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Brody ( uk, Броди; russian: Броды, Brodï; pl, Brody; german: Brody; yi, בראָד, Brod) is a city in Zolochiv Raion of Lviv Oblast ( province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the valley of the upper Styr River, approximately northeast of the oblast capital, Lviv. Brody hosts the administration of Brody urban hromada, one of the
hromada A hromada ( uk, територіальна громада, lit=territorial community, translit=terytorialna hromada) is a basic unit of administrative division in Ukraine, similar to a municipality. It was established by the Government of Ukra ...
s of Ukraine. Population: . Brody is the junction of the '' Druzhba'' and '' Odessa–Brody'' oil pipelines.


History

The first mention of a settlement on the site of Brody is dated 1084 (
Instructions by Vladimir Monomach Instruction or instructions may refer to: Computing * Instruction, one operation of a processor within a computer architecture instruction set * Computer program, a collection of instructions Music * Instruction (band), a 2002 rock band from New ...
). It is believed to have been destroyed by Batu Khan in 1241.


Polish Kingdom

From 1441 Brody was the property of different feudal families (
Jan Sieniński Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Numb ...
; from 1511, Kamieniecki). Brody was granted Magdeburg town rights by Polish King Stephen Báthory by virtue of a
privilege Privilege may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Privilege'' (film), a 1967 film directed by Peter Watkins * ''Privilege'' (Ivor Cutler album), 1983 * ''Privilege'' (Television Personalities album), 1990 * ''Privilege (Abridged)'', an alb ...
issued in
Lublin Lublin is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of t ...
on August 22, 1584. Sadok Barącz, ''Wolne miasto handlowe Brody'', Lwów, 1865, p. 7 (in Polish) It was named Lubicz after the Lubicz coat of arms of the founder, Stanisław Żółkiewski, one of the most accomplished military commanders in Polish history (not to be confused with Lubech, ''Lubecz''). The king also set up three annual
fair A fair (archaic: faire or fayre) is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities. Fairs are typically temporary with scheduled times lasting from an afternoon to several weeks. Types Variations of fairs incl ...
s. These privileges were confirmed by King Sigismund III Vasa in 1597 at the Warsaw Sejm. Already in documents from 1598 the city appeared under the name Brody. It was a private town of the Polish Crown, owned by houses of Żółkiewski, Koniecpolski and
Potocki The House of Potocki (; plural: Potoccy, male: Potocki, feminine: Potocka) was a prominent Polish noble family in the Kingdom of Poland and magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Potocki family is one of the wealthiest and ...
. From the 17th century until the Holocaust the city was populated not only by Ruthenians and
Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Ce ...
, but also by a significant number of Jews (70% of the town's population), Armenians, and Greeks. From 1629, the city became the property of Stanisław Koniecpolski, another of the most distinguished military commanders in Polish history, who ordered the construction of the
Brody Castle Brody Castle (, ''Brodivskyi zamok'') is a former fortress in the city of Brody, part of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. The earliest information about the construction of the castle in Brody town refers to the 1580s. Crown Hetman ( pl, Hetman polny kor ...
(1630–1635). The castle, or rather the fortress, was designed by the French military engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan. It was one of the strongest fortresses located on the route of frequent Tatar and
Cossack The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...
invasions. King Władysław IV Vasa, wanting to reward and assist Koniecpolski in the construction of the fortress, issued a privilege in 1633 in Kraków, in which he equated fairs in Brody with those in
Lublin Lublin is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of t ...
and Toruń, granted staple right and exempted city residents from taxes for 15 years. Under the patronage of Koniecpolski, the city flourished. In 1637 he founded a school in which he employed lecturers from the
Kraków Academy The Jagiellonian University (Polish: ''Uniwersytet Jagielloński'', UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in ...
, Poland's leading university. Its first director was Jan Marcinkowski. In 1643 he founded a silk and wool fabric manufacture in the city, one of the leading manufactories of this type throughout Poland. Stanisław Koniecpolski died in Brody on March 11, 1646. On June 30, funeral ceremonies took place in Brody. In 1648, during the
Cossack uprising The Cossack uprisings (also kozak rebellions, revolts) were a series of military conflicts between the cossacks and the states claiming dominion over the territories the Cossacks lived in, namely the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russian ...
, the castle took eight weeks for
Bohdan Khmelnytsky Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi ( Ruthenian: Ѕѣнові Богданъ Хмелнiцкiи; modern ua, Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький; 6 August 1657) was a Ukrainian military commander and ...
to capture. Notably, according to the book '' History of the Rus'', the town's Jewish population was spared after the sack. The Cossacks destroyed and plundered the city. The Jews of Brody were found not to have been engaged in alleged maltreatment of the Orthodox Christian (Rus) population and were only required to pay a "moderate tribute" in kind. In 1704, Brody was purchased by Potocki family. In 1734 the fortress was destroyed by Russian troops and was later replaced by Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki's palace in the Baroque style.


Austrian Empire

As a result of the First Partition of Poland, in 1772, Brody became a part of Habsburg Empire (from 1804 the Austrian Empire). During the
Austro-Polish War The Austro-Polish War or Polish-Austrian War was a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 (a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and Bavaria). In this war, Polish forces of the N ...
(part of Polish national liberation fights), on May 27, 1809, the city was captured by Poles without a fight. In 1812,
Wincenty Potocki Wincenty Potocki was a Polish general statesman and magnate. He was the royal court chamberlain from 1773 to 1794 and a lieutenant general from 1773. He was awarded the Order of Saint Stanislaus and the Order of the White Eagle He was married to ...
was forced by the Austrian government to remove the city's fortifications. In 1817 a secondary school ('' Realschule'') was founded in Brody, transformed in 1865 into a gymnasium. After the liberalization of Austrian policies in the Austrian Partition of Poland, after 1904 German was gradually replaced by Polish at this school.


Polish Republic

In 1919, Brody became part of the
Second Polish Republic The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 1918 and 1939. The state was established on 6 November 1918, before the end of ...
, after Poland regained independence a year earlier. It was the site of a battle during the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 and heavy destruction by both Polish and Russian forces, and is described extensively in stories of the Red Cavalry by Isaac Babel. Administratively Brody was the seat of the Brody County located in the
Tarnopol Voivodeship Tarnopol Voivodeship ( pl, Województwo tarnopolskie) was an administrative region of interwar Poland (1918–1939), created on 23 December 1920, with an area of 16,500 km² and provincial capital in Tarnopol (now ''Ternopil'', Ukraine). The voi ...
. Brody was an important military base, with the Kresowa Cavalry Brigade headquarters established there. In 1936, the People's University in Brody (''Uniwersytet Ludowy w Brodach'') was founded for farmers from the surrounding area.


World War II

After the Soviet invasion of Poland, during World War II, in September 1939, Brody was
occupied ' (Norwegian: ') is a Norwegian political thriller TV series that premiered on TV2 on 5 October 2015. Based on an original idea by Jo Nesbø, the series is co-created with Karianne Lund and Erik Skjoldbjærg. Season 2 premiered on 10 October 2 ...
by the Red Army. The Soviets deported mainly Polish people deep into the USSR. Between June 26 and June 30, 1941, a
tank battle ''Tank Battle'' is a Milton Bradley board game of strategy where players attempt to out-guess and out-maneuver their opponent in a contest of armored warfare, and includes the extra strategy brought by fuel and ammunition dumps as well as anti-tank ...
was fought nearby between the German Panzer Group 1 and five Soviet
mechanized corps Mechanized infantry are infantry units equipped with armored personnel carriers (APCs) or infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) for transport and combat (see also mechanized force). As defined by the United States Army, mechanized infantry is disti ...
with heavy losses on both sides. From 1941 to 1944 it was occupied by Germany. The local Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (see below). During July–August 1944, Brody and nearby areas saw the battles of the strategically important Lvov-Sandomierz Operation (a.k.a. ''Brodovkiy Kotel'') where the Soviet army successfully encircled and destroyed German forces. It was occupied by the Soviets again, and in 1945 it was taken from Poland and annexed to the USSR.


The Jews in Brody

A crossroads and a Jewish trade center in the 19th century, the city is considered to be one of the shtetls. It was particularly famous for the ''Brodersänger'' or Broder singers, who were among the first to publicly perform
Yiddish Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ver ...
songs outside of Purim plays and wedding parties. The promulgation of the May Laws, and the massive exodus of Russian Jews which was its result, took the leaders of Western Jewry completely by surprise. Throughout 1881, hundreds of immigrants kept arriving in Brody daily. Their arrival placed the existing Austrian and German influenced ethnic Jews in a quandary. The comfortable middle-class Jewish community of Central and Western Europe looked instinctively to the Alliance Israélite Universelle, the world's largest and most respected Jewish philanthropic agency, to bring order out of chaos, to cope with the huge influx of newcomers. Throughout centuries of Jewish life in Brody until the murderous events of the Holocaust, Jews and Gentiles lived a mostly segregated life, with distinct and separate social as well as religious life.


Holocaust in Brody

When German troops occupied the city on July 1, 1941, the Jewish population of some 9,000 was forced to wear an arm-band with the yellow badge. Two hundred fifty intellectuals were arrested on July 15, 1941, and shot two days later at the Jewish cemetery, after being brutally tortured. Encouraged by German occupation authorities, the Ukrainian population started a pogrom in August 1941, looting Jewish possessions. The Judenrat had to provide labor for repairs and maintenance on the roads and bridges as well as for work in army depots. From December 1941 young people were arrested on the streets and sent to forced labor camps in the vicinity. In September 1942 the ''
Aktion Reinhardt or ''Einsatz Reinhard'' , location = Occupied Poland , date = October 1941 – November 1943 , incident_type = Mass deportations to extermination camps , perpetrators = Odilo Globočnik, Hermann Höfle, Richard Thomalla, Erwin ...
'' started in Brody, leaving 300 people dead. Two thousand people were deported to
Bełżec Belzec (English: or , Polish: ) was a Nazi German extermination camp built by the SS for the purpose of implementing the secretive Operation Reinhard, the plan to murder all History of Jews in Poland, Polish Jews, a major part of the "Fina ...
where they would be murdered in the gas chambers. In December 1942 the German occupiers forced the Jewish population to resettle in a ghetto inside the town, where 6,000 people lived in January 1943. During 1943, ''Aktion Reinhardt'' was continued with thousands being killed in the nearby woods in March and April, the Ghetto being liquidated on May 21, 1943. More than 3,000 inhabitants were deported, presumably to
Majdanek Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, a ...
, but hundreds had already been killed in the Ghetto. Many houses were set on fire to drive out those who had remained hidden there.


After the war

During the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
,
Brody air base Brody is an air base of Ukrainian Army Aviation located near Brody, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. The base is home to the 16th Separate Army Aviation Brigade flying Mil Mi-8, Mil Mi-9 The Mil Mi-8 (russian: Ми-8, NATO reporting name: Hip) is ...
served Soviet Air Force regiments, while the city was noticeably militarized. Parts of the city to this day are being referred to as Bili Kazarmy (the White Barracks) and as Chervoni Kazarmy (the Red Barracks). The Brody Museum of History and District Ethnography was founded in 2001. Until 18 July 2020, Brody was the administrative center of
Brody Raion Brody Raion ( uk, Бродівський район, translit: ''Brodivs’kyi raion'') was a raion (district) of Lviv Oblast (region) of Western Ukraine. Its administrative center was Brody. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the ...
. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.


Climate


Gallery

Броди - майдан Свободи, 3.jpg, Administration building, former branch of the
Prague Credit Bank Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate oc ...
before WWI Бродівська синагога 01.jpg, The old synagogue (ruins) of Brody Brody 089.jpg, Clock tower at the market square Замок 1.JPG,
Brody Castle Brody Castle (, ''Brodivskyi zamok'') is a former fortress in the city of Brody, part of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. The earliest information about the construction of the castle in Brody town refers to the 1580s. Crown Hetman ( pl, Hetman polny kor ...
4 Kotsiubynskoho Street, Brody (02).jpg, Pedagogical College Brodypalase.jpg,
Tyszkiewicz Tyszkiewicz is the name of the Tyszkiewicz family, a Polish–Lithuanian magnate noble family of Ruthenian origin. The Lithuanian equivalent is Tiškevičius; it is frequently transliterated from Russian and Belarusian as Tyshkevich. Other peopl ...
Palace Броди. Церква Св.Юрія.jpg, Saint George church in Brody Церква Різдва Пресвятої Богородиці , загальний вигляд, Броди.jpg, Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary Церква Воздвиження Чесного Животворящого Хреста у Бродах.jpg, Exaltation of the Holy Cross church Церква Пресвятої Трійці (Броди).jpg, Church of the Holy Trinity Brody Gimnazium 02.jpg, Brody Gymnasium


Notable people

*
Adolph Baller Adolph Baller (July 30, 1909 – January 23, 1994) was an Austrian-American pianist who played classical and romantic music. He performed with Yehudi Menuhin for several years and was a teacher of Terry Riley and Jerome Rose. Early years Baller wa ...
, pianist * Iuliu Barasch, physician *
Aryeh Leib Bernstein Aryeh Leib Bernstein (1708 – October 22, 1788) was the first and only Chief Rabbi of Galicia. Life Bernstein was born in 1708 in Brody, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. His father Issacher Ber was a rabbi who served as rabbi of Kehillat ...
(1708–1788), Chief Rabbi of
Galicia Galicia may refer to: Geographic regions * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain ** Gallaecia, a Roman province ** The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia ** The medieval King ...
*
Berl Broder Berl Broder (1817–1868), born Berl Margulis, was a Ukrainian Jew born in Podkamen,https://archive.org/details/nybc207372 Dray doyres̀: lider fun Berl Broder (Margulies), feliṭonen fun Yom Hatsyoni (Yitsḥaḳ Margulies), poemen un lider fun B ...
(Berl Margulis), singer * Oscar Chajes, chess player * Zvi Hirsch Chajes, rabbi and talmudist *
Petro Fedun-Poltava Petro is a masculine given name, a surname and an Ancient Roman cognomen. It may refer to: Given name * Petro Balabuyev (1931-2007), Ukrainian airplane designer, engineer and professor, lead designer of many Antonov airplanes * Petro Doroshenko (1 ...
(1919–1951), ideologist of Ukrainian national liberation fight 1940–50 years * Kalman Kahana (1910–1991), Israeli politician * Leo Kanner, Austrian psychiatrist and physician known for his work related to autism * Hans Kelsen (father's birthplace) *
Shlomo Kluger Solomon ben Judah Aaron Kluger (1785–June 9, 1869) ( he, שלמה בן יהודה אהרן קלוגר), known as the Maggid of Brody, was chief dayyan and preacher of Brody, Galicia. He was successively Rabbi at Rava-Ruska (Galicia), Kulikow ...
, rabbi * Stanisław Koniecpolski, Polish military commander, magnate, and royal official * , Polish writer * Nachman Krochmal, Jewish philosopher * Yechezkel Landau, rabbi *
Max Margules Max Margules (1856-1920) was a mathematician, physicist, and chemist. In 1877 he joined the Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) in Vienna as a volunteer.Fabius Mieses Fabius Mieses (, ; 31 October 1824 – 10 October 1898) was a Galician writer, poet, and philosopher of the Haskalah. Besides numerous published books, he frequently contributed poetry and articles to various Hebrew and German periodicals. Biogra ...
(1824–1898), writer * Jacques Mieses, with parents from Brody; he was born in Leipzig *
Nachman of Horodenka Rabbi Nachman of Horodenka was a Hasidic leader. At first, Rabbi Nachman was among the Talmidei Chachamim who gathered to study Torah in Brody. After experiencing a dream which he interpreted as a signal for him to go to the Baal Shem Tov, Rabbi ...
, Hasidic leader * Amalia Nathansohn-Freud (1835–1930), mother of Sigmund Freud *
Dmytro Pyluk Dmytro ( uk, Дмитро́, Dmytró, ) is a Ukrainian name, derived from the Greek language, Greek Demetrius, Demetrios. Nicknames of the name Dmytro include: Dima, Dimochka, Dimula, Dimusha, Dimusya, Metro (particularly in Canada), Mitya, Mitenka, ...
(1900–1985), Ukrainian painter and film producer *
Joseph Ludwig Raabe Joseph Ludwig Raabe (15 May 1801 in Brody, Galicia – 22 January 1859 in Zürich, Switzerland) was a Swiss mathematician. Life As his parents were quite poor, Raabe was forced to earn his living from a very early age by giving private lesson ...
, mathematician * Elazar Rokeach, rabbi *
Jakob Rosanes Jakob Rosanes (also Jacob; 16 August 1842 – 6 January 1922) was a German mathematician who worked on algebraic geometry and invariant theory. He was also a chess master. Rosanes studied at University of Berlin and the University of Breslau. H ...
, mathematician * Joseph Roth (1894–1939), writer * Dov Sadan (1902–1989), scholar of Yiddish literature, Hebrew Literature and Jewish Folklore *
Myron Tarnavskiy Myron of Eleutherae ( grc, Μύρων, ''Myrōn'' ), working c. 480–440 BC, was an Athenian sculptor from the mid-5th century BC. He was born in Eleutherae on the borders of Boeotia and Attica. According to Pliny's '' Natural History'', Agelad ...
(1869–1938), general of Ukrainian Galychina Army * Ivan Trush (1869–1941), Ukrainian artist * (1846–1946), Polish publisher *
Daniel Abraham Yanofsky Daniel Abraham Yanofsky, (March 25, 1925 – March 5, 2000), commonly known as Daniel Yanofsky or Abe Yanofsky, was a Canadian chess player, chess writer, chess arbiter, and lawyer. He was Canada's first Grandmaster and an eight-time Canadian ...
, chess player. ''See German-language article''. *
Israel Zolli Eugenio Maria Zolli (27 September 1881 ‒ 2 March 1956), born Israel Anton Zoller, was an Austrian by birth, and an Italian doctorate professor of philosophy and author. Until his conversion from Judaism to Catholicism in February 1945, Zolli w ...
, former
Chief Rabbi Chief Rabbi ( he, רב ראשי ''Rav Rashi'') is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities. Since 1911, through a ...
of Rome who converted to Catholicism * Oksana Lyniv, Ukrainian conductor, since February 2017 is a chief conductor of the Graz Opera


Nearby towns

*
Zolochiv Zolochiv, ( ua, Золочів) may refer to the following places in Ukraine: * Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast, city in Lviv Oblast * Zolochiv, Kharkiv Oblast, urban-type settlement in Ukraine {{set index, populated places in Ukraine ...
*
Oles'ko Olesko ( uk, Олесько; ; pl, Olesko; yi, אַלעסק, Alesk; ) is an urban-type settlement in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast (region) of western Ukraine. It belongs to Busk urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: . It w ...
*
Pidhirtsi Pidhirtsi ( uk, Підгірці; pl, Podhorce) is a village of about 1,000 inhabitants in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast of Ukraine, located about 80 km east of Lviv, 17 km south of Brody, 60 km north west of Ternopil, at around . ...
(Szwaby, Schwabendorf),
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
settlement * Busk *
Pidkamin Pidkamin ( uk, Підкамінь, pl, Podkamień) is an urban-type settlement in Zolochiv Raion (district), Lviv oblast in Ukraine. It is located near the administrative border of three oblasts, Lviv, Rivne, and Ternopil. Pidkamin hosts the ad ...
* Zboriv * Berezhany


See also

* Odessa–Brody pipeline


References


Notes


Sources

* Howard M. Sachar, ''The Course of modern Jewish history''. Vintage Books (a division of Random House) Chapter 15 * Kuzmany, Börries, ''Brody: A Galician Border City in the Long Nineteenth Century'' (Brill, Leiden/Boston 2017). The German version is open access: Kuzmany, Börries: ''Brody. Eine galizische Grenzstadt im langen 19. Jahrhundert'' (Böhlau, Vienna/Cologne/Weimar 2011).
PDF; 16,9 MB


External links



in th
Encyclopedia of Ukraine
*
Brody
in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1880) *
About Brody museum
*
Brody site
* *

*
Brody under Austrian Rule
*
Photo Gallery of Brody (1.03.2008, 51 photos)


{{Authority control Cities in Lviv Oblast Cities of district significance in Ukraine Magdeburg rights Shtetls Populated places in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Tarnopol Voivodeship Holocaust locations in Ukraine Former border crossings Austrian Empire–Russian Empire border Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust