Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12).jpg

NAe ''São Paulo'' (pennant number A12) was a in service with the Brazilian Navy. ''São Paulo'' was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. IHS Jane's reported that during its career with the Brazilian Navy, ''São Paulo'' suffered from serviceability issues and never managed to operate for more than three months at a time without the need for repairs and maintenance. On 14 February 2017, the navy announced the ship's demobilisation and subsequent decommissioning.. On 12 March 2021 the carrier was sold to be scrapped for R$10,550,000.00 or US$1,919,857.35.

Background

The aircraft carrier ''São Paulo'' was built in France between 1957 and 1960, and served in the French Navy as ''Foch''. In September 2000, she was purchased by Brazil for US$30 million – no aircraft were included in the price – to replace the aged World War II-era carrier , which had been in commission for over 40 years. Brazil had previously approached other countries, such as Spain, who wanted to construct a US$500 million carrier for Brazil, about the acquisition of a carrier. The government had already purchased a flotilla of 23 used A-4 Skyhawk fighter planes from Kuwait for $70 million; these planes, along with existing helicopters already in the national defense inventory, were to compose the ''São Paulo'' fighter-bomber group. These A-4s (designated AF-1) are capable of carrying armament including rockets, free-fall bombs, and Sidewinder air-to-air missiles.

The ''Clemenceau''-class aircraft carriers, of which ''São Paulo'' is the last surviving member, are of conventional CATOBAR design. The flight deck is long by wide; the landing area is angled at 8 degrees off of the ship's axis. The forward aircraft elevator is to starboard, and the rear elevator is positioned on the deck edge to save hangar space. The forward of two catapults is on the bow to port; the second catapult is farther back on the angled landing deck. The hangar deck dimensions are by with overhead.

In September 2000, ''São Paulo'' was purchased while still operational, an unusual process for such a large ship. She was received by the Brazilian Navy and was incorporated into the Brazilian Navy on 15 November 2000. The incorporation of ''São Paulo'' and the AF-1 fighter group marked the realization of Brazil's long-held goal of being able to conduct aerial defense of its naval forces with fixed-wing aircraft.

President Fernando Henrique Cardoso noted during the transfer ceremony that:

Since her construction, ''São Paulo'' has received multiple upgrades, leaving her with a diverse range of technologies. The carrier arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 17 February 2001. ''São Paulo''s complement was 1,920 (the ship's company is 64 officers and 1274 sailors, with an additional 582 in the air group).

Brazilian service

In her first three years of service as ''São Paulo'', the ship completed several missions, some in foreign waters, particularly Operations ARAEX, PASSEX, and TEMPEREX, which is used annually to qualify and train the Argentine Navy's Super Étendards and S-2T Turbo Trackers.

Toward the end of its commissioned life, ''São Paulo'' mainly served to train pilots to fly carrier operations. She was actively used for the qualification and re-qualification of rotary and fixed-wing pilots (with about 500 catapult launches), and she was used during the first Brazilian exercises to practice carrier-based attack missions.

2005 fire

On 17 May 2005, an explosion took place in the steam network of the engine room. The explosion initially killed one crew member and injured ten others. All casualties were airlifted by helicopter to the Marcilio Dias Naval Hospital, Rio de Janeiro. Two of the injured crew later died in hospital from their injuries. Cause of the explosion was a rupture in the steam pipeline. After this accident, the Navy decided to undertake an extensive overhaul to repair and modernize the ship.

Upgrade (2005–2010) and sea trials

During 2005–10, ''São Paulo'' underwent extensive modernization. The upgrade included inspection and repair of the steam turbines; maintenance of the surface condensers; retubing of boilers; repair of two high-pressure compressors; revision of the AC electrical generator; purchase of spare parts; maintenance of pumps, valves, and structural items; addition of two API oil-water separators; installation of two water cooling units; upgrade of the chemical oxygen generator; repair and treatment of oil tanks; substitution of the Naval Tactical Data System, installation of a closed-circuit television system; installation of an IFF transponder; installation of a MAGE system ( ESM), flight deck inspection, repair, and painting; upgrade of the Optical Landing System processing unit; and revision of the aircraft catapults. The upgrade was completed in July 2009, and the ''São Paulo'' was initially due to be fully operational by August 2010.

Twelve Brazilian Navy A-4 Skyhawks were also scheduled to be upgraded by Embraer at a cost of $140 million. The upgrade was similar to the ones done for the AMX and F-5EM aircraft of the Brazilian Air Force. The program included restoring the aircraft and their current systems, as well as implementing new avionics, radar (specifically the Elta 2032 radar system), power production, and autonomous oxygen generating systems. Possible weapons to be included in the upgrade were MAA-1B, Python 4, and Derby AAMS.

The Brazilian Navy contracted Marsh Aviation to convert four S-2T Turbo Trackers to an airborne early warning (AEW) configuration, and four more for tanking and Carrier Onboard Delivery duties.

According to an article in the October 2010 issue of Air Forces Monthly, it was confirmed that Brazil had purchased ex-Australian and ex-Uruguayan C-1 Trader airframes, for conversion into AEW planes and tanker aircraft. The Brazilian Navy planned upgrades of the airframes to S-2T Turbo Tracker configuration with Honeywell TPE 331-14GR engines. The purchase included nine airframes, of which two were for tanker conversion to refuel the AF-1 Skyhawks, and three were for AEW. The rest were purchased for spares or for cargo duties. The AEW radar requirement was to have a range of at . The operational lifespan for the airframes was to be 10 years. They were expected to be ready in 2011 and 2012.

''São Paulo''s SH-3 helicopter fleet was to be replaced by six S-70B Seahawk helicopters. They were purchased in 2008, upgraded, and refurbished for delivery. The helicopters and a package of engines and support equipment were scheduled for delivery in 2009.

At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011 ''São Paulo'' had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory).

Refit and stalled decommissioning (2012–2022)

''São Paulo'' was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012. In 2017, the Navy announced the ship would be demobilized and decommissioned, citing the uneconomical cost of further repairs. The Brazilian Navy formally decommissioned ''São Paulo'' on 22 November 2018.

Scheduled to arrive at Aliağa, Turkey on 7 September 2022 for scrapping, the ship was towed from Rio de Janeiro on 4 August 2022 by the Dutch tugboat ''Alp Centre''. The ship and its tugboat arrived off the Moroccan coast on 26 August, preparing to enter the Mediterranean Sea through Gibraltar, when the Turkish government suddenly withdrew permission for the ship to dock in Turkey. This decision was made after officials at the Turkish Ministry of the Environment determined that the report submitted by Brazilian authorities significantly underestimated the amount of hazardous material aboard the ship when compared to ships of the same class and period. For example, the report estimated the presence of only 9.6 tons of asbestos when — ''São Paulo''s sister ship — contained at least 600 tons of this cancerous material. The convoy reversed course and headed back to Rio de Janeiro.

Since the announcement of decomission, a private foundation called /pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_S%C3%A3o_Paulo/Foch Instituto São Paulo/Fochformed by former crew and enthusiasts is also attempting to transform the carrier into a museum ship, like the aborted plans for its precessor ''Minas Gerais'' and was responsible for the judicial order to tow it back to Brazil, given also the worries from several national and international environmentalist organizations over the potential risk of "massive ecological damage". A lawyer instrumental in the ship's return characterized the overall handling of the matter as severely rushed and negligent, with authorities bypassing proper evaluation and selling the ship for a fraction of its real price. The foundation was also barred from the auction as Brazilian authorities were only interested in companies seeking to dismantle the ship. The Brazilian Navy refused to allow the ship to ancher again in Rio de Janeiro, and sent the convoy to a port in Suape, Pernambuco, where it was again also not allowed to anchor, and has thus been waiting in the waters for a pending cleanup by the Navy. As of December 2022, the ship and convoy are still in Brazilian waters and a contractor has requested permission to remove hazardous material in.

Gallery

File:Brazilian aircraft carrier NAe Sao Paulo (A12) and USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) underway on 8 June 2004 (040608-N-1281L-009).jpg, ''São Paulo'' (foreground) and during a combined training exercise in June 2004
File:Aircraft carrier Sao Paulo in Rio 12-2007.jpg, ''São Paulo'' in Rio de Janeiro in 2007
File:PR NAe SP.jpeg, Then-President Lula, his wife Marisa Letícia and Espírito Santo's governor Paulo Hartung aboard ''São Paulo'', August 2004
File:Argentine S-2T landing on carrier Sao Paulo 2006.jpg, Argentine Navy Turbo Tracker operating on ''São Paulo''
File:SH-3D Sea King on Brazilian carrier Sao Paulo 2003.jpg, Sea King landing in 2003
File:A-4KU landing on carrier Sao Paulo 2003.jpg, McDonnell Douglas AF-1 Skyhawk (A-4KU) from fighter squadron VF-1 Falcões catching the arrestor wire aboard ''São Paulo ''
File:Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12).jpg, ''São Paulo'' at sea

See also

* List of aircraft carriers
* NAeL ''Minas Gerais''
* Brazilian amphibious assault ship ''Atlântico''

Notes

References

External links

* .
* , anchored in Rio de Janeiro.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sao Paulo
Ships built in France
1959 ships
Aircraft carriers of Brazil
Clemenceau-class aircraft carriers of the Brazilian Navy
Brazil–France relations