''Anacamptis'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the orchid

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

(

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

); it is often abbreviated as Ant in

horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

. This genus was established by

Louis Claude Richard Louis Claude Marie Richard (19 September 1754 – 6 June 1821) was a French botanist and botanical illustrator. Richard was born at Versailles. Between 1781 and 1789 he collected botanical specimens in Central America and the West Indies. On his r ...

in 1817; the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...

is the

pyramidal orchid ''Anacamptis pyramidalis'', the pyramidal orchid, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus ''Anacamptis'' of the family Orchidaceae. The scientific name ''Anacamptis'' derives from Greek ανακάμτειν 'anakamptein' meaning 'b ...

(''A. pyramidalis'') and it nowadays contains about one-third of the

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

placed in the "

wastebin genus Wastebasket taxon (also called a wastebin taxon, dustbin taxon or catch-all taxon) is a term used by some taxonomists to refer to a taxon that has the sole purpose of classifying organisms that do not fit anywhere else. They are typically define ...

" ''

Orchis ''Orchis'' is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), occurring mainly in Europe and Northwest Africa, and ranging as far as Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang. The name is from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις ''orchis'', meaning "testicle", from ...

'' before this was split up at the end of the 20th century,Bateman & Hollingsworth (2004) among them many that are of

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

origin. The genus' scientific name is derived from the Greek word ''anakamptein'', meaning "to bend backwards". These terrestrial orchids occur on

grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses ( Poaceae). However, sedge ( Cyperaceae) and rush ( Juncaceae) can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur na ...

limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...

chalk Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Ch ...

deposits, or on dunes in

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago ...

, from the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...

region to

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...

Systematics

Except the

(''A. pyramidalis''), all species of ''Anacamptis'' seem to form a clade around the

green-veined orchid ''Anacamptis morio'', the green-winged orchid or green-veined orchid ( synonym ''Orchis morio''), is a flowering plant of the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It usually has purple flowers, and is found in Europe and the Middle East. Description It f ...

(''A. morio''). They have a diploid

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

number of 32 or 36. A useful character for distinguishing ''Anacamptis'' from ''

'' – where the green-veined orchid clade was formerly included – is the basal fusion of the three

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...

s in ''Anacamptis''.Bateman ''et al.'' (2003), Bateman & Hollingsworth (2004) The few bigeneric

s are typically between closely related genera, in particular '' Serapias''. Hybrids between the pyramidal orchid and the

early purple orchid ''Orchis mascula'', the early-purple orchid, early spring orchis, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Description ''Orchis mascula'' is a perennial herbaceous plant with stems up to high, green at the base and ...

(''Orchis mascula''), found in

Cumbria Cumbria ( ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England, bordering Scotland. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. C ...

(United Kingdom, UK) in 1997, proved short-lived because of the highly divergent genome, genomic lineages of the parents.

Species

, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 11 species, two with subspecies: *''Anacamptis boryi'' (Rchb.f.) R.M.Bateman (S Greece, Crete) *''Anacamptis collina'' (Banks & Sol. ex Russell) R.M.Bateman (Mediterranean to S Turkmenistan) *''Anacamptis coriophora'' (L.) R.M.Bateman (Europe, Mediterranean to W Asia) *''Anacamptis cyrenaica'' (E.A.Durand & Barratte) H.Kretzschmar *''Anacamptis israelitica'' (H.Baumann & Dafni) R.M.Bateman (N. Israel, Palestine) *''Anacamptis laxiflora'' (Lam.) R.M.Bateman – loose-flowered orchid, lax-flowered orchid, Jersey orchid (WC Europe, Mediterranean to C Asia) *''Anacamptis morio'' (L.) R.M.Bateman – green-winged orchid, green-veined orchid **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (K.Koch) H.Kretzschmar **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''champagneuxii'' (Barnéoud) H.Kretzschmar (W Mediterranean) **Anacamptis morio subsp. longicornu, ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'' (Poir.) H.Kretzschmar (W & C Mediterranean) **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio'' **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta'' (Loisel.) Jacquet & Scappat. **Anacamptis morio subsp. syriaca, ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca'' (E.G.Camus) H.Kretzschmar *''Anacamptis palustris'' (Jacq.) R.M.Bateman(Europe, Mediterranean to C Asia) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''elegans'' (Heuff.) R.M.Bateman (Europe to C Asia) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''palustris'' (WC Europe, Mediterranean to Iran) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''robusta'' (T.Stephenson) R.M.Bateman (W Morocco) *''Anacamptis papilionacea'' (L.) R.M.Bateman – butterfly orchid (Mediterranean to Iran) *''Anacamptis pyramidalis'' (L.) Rich. – pyramidal orchid *''Anacamptis sancta'' (L.) R.M.Bateman (E Mediterranean to Caucasus)

Selected nothospecies

* ''Anacamptis'' × ''timbali'' nothosubsp. ''albuferensis'' (''A. coriophora'' × ''A. palustris'' subsp. ''robusta'') (Mallorca) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''gennarii'' nothosubsp. ''bornemanniae'' (''A. morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'' × ''A. papilionacea'') (N Africa, Sardinia) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''duquesnei'' (''A. palustris'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''feinbruniae'' (''A. israelitica'' × ''A. papilionacea'') * ''Anacamptis'' × ''gennarii'' (''A. morio'' × ''A. papilionacea'') (W Mediterranean) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''laniccae'' (''A. morio'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (Switzerland, France, Italy) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''lesbiensis'' (''A. pyramidalis'' × ''A. sancta'') (E Aegean Islands) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''simorrensis'' (''A. coriophora'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France, Italy, Greece) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''van-lookenii'' (''A. papilionacea'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France)

Intergeneric hybrids

* ''× Anacamptiplatanthera'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''Platanthera'') – accepted name * ''× Anacamptorchis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

'') – unplaced name * ''× Dactylocamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''Dactylorhiza'') – accepted name * ''× Gymnanacamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''Gymnadenia'') – accepted name * ''× Ophramptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''Ophrys'') – unplaced name * ''× Serapicamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × '' Serapias'') – accepted name

References

Notes

* (2004): Morphological and molecular investigation of the parentage and maternity of ''A. × albuferensis'' (''A. robusta'' × ''A. fragrans''), a new hybrid from Mallorca, Spain. ''Taxon (journal), Taxon'' 53(1): 43-54
HTML abstract
* (2003): Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.'' 142(1): 1–40. PDF fulltext

External links

*
Kew Scientist, issue 12, October 1997
{{Taxonbar, from=Q28107 Anacamptis, Orchideae genera Flora of Central Asia