lines and 3 tramway lines
Twisto - Les Mobilités de Caen la mer

Rail

Caen also had several main and Branch line, branch railway lines linking Gare de Caen, Caen railway station to all parts of Normandy with lines to Gare St-Lazare, Paris, Vire, Flers, Orne, Flers, Cabourg, Houlgate, Deauville, Saint-Lô, Bayeux and Cherbourg-Octeville, Cherbourg.

Now the SNCF is taking care of Paris-Caen-Cherbourg, Caen-Rouen, Caen-Le Mans-Tours, Caen-Rennes and some others small line
Normandie. Derniers ajustements pour les nouveaux horaires des trains en 2020
while Railcoop will soon open new lines such as Lille-Amiens-Rouen-Caen-Rennes-Nantes and Paris-Caen-Brest making Caen railway station his hub of the North-Wes


Caen railway Station is the second busiest of Normandy after Rouen's one

Air transport

Caen - Carpiquet Airport is the biggest airport in Normandy considering the number of passengers and flights that it serves every year. Most flights are operated by HOP!, Volotea and the French Flag carrier, national airline Air France operates flights to the French cities of Lyon, Nice, Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseille, Biarritz, Ajaccio, Figari, Bastia and Calvi
Air France va proposer 5 destinations depuis Caen-Carpiquet en 2022

Water transport

Caen is served by the large port of Ouistreham, lying at the mouth of the Caen Canal where it meets the English Channel. A cruise/ferry service operates between Portsmouth, England, and Caen/Ouistreham running both standard roll-on-roll-off car ferries and supercat fast ferries, with the latter making crossing from March to November. The ferry terminal is from Caen with a daytime shuttle bus service for foot passengers. There's also a cyclist road from Caen to Ouistreham.

Road transport

Caen is connected to the rest of France by Autoroutes of France, motorways to Paris (A13 autoroute, A13), Brittany and Southern France (A84 autoroute, A84) and to Le Mans and central France (A88 autoroute, A88–A28 autoroute, A28). The A13 and A88 are toll roads while the A84 is a toll-free motorway. The city is encircled by the Périphérique (Caen), N814 ring-road (Boulevard Périphérique) that was completed in the late 1990s. The Route nationale 13, N13 connects Caen to Cherbourg-Octeville, Cherbourg and to Paris. A section of the former N13 (Caen-Paris) is now D613 (in Calvados) following road renumbering. The Boulevard Périphérique includes an impressive viaduct called the :fr:Viaduc de Calix, Viaduc de Calix that goes over the canal and Orne River, River Orne. The canal links the city to the sea to permit cargo ships and ferries to dock in the port of Caen. Ferries which have docked include the ''MV Quiberon, Quiberon'' and the ''MV Duc de Normandie, Duc de Normandie''.

Education

* The University of Caen has around 34,000 students in five different campuses and Caen is ranked 18th biggest student city of France. The University has a good reputation as it is ranked 16th in France.
* The University is divided into 11 colleges, called ''UFR'' (''Unité fondamentale de Recherche''), six institutes, one Engineering School, two IUP and five local campuses. The University is one of the oldest in France, having been founded by Henry VI, King of England in 1432.
* Caen also has a school of fine arts :fr:École supérieure d'arts et médias de Caen - Cherbourg, L'ésam Caen/Cherbourg and ''grandes écoles'' such as the École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Caen and École supérieure d'ingénieurs des travaux de la construction de Caen.
* A campus of the business school École de management de Normandie is also located in the city.

Economy

The agricultural and food-processing Agrial agricultural cooperative, cooperative has its head office on Caen. Agrial group processes vegetables, cider apples, milk, poultry and meat with the help of its 12,000 employees and all its partners.

Music and theatre

The Théâtre de Caen (1963) is the home of the Baroque music, Baroque musical ensemble Les Arts Florissants (ensemble), Les Arts Florissants. The organization was founded by conductor William Christie (musician), William Christie in 1979 and derives its name from the Les arts florissants (opera), 1685 opera by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.

Notable people

Caen was the birthplace or origin of:

Public service

* Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (ca.1090–1147), illegitimate son of Henry I of England.
* Robert Constantin (ca.1530 – 1605), physician, bibliographer, lexicographer and humanist.
* Samuel Bochart (1599–1667 in Caen), Protestant biblical scholar, taught Pierre Daniel Huet.
* Saint, St. John Eudes (1601–1680), Catholic priest, forerunner of the Catholic devotions, devotion to the Sacred Heart.
* Tanneguy Le Fèvre (1615–1672), classical scholar.
* Pierre Daniel Huet (1630–1721), churchman and scholar.
* Gervais de La Rue (1751–1835), historian, re. Norman language and Anglo-Norman literature
* Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (1764–1853), politician.
* Charlotte Corday (1768–1793), Guillotine, guillotined for the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
* Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen (1769–1832), a French general.
* Eugène Poubelle (1831–1907), lawyer and diplomat, introduced waste containers to Paris
* Charles-Hippolyte Pouthas (1886–1974), historian of political and religious history
* Marie-Pierre Kœnig (1898–1970), Maréchal de France, commanded the Free French at the Battle of Bir Hakeim
* Claude Hettier de Boislambert (1906-1986), French Resistance, Resistance leader, governor, politician, diplomat
* Ovida Delect (1926–1996), poet, Communist, politician, member of the French resistance in WWII and a trans woman.
* Sonia de La Provôté (born 1968), member of the French Senate
* Fabrice Le Vigoureux (born 1969), member of the National Assembly (France), National Assembly

The Arts

* Jean Bertaut (1552–1611), poet of light verse to celebrate the incidents of court life.
* François de Malherbe (1555 at Le Locheur – 1628), poet, critic and translator.
* François le Métel de Boisrobert (1592–1662), poet, playwright and courtier.
* Jean François Sarrazin (ca.1611 at Hermanville – 1654), a French writer.
* René Auguste Constantin de Renneville (1650–1723), writer.
* Jean-Baptiste Belin (1653–1715), painter who specialized in flowers.
* François Henri Turpin (1709–1799), man of literature.
* J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur (1735–1813), French-American writer
* Jean-Jacques Boisard (1744–1833), writer who specialized in fables
* Jean-François Boisard (1762–1820), painter and poet.
* Daniel Auber (1782–1871), composer and director of the Paris Conservatoire.
* Étienne Mélingue (1807–1875), actor, sculptor and painter.
* Jules Danbé (1840–1905), a violinist, composer and conductor, mainly of opera.
* Gabriel Dupont (1878–1914), composer of operas and chamber music.
* Roger Grenier (1919–2017), writer, journalist and radio animator.
* Alain Duhamel (born 1940), journalist and political commentator.
* Jean-Loup Rivière (1948–2018), playwright and drama critic.
* Laure Adler (born 1950), journalist, writer, publisher and radio/TV producer.
* Christophe Desjardins (born 1962), a viola player and specialist in contemporary music.
* Olivier Baroux (born 1964), actor, comedian, writer and director
* Gilles Peterson (born 1964), DJ, record collector, record label owner; lives in London
* Laurent Lefrançois (born 1974), French contemporary composer
* Orelsan (born 1982), rapper, songwriter, record producer, actor and film director

Science & Business

* Pierre Varignon (1654–1722), mathematician, he invented the U-tube manometer
* Estienne Roger (ca.1664 – 1722), printer, bookseller and publisher of sheet music
* Paul Jacques Malouin (1701–1778), physician and chemist.
* Guillaume-François Rouelle (1703 at Mathieu – 1770), chemist and apothecary.
* Louis Lépecq de La Clôture (1736-1804), surgeon and epidemiologist.
* Pierre-Simon Girard (1765–1836), mathematician and engineer, worked on fluid mechanics.
* Hippolyte-Victor Collet-Descotils (1773–1815), chemist; discovered iridium in 1803.
* Jacques Amand Eudes-Deslongchamps (1794–1867), naturalist and palaeontologist.
* Eugène Eudes-Deslongchamps (1830–1889), paleontologist and naturalist
* Jules Lair (1836–1907), businessman, paleographer, historian and antiquary
* André-Louis Danjon (1890–1967), astronomer, measured the Earthlight (astronomy), earthshine on the moon
* René Herse (1908–1976), builder of high-quality touring, randonneur and racing bicycles.
* Jean-Yves Marin (born 1955), archeologist, medievalist and chief curator of French heritage.
* Pierre Denis (born 1964) businessman, CEO of Jimmy Choo (fashion house), Jimmy Choo Ltd, 2012/2020.

Sport

* René Menzies (ca.1889 – ca.1971), long-distance cycling record holder
* Jean-Pierre Jaussaud (1937–2021), racing driver, won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1978 and 1980.
* Jean-François Ballester (1965–2018), figure skater, gold medallist at the 2018 Winter Olympics
* Corinne Lagache (born 1975), former football goalkeeper with 27 caps with France women's national football team, France women
* Bruno Grougi (born 1983), a former footballer with 451 club caps and 3 for Martinique national football team, Martinique
* Jérémy Sorbon (born 1983), a former footballer with 518 club caps
* Benoît Costil (born 1987), footballer with over 480 club caps and 1 for France national football team, France
* Youssef El-Arabi (born 1987), footballer with over 400 club caps and 46 for Morocco national football team, Morocco
* Bruno Massot (born 1989), pair skater, gold medallist at the 2018 Winter Olympics

International relations

Caen is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with:

* Alexandria, Virginia, Alexandria, United States
* Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, United States
* Ohrid, North Macedonia
* Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom
* Reșița, Romania
* Thiès, Senegal
* Würzburg, Germany
* Anzio, Italy

Sport

From 1947 to 2006, Caen was a stage of the Tour de France a total of 15 times. Further, Caen was one of the hosts of the EuroBasket 1983. The city has a football team, Stade Malherbe Caen, SM Caen. The Drakkars de Caen play ice hockey in the FFHG Division 1. In 2014, Caen was the location of the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.

Symbols

Heraldry

Current arms:

''Gules, a single-towered open castle Or, windowed and masoned sable.''

Under the Ancien Régime: ''Per fess, gules and azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or.''

During the First French Empire: ''Gules, a single-towered castle Or, a chief of Good Imperial Cities (gules, 3 bees Or).''

File:Blason ville fr Caen ancien.svg,
File:Blason Caen 1809.svg,
File:Blason ville fr Caen (Calvados) Empire (Orn ext).svg,
File:Blason ville fr Caen (Calvados) (Orn ext).svg,

Motto

Today, Caen has no motto, but it used to have one, which did not survive the French Revolution. As a result, its spelling is archaic and has not been updated:

''Un Dieu, un Roy, une Foy, une Loy.''

(One God, one King, one Faith, one Law.)

This motto is reflected in a notable old Chant royal.

Code

Caen's home port code is CN.

Climate

Caen has an oceanic climate that is somewhat ameliorated due to its slightly inland position. In spite of this, summers are still cool by French standards and the climate is typically maritime in terms of high precipitation, relatively modest sunshine hours and mild winters.

Gallery

File:Escoville Angle.jpg, Hôtel d'Escoville, 16th century, Caen
File:Chateau_Caen.jpg, South Wall of the Castle, a huge fortress in the centre of the city
File:Caen Hôtel de Ville.JPG, Town Hall of Caen
File:Caen gare bv.jpg, Gare de Caen, Caen railway station
File:Tramway de Caen Station.jpg, Caen's former 'tramway' was in fact a modern guided-bus system.
File:Normandie Calvados Caen6 tango7174.jpg, Saint-Étienne-le-Vieux Church
File:Caen-1.JPG, Interior of Saint-Pierre Church
File:Caen-2.JPG, The fortress of Caen
File:Caen-3.JPG, The Abbey of St. Étienne
File:Église Saint Pierre seen from in front of the Château.jpg, Église Saint Pierre seen from in front of the Château

See also

*
*
* Communes of the Calvados department

References

Bibliography

* Joseph Decaëns and Adrien Dubois (ed.), ''Caen Castle. A ten Centuries Old Fortress within the Town'', Publications du CRAHM, 2010,
Publications du CRAHM

External links

*

Caen City Council

*

Encyclopædia Britannica Caen

Mémorial pour la Paix museum

Caen town guide

{{Authority control

Caen,
Communes of Calvados (department)
Prefectures in France
Port cities and towns on the French Atlantic coast
Cities in France