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Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (russian: link=no, Иван Константинович Айвазовский; 29 July 18172 May 1900) was a Russian Romantic painter who is considered one of the greatest masters of
marine art Marine art or maritime art is a form of figurative art (that is, painting, drawing, printmaking and sculpture) that portrays or draws its main inspiration from the sea. Maritime painting is a genre that depicts ships and the sea—a genre parti ...
. Baptized as Hovhannes Aivazian, in classical spelling and Հովհաննես Այվազյան in reformed spelling. His name was given as Յօհաննես Այվազեան, ''Yohannes Aivazian'' in baptismal records. he was born into an
Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian Diaspora, Armenian communities across the ...
family in the
Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...
port of
Feodosia uk, Феодосія, Теодосія crh, Kefe , official_name = () , settlement_type= , image_skyline = THEODOSIA 01.jpg , imagesize = 250px , image_caption = Genoese fortress of Caffa , image_shield = Fe ...
in
Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
and was mostly based there. Following his education at the
Imperial Academy of Arts The Russian Academy of Arts, informally known as the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts, was an art academy in Saint Petersburg, founded in 1757 by the founder of the Imperial Moscow University Ivan Shuvalov under the name ''Academy of the T ...
in
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, Aivazovsky traveled to Europe and lived briefly in Italy in the early 1840s. He then returned to Russia and was appointed the main painter of the Russian Navy. Aivazovsky had close ties with the military and political elite of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
and often attended military maneuvers. He was sponsored by the state and was well-regarded during his lifetime. The saying "worthy of Aivazovsky's brush", popularized by Anton Chekhov, was used in Russia for describing something lovely. He remains highly popular in Russia in the 21st century. One of the most prominent
Russian artists This is a list of Russians artists. In this context, the term "Russian" covers the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities living in Ru ...
of his time, Aivazovsky was also popular outside Russian Empire. He held numerous solo exhibitions in Europe and the United States. During his almost 60-year career, he created around 6,000 paintings, making him one of the most prolific artists of his time. The vast majority of his works are seascapes, but he often depicted battle scenes, Armenian themes, and portraiture. Most of Aivazovsky's works are kept in Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Turkish museums as well as private collections.


Life


Background

Ivan Aivazovsky was born on 17 July (29 in
New Style Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, this is the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 158 ...
) 1817 in the city of
Feodosia uk, Феодосія, Теодосія crh, Kefe , official_name = () , settlement_type= , image_skyline = THEODOSIA 01.jpg , imagesize = 250px , image_caption = Genoese fortress of Caffa , image_shield = Fe ...
(Theodosia),
Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
, Russian Empire. In the baptismal records of the local St. Sargis Armenian Apostolic Church, Aivazovsky was listed as ''Hovhannes, son of Gevorg Aivazian'' ( hy, Գէորգ Այվազեանի որդի Յօհաննեսն). During his study at the
Imperial Academy of Arts The Russian Academy of Arts, informally known as the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts, was an art academy in Saint Petersburg, founded in 1757 by the founder of the Imperial Moscow University Ivan Shuvalov under the name ''Academy of the T ...
, he was known in Russian as Ivan Gaivazovsky (Иванъ Гайвазовскій in the pre-1918 spelling). He became known as Aivazovsky since , while in Italy. He signed an 1844 letter with an Italianized rendition of his name: "Giovani Aivazovsky". His father, Konstantin, (–1840), was an Armenian merchant from the
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, w ...
region of Galicia. His family had migrated to Europe from
Western Armenia Western Armenia (Western Armenian: Արեւմտեան Հայաստան, ''Arevmdian Hayasdan'') is a term to refer to the eastern parts of Turkey (formerly the Ottoman Empire) that are part of the historical homeland of the Armenians. Weste ...
in the 18th century. After numerous familial conflicts, Konstantin left Galicia for
Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and for ...
, later moving to Bukovina, before settling in Feodosia in the early 1800s. He was initially known as Gevorg Aivazian (Haivazian or Haivazi), but he changed his last name to Gaivazovsky by adding the Slavic suffix "-sky". Aivazovsky's mother, Ripsime, was a Feodosia Armenian. The couple had five children—three daughters and two sons. Aivazovsky's elder brother,
Gabriel In Abrahamic religions ( Judaism, Christianity and Islam), Gabriel (); Greek: grc, Γαβριήλ, translit=Gabriḗl, label=none; Latin: ''Gabriel''; Coptic: cop, Ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ, translit=Gabriêl, label=none; Amharic: am, ገብ ...
, was a prominent historian and an Armenian Apostolic archbishop.


Education

The young Aivazovsky received parochial education at Feodosia's St. Sargis Armenian Church. He was taught drawing by Jacob Koch, a local architect. Aivazovsky moved to
Simferopol Simferopol () is the second-largest city in the Crimean Peninsula. The city, along with the rest of Crimea, is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, and is considered the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. However, it is ...
with Taurida Governor Alexander Kaznacheyev's family in 1830 and attended the city's Russian gymnasium. In 1833, Aivazovsky arrived in the Russian capital,
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, to study at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Maxim Vorobiev's landscape class. In 1835, he was awarded with a silver medal and appointed assistant to the French painter . In September 1836, Aivazovsky met Russia's national poet
Alexander Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (; rus, links=no, Александр Сергеевич ПушкинIn pre-Revolutionary script, his name was written ., r=Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn, ...
during the latter's visit to the Academy. In 1837, Aivazovsky joined the battle-painting class of Alexander Sauerweid and participated in Baltic Fleet exercises in the Gulf of Finland. In October 1837, he graduated from the Imperial Academy of Arts with a gold medal, two years earlier than intended. Aivazovsky returned to Feodosia in 1838 and spent two years in his native Crimea. In 1839, he took part in military exercises in the shores of Crimea, where he met Russian admirals
Mikhail Lazarev Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (russian: Михаил Петрович Лазарев, 3 November 1788 – 11 April 1851) was a Russian fleet commander and an explorer. Education and early career Lazarev was born in Vladimir, a scion of t ...
,
Pavel Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (russian: Павел Степанович Нахимов, ; – ) was a Russian Admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy known for his victory in the Battle of Sinop and his leadership in the Siege of Sevastopol (1 ...
and
Vladimir Kornilov Vice Admiral Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov (; 13 February 1806 – 17 October 1854) was a Russian naval officer who took part in the Crimean War and is known for his battle against the Pervaz-ı Bahrî in what is considered the first battle ...
.


First visit to Europe

In 1840, Aivazovsky was sent by the Imperial Academy of Arts to study in Europe. He first traveled to
Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...
via
Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...
and
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
and visited
San Lazzaro degli Armeni San Lazzaro degli Armeni (, "Saint Lazarus of the Armenians"; called Saint Lazarus Island in English sources; hy, Սուրբ Ղազար, Surb Ghazar) is a small island in the Venetian Lagoon which has been home to the monastery of the Mekhita ...
, where an important
Armenian Catholic Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian Diaspora, Armenian communities across the ...
congregation was located and his brother Gabriel lived at the time. Aivazovsky studied Armenian manuscripts and became familiar with Armenian art. He met Russian novelist Nikolai Gogol in Venice. He then headed to
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany Regions of Italy, region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilan ...
,
Amalfi Amalfi (, , ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Salerno, in the region of Campania, Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno. It lies at the mouth of a deep ravine, at the foot of Monte Cerreto (1,315 metres, 4,314 feet), surrounded by dramati ...
and
Sorrento Sorrento (, ; nap, Surriento ; la, Surrentum) is a town overlooking the Bay of Naples in Southern Italy. A popular tourist destination, Sorrento is located on the Sorrentine Peninsula at the south-eastern terminus of the Circumvesuviana ra ...
. In Florence, he met painter Alexander Ivanov. He remained in
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
and
Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...
between 1840 and 1842. Aivazovsky was heavily influenced by Italian art and their museums became the "second academy" for him. According to Rogachevsky the news of successful exhibitions in Italy reached Russia.
Pope Gregory XVI Pope Gregory XVI ( la, Gregorius XVI; it, Gregorio XVI; born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in 1 June 1846. He ...
awarded him with a golden medal. He then visited Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands and Britain. In an international exhibition at
the Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...
, he was the only representative from Russia. In France, he received a gold medal from the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. He then returned to Naples via Marseille and again visited Britain, Portugal, Spain, and Malta in 1843. Aivazovsky was admired throughout Europe. He returned to Russia via Paris and Amsterdam in 1844.


Return to Russia and first marriage

Upon his return to Russia, Aivazovsky was made an academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts and was appointed the "official artist of the Russian Navy to paint seascapes, coastal scenes and naval battles." In 1845, Aivazovsky traveled to the
Aegean Sea The Aegean Sea ; tr, Ege Denizi (Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος: "Egéo Pélagos", Turkish: "Ege Denizi" or "Adalar Denizi") is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans ...
with Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and visited the Ottoman capital,
Constantinople la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه , alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya ( Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis ( ...
, and the Greek islands of
Patmos Patmos ( el, Πάτμος, ) is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. It is famous as the location where John of Patmos received the visions found in the Book of Revelation of the New Testament, and where the book was written. One of the northern ...
and
Rhodes Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...
. In 1845, Aivazovsky settled in his hometown of Feodosia, where he built a house and studio. He isolated himself from the outside world, keeping a small circle of friends and relatives. Yet the solitude played a negative role in his art career. By the mid-nineteenth century, Russian art was moving from
Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...
towards a distinct Russian style of
Realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: *Classical Realism *Literary realism, a move ...
, while Aivazovsky continued to paint Romantic seascapes and attracted heavy criticism. In 1845 and 1846, Aivazovsky attended the maneuvers of the Black Sea Fleet and the Baltic Fleet at
Petergof Petergof (russian: Петерго́ф), known as Petrodvorets () from 1944 to 1997, is a municipal town in Petrodvortsovy District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, located on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland. The town host ...
, near the imperial palace. In 1847, he was given the title of professor of seascape painting by the Imperial Academy of Arts and elevated to the rank of nobility. In the same year, he was elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1848, Aivazovsky married Julia Graves, an English governess. They had four daughters: Elena (1849), Maria (1851), Alexandra (1852) and Joanne (1858). They separated in 1860 and divorced in 1877 with permission from the
Armenian Church Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian Diaspora, Armenian communities across the ...
, since Graves was a
Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...
.


Rise to prominence

In 1851, traveling with the Russian emperor Nicholas I, Aivazovsky sailed to
Sevastopol Sevastopol (; uk, Севасто́поль, Sevastópolʹ, ; gkm, Σεβαστούπολις, Sevastoúpolis, ; crh, Акъя́р, Aqyár, ), sometimes written Sebastopol, is the largest city in Crimea, and a major port on the Black Sea ...
to participate in military maneuvers. His archaeological excavations near Feodosia lead to his election as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society in 1853. In that year, the Crimean War erupted between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and he was evacuated to Kharkiv. While safe, he returned to the besieged fortress of Sevastopol to paint battle scenes. His work was exhibited in Sevastopol while it was under Ottoman siege. Between 1856 and 1857, Aivazovsky worked in Paris and became the first Russian (and the first non-French) artist to receive the Legion of Honour. In 1857, Aivazovsky visited Constantinople and was awarded the Order of the Medjidie. In the same year, he was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Art Society. He was awarded the Greek Order of the Redeemer in 1859 and the Russian Order of St. Vladimir in 1865. Aivazovsky opened an art studio in Feodosia in 1865 and was awarded a salary by the Imperial Academy of Arts the same year.


Travels and accolades: 1860s–1880s

In the 1860s, the artist produced several paintings inspired by Greek nationalism and the Italian unification. In 1868, he once again visited Constantinople and produced a series of works about the Greek resistance to the Turks, during the Cretan Revolt (1866–69), Great Cretan Revolution. In 1868, Aivazovsky traveled in the Caucasus and visited the Russian Armenia, Russian part of Armenia for the first time. He painted several mountainous landscapes and in 1869 held an exhibition in Tiflis. Later in the year, he made a trip to Egypt and took part in the opening ceremony of the Suez Canal. He became the "first artist to paint the Suez Canal, thus marking an epoch-making event in the history of Europe, Africa and Asia." In 1870, Aivazovsky was made an Table of Ranks, Actual Civil Councilor, the fourth highest civil rank in Russia. In 1871, he initiated the construction of the archaeological museum in Feodosia. In 1872, he traveled to Nice and Florence to exhibit his paintings. In 1874, the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (Florence Academy of Fine Art) asked him for a self-portrait to be hung in the Uffizi Gallery. The same year, Aivazovsky was invited to Constantinople by Sultan Abdülaziz who subsequently bestowed upon him the Turkish Order of Osmanieh. In 1876, he was made a member of the Academy of Arts in Florence and became the second Russian artist (after Orest Kiprensky) to paint a self-portrait for the Palazzo Pitti. Aivazovsky was elected an honorary member of State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart, Stuttgart's Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1878. He made a trip to the Netherlands and France, staying briefly in Frankfurt until 1879. He then visited Munich and traveled to Genoa and Venice "to collect material on the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus." In 1880, Aivazovsky opened an art gallery in his Feodosia house; it became the third museum in the Russian Empire, after the Hermitage Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery. Aivazovsky held an 1881 exhibition at London's Pall Mall, London, Pall Mall, attended by English painter John Everett Millais and Edward VII, Prince of Wales.


Second marriage and later life

Aivazovsky's second wife, Anna Burnazian, was a young Armenian widow 40 years his junior. Aivazovsky said that by marrying her in 1882, he "became closer to [his] nation", referring to the Armenian people. In 1882, Aivazovsky visited Moscow and St Petersburg and then toured the countryside of Russia by traveling along the Volga River in 1884. In 1885, he was promoted to the rank of Table of Ranks, Privy Councilor. The next year, the 50th anniversary of his creative labors, was celebrated with an exhibition in St Petersburg, and an honorary membership in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts. In 1887, as part of a jubilee celebration of his career, Aivazovsky hosted a dinner for 150 friends. Each guest received a miniature painting by Aivazovsky set into a studio photograph of the artist at work. After meeting Aivazovsky in person, Anton Chekhov wrote a letter to his wife on 22 July 1888 describing him as follows: After traveling to Paris with his wife, in 1892 he made a trip to the United States, visiting Niagara Falls in New York and Washington D.C. In 1896, at 79, Aivazovsky was promoted to the rank of full privy councillor. Aivazovsky was deeply affected by the Hamidian massacres that took place in the Armenian-inhabited areas of the Ottoman Empire between 1894 and 1896. He painted a number of works on the subject such as ''The Expulsion of the Turkish Ship'', and ''The Armenian Massacres at Trebizond'' (1895). He threw the medals given to him by the Ottoman Sultan into the sea and told the Turkish consul in Feodosia: "Tell your bloodthirsty master that I've thrown away all the medals given to me, here are their ribbons, send it to him and if he wants, he can throw them into the seas painted by me." He created several other paintings capturing the events, such as ''Lonely Ship'' and ''Night. Tragedy in the Sea of Marmara'' (1897). He spent his final years in Feodosia. In the 1890s, thanks to his efforts a commercial port (:ru:Феодосийский морской торговый порт, ru) was established in Feodosia and linked to the railway network of the Russian Empire. The railway station, opened in 1892, is now called and is one of the two stations within the city of Feodosia. Aivazovsky also supplied Feodosia with drinking water.


Death

Aivazovsky died on 19 April (2 May in New Style) 1900 in Feodosia. In accordance with his wishes, he was buried at the courtyard of St. Sargis Armenian Church. A white marble sarcophagus was made by Italian sculptor L. Biogiolli in 1901. A quote from Movses Khorenatsi's ''History of Armenia (book), History of Armenia'' in Classical Armenian is engraved on his tombstone: (), which translates: "He was born a mortal, left an immortal legacy" or "Born as a mortal, left the immortal memory of himself". The inscription beneath reads: "Professor Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky 1817–1900" (). After his death, his wife Anna led a generally secluded life, living in several rooms she had retained after nationalization, until 1941. She died on 25 July 1944 and was buried next to Aivazovsky. Two of his daughters (Maria and Alexandra) left Russia following the Revolution of 1917, while the other two died shortly thereafter: Yelena in 1918 and Zhanna in 1922.


Art

During his 60-year career, Aivazovsky produced around 6,000 paintings of, what one online art magazine describes, "very different value ... there are masterpieces and there are very timid works". However, according to one count as many as 20,000 paintings are attributed to him. The vast majority of Aivazovsky's works depict the sea. He rarely drew dry-landscapes and created only a handful of portraits. According to Rosa Newmarch Aivazovsky "never painted his pictures from nature, always from memory, and far away from the seaboard." Rogachevsky wrote that "His artistic memory was legendary. He was able to reproduce what he had seen only for a very short time, without even drawing preliminary sketches." Bolton praised "his ability to convey the effect of moving water and of reflected sun and moonlight."


Exhibitions

He held 55 solo exhibitions (an unprecedented number) over the course of his career. Among the most notable were held in Rome, Naples and Venice (1841–42), Paris (1843, 1890), Amsterdam (1844), Moscow (1848, 1851, 1886), Sevastopol (1854), Tiflis (1868), Florence (1874), St. Petersburg (1875, 1877, 1886, 1891), Frankfurt (1879), Stuttgart (1879), London (1881), Berlin (1885, 1890), Warsaw (1885), Constantinople (1888), New York (1893), Chicago (1893), San Francisco (1893). He also "contributed to the exhibitions of the Imperial Academy of Arts (1836–1900), Salon (Paris), Paris Salon (1843, 1879), Society of Exhibitions of Works of Art (1876–83), Moscow Society of Lovers of the Arts (1880), Pan-Russian Exhibitions in Moscow (1882) and Nizhny Novgorod (1896), World Exhibitions in Paris (Exposition Universelle (1855), 1855, International Exposition (1867), 1867, Exposition Universelle (1878), 1878), 1862 International Exhibition, London (1863), Munich (1879) and World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893) and the international exhibitions in Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia (1876), Munich (1879) and Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin, Berlin (1896)."


Style

A primarily Romantic painter, Aivazovsky used some Realistic elements. Leek argued that Aivazovsky remained faithful to
Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...
throughout his life, "even though he oriented his work toward the Realist genre." His early works are influenced by his Academy of Arts teachers Maxim Vorobiev and Sylvester Shchedrin. Classic painters like Salvator Rosa, Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael and Claude Lorrain contributed to Aivazovsky's individual process and style. Karl Bryullov, best known for his ''The Last Day of Pompeii'', "played an important part in stimulating Aivazovsky's own creative development," according to Bolton. Aivazovsky's best paintings in the 1840s–1850s used a variety of colors and were both epic and romantic in theme. Newmarch suggested that by the mid-19th century the romantic features in Aivazovsky’'s work became "increasingly pronounced." She, like most scholars, considered his ''Ninth Wave'' his best piece of art and argued that it "seems to mark the transition between fantastic color of his earlier works, and the more truthful vision of the later years." By the 1870s, his paintings were dominated by delicate colors; and in the last two decades of his life, Aivazovsky created a series of silver-toned seascapes. The distinct transition in Russian art from Romanticism to Realism in the mid-nineteenth century left Aivazovsky, who would always retain a Romantic style, open to criticism. Proposed reasons for his unwillingness or inability to change began with his location; Feodosia was a remote town in the huge Russian empire, far from Moscow and Saint Petersburg. His mindset and worldview were similarly considered old-fashioned and did not correspond to the developments in Russian art and culture. Vladimir Stasov only accepted his early works, while Alexandre Benois wrote in his ''The History of Russian Painting in the 19th Century'' that despite being Vorobiev's student, Aivazovsky stood apart from the general development of the Russian landscape school. Aivazovsky's later work contained dramatic scenes and was usually done on a larger scale. He depicted "the romantic struggle between man and the elements in the form of the sea (''The Rainbow'', 1873), and so-called "blue marines" (''The Bay of Naples in Early Morning'', 1897, ''Disaster'', 1898) and urban landscapes (''Moonlit Night on the Bosphorus'', 1894)."


Works


Landscapes

File:Aivazovsky - Look to the Large Cascade and Large Petergof Palace.jpg, ''View of a Fountain and Peterhof Palace'' (1837) File:Лазоревый грот. Неаполь.jpg, ''Azure Grotto, Naples'' (1841) File:Галатская башня в лунном свете.jpg, ''The Galata Tower by Moonlight'' (1845) File:Aivazovsky - View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus.jpg, ''View of Constantinople'', with the Nusretiye Mosque (1856) File:Иван Константинович Айвазовский - Широкий пейзаж с поселенцами.jpg, ''Landscape with Settlers'' (1856) File:Иван К. Айвазовский - От Млеты до Гудаури (1868).jpg, ''From Mleta to Gudauri'' (1868) File:Tiflis by aivazovsky.jpg, ''View of Tiflis from Seid-Abaz'' (1868) File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Moscow in Winter from the Sparrow Hills.JPG, ''Moscow in Winter from the Sparrow Hills'' (1872)


Seascapes

File:Иван Константинович Айвазовский - Ночь в Гурзуфе.jpg, ''Night at Gurzuf'' File:Russians at navarino.jpg, ''Battle of Navarino'' (1848) File:Иван К. Айвазовский - Бриг Меркурий после победы над двумя турецкими кораблями (1848).jpg, ''The brig Mercury encounter after defeating two Turkish ships of the Russian squadron'' (1848) File:Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich Bracing The Waves.jpg, ''Bracing The Waves'' File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Battle of Çesme at Night.JPG, ''Battle of Çeşme at Night'' (1856) File:Ivan Aivazovsky Bucht von Neapel 1842.jpg, ''Bay of
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
'' (1842) File:Aivazovsky gibraltar.jpg, ''American Shipping off the Rock of Gibraltar'' (1873) File:Айвазовский (Гайвазовский) Иван (Оганес) Константинович Радуга.jpg, ''Rainbow'' (1873) File:Aivasovsky I C Ship "Twelve Apostles".jpg, ''Ship "Twelve Apostles"'' (1878) File:Aivazovsky - Sea coast at night. Near the beacon.jpg, ''Sea coast at night. Near the beacon'' (1837) Image:The Burning of the Turkish Flagship by Kanaris - Ivan Aivazovsky, 1881.png, ''The burning of the Turkish flagship by Konstantinos Kanaris, Kanaris'' (1881) File:Aivazovsky Seascape with a steamer.jpg, ''Seascape with a steamer'' (1886) File:File-Ivan Aivazovsky - Tempset by Sounion.jpg, Tempest by Sounion (1856) File:Picture "anger of the seas" by Aivasovsky.jpg, ''The Wrath Of The Seas'' (1886) File:Aivazovsky, Brig Mercury Attacked by Two Turkish Ships 1892.jpg, ''Brig "Mercury" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships'' (1892) File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Lake Maggiore in the Evening.JPG, ''Lake Maggiore in the Evening'' (1892)


Religious paintings

File:Aivazovsky Chaos 1841.jpg, ''Chaos'' (1841) File:Po vodam 1888.jpg, ''Jesus walking on water'' (1888) File:Po vodam.jpg, ''Jesus walking on water'' (1890) File:Aivazovsky Passage of the Jews through the Red Sea.jpg, ''Passage of the Jews through the Red Sea'' (1891)


Orientalist themes

File:Aivazovsky Bosporus.jpg, ''Bosphorus'' File:Айвазовский (Гайвазовский) Иван (Оганес) Константинович Лунная ночь на Босфоре.jpg, ''A Moonlit Night on the Bosphorus'' File:Constantinople la mosquée de Top-Kahné-Ivan Aivazovski mg 8270.jpg, ''Top-Kahne Mosque'' (Nusretiye Mosque) File:View of constantinople by evening light.jpg, ''View of Constantinopole by Evening Light'' File:Aivazovsky - Scenes from Cairo's life.jpg, ''Scenes from Cairo, Cairo's Life'' File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Boat Ride by Kumkapi in Constantinople.JPG, ''Boat Ride by Kumkapı in Constantinople'' File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Sunset over the Golden Horn.JPG, ''Sunset over the Golden Horn'' File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Dusk on the Golden Horn.JPG, ''Dusk on the Golden Horn'' File:Ivan Aivazovsky Trebizond 1887.jpg, ''Trabzon, Trebizond'' File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Coffee-house by the Ortaköy Mosque in Constantinople.JPG, ''Coffee-house by the Ortaköy Mosque in Constantinople'' File:Иван К. Айвазовский - Великая Пирамида в Гизе (1871).jpg, ''The Great Pyramid of Giza'' File:Башни на скале у Босфора Айвазовского.jpg, ''Towers on the cliff near the Bosphorus (1859)''


Armenian themes

Aivazovsky's early works incorporated Armenian themes. The artist's longstanding wish to visit his ancestral homeland was fulfilled in 1868. During his visit to Russian (Eastern) Armenia (roughly corresponding to the modern Armenia, as opposed to
Western Armenia Western Armenia (Western Armenian: Արեւմտեան Հայաստան, ''Arevmdian Hayasdan'') is a term to refer to the eastern parts of Turkey (formerly the Ottoman Empire) that are part of the historical homeland of the Armenians. Weste ...
under Ottoman rule), Aivazovsky created paintings of Mount Ararat, the Ararat plain, and Lake Sevan. Although Mt. Ararat has been depicted in paintings of many non-native artists (mostly European travelers), Aivazovsky became the first Armenian artist to illustrate the two-peaked biblical mountain. He resumed the creation of Armenian-related paintings in the 1880s: ''Valley of Mount Ararat'' (1882), ''Ararat'' (1887), ''Descent of Noah from Ararat'' (1889). The unique ''Valley of Mount Ararat'' contains Aivazovksy's signature in Armenian: "Aivazian" (). In a panorama of Venice expressed by ''Byron's Visit to the Mekhitarists on St Lazarus Island in Venice'' (1898); the foreground of the picture contains members of the Armenian Congregation giving an enthusiastic welcome to the poet. His other themed works from this period include rare portraits of notable Armenians, such as his brother Archbishop Gabriel Aivazovsky (:File:Gabriel Aivazovsky.jpg, 1882), Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov (:File:LorisMelikov Aivazovsky.jpg, 1888), Catholicos Mkrtich Khrimian (:File:Aivazovsky - Catholicos Khrimyan Airik near Echmiadzin.jpg, 1895), Nakhichevan-on-Don Mayor Аrutyun Khalabyan and others. ''The Baptism of Armenians'' and ''Oath Before the Battle of Avarayr'' (both 1892) depict the two single most memorable events of ancient Armenia: the Christianization of Armenia via baptism of King Tiridates III of Armenia, Tiridates III (early 4th century), and the Battle of Avarayr of 451. File:Valley of Mount Ararat by Ivan Aivazovsky (1882).jpg, ''Valley of Mount Ararat'' (1882) File:Aivazovsky - Descent of Noah from Ararat.jpg, ''Descent of Noah from Ararat'' (1889). National Gallery of Armenia File:Gregory the Illuminator.jpg, ''The Baptism of the Armenian People'' (by Gregory the Illuminator) avaray File:Aivazovsky - Oath befory Battle of Avarayr.jpg, ''Oath Before the Battle of Avarayr'' (1892) File:Bayron's visit to San Lazzaro by Aivazovsky (1899).jpg, ''Lord Byron's visit to
San Lazzaro degli Armeni San Lazzaro degli Armeni (, "Saint Lazarus of the Armenians"; called Saint Lazarus Island in English sources; hy, Սուրբ Ղազար, Surb Ghazar) is a small island in the Venetian Lagoon which has been home to the monastery of the Mekhita ...
'' (1899) File:Aivazovsky - Catholicos Khrimyan Airik near Echmiadzin.jpg, Mkrtich Khrimian near Echmiadzin


Aivazovsky and archaeology

Aivazovsky took an interest in archaeology since the 1850s. He employed farmers to conduct archaeological excavations in the Feodosia area. In 1853 some 22 burial mounds were excavated on Mount Tepe-Oba, which mostly contained broken amphorae and bones, but also golden necklaces, earrings, a female head, a chain with a sphinx, a sphinx with woman's head, the head of an ox, slabs; silver bracelets; clay statuettes, medallions, various vessels, a sarcophagus; silver and bronze coins. The site has been dated to the 5th to 3rd centuries BC when there was an ancient Greek settlement of Theodosia. The best finds were sent by Aivazovsky to the Hermitage Museum, Imperial Hermitage in Petersburg. In 1871 he founded the construction of a new Museum of Antiquities on Mount Mitridat (Feodosia), Mount Mitridat modeled after a typical Ancient Greek temple of the Doric order. It was destroyed during World War II.


Aivazovsky's estates

Aivazovsky was a major landowner with numerous estates in eastern Crimea, mostly in the vicinity of Feodosia. These estates delivered him significant income; more than the sale of his paintings. His earliest major estate, bestowed by the Emperor of All Russia, Emperor in 1848 along with a personal noble title, was the one at Shakh-Mamai (now called ). Located some from Feodosia, it initially covered an area of 2,500 Obsolete Russian units of measurement#Area, diasiatins (around ). The estate had an Eastern-style house, and one of its most prominent visitors, Anton Chekhov, wrote that "It is an extravagant, fairy-tale estate of the kind you must probably find in Persia." By the end of his life, the estate had grown to include some 6,000 diasiatins of land, a dairy farm, and a steam-powered mill. The second major estate, located in Subash (now ), contained some 2,500 diasiatins of land. The site contained several natural springs, which Aivazovsky acquired in 1852 from the Lansky family. The latter also sold Aivazovsky 2,362 diasiatins of land. Later, Aivazovsky supplied Feodosia with water from Subash. In both estates, vegetables were grown. He had small estates in Romash-Eli (now Romanovka), with 338 diasiatins of land covered with orchards, and the Sudak Valley, with 12 diasiatins of vineyard, along with a dacha (summer house). In Feodosia, Aivazovsky possessed a house and a vineyard. He also owned houses elsewhere in Crimea, such as Stary Krym and Yalta. The estates inherited by his heirs were lost in the early Soviet period when they were nationalized.


Influence

Aivazovsky was the most influential seascape painter in nineteenth-century Russian art. According to the Russian Museum, "he was the first and for a long time the only representative of seascape painting" and "all other artists who painted seascapes were either his own students or influenced by him." Arkhip Kuindzhi (1842–1910) is sometimes cited as having been influenced by Aivazovsky. In 1855, at age 13–14, Kuindzhi visited Feodosia to study with Aivazovsky, however, he was engaged merely to mix paints and instead studied with Adolf Fessler, Aivazovsky's student. A 1903 encyclopedic article stated: "Although Kuindzhi cannot be called a student of Aivazovsky, the latter had without doubt some influence on him in the first period of his activity; from whom he borrowed much in the manner of painting." English art historian John Ellis Bowlt, John E. Bowlt wrote that "the elemental sense of light and form associated with Aivazovsky's sunsets, storms, and surging oceans permanently influenced the young Kuindzhi." Vartan Makhokhian, an Trabzon-born Armenian painter, who was later based in France, met Aivazovsky in Crimea in 1894. The latter had a major influence on his work. Aivazovsky also influenced Russian painters Lev Lagorio, , and (the latter two were his grandsons).


Recognition

Ivan Aivazovsky is one of the few Russian artists to achieve wide recognition during his lifetime. He is considered one of the most prominent marine artists of the 19th century, and, overall, one of the greatest marine artists in Russia and the world. Aivazovsky was also one of the few Russian artists to become famous outside Russia. In 1898, ''Munsey's Magazine'' wrote that Aivazovsky is "better known to the world at large than any other artist of his nationality, with the exception of the sensational Vasily Vereshchagin, Verestchagin". However, Aivazovsky has not been incorporated into the mainstream Western history of art and he remains relatively unknown in the West. Souren Melikian described Aivazovsky as "highly Academic art, academic."


In Russia

In 1890 the ''Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary'' described him as the "best Russian marine painter". He was praised by contemporary artists Ivan Kramskoi, Alexandre Benois, and the novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky. In nineteenth-century Russia, his name became a synonym for art and beauty. The phrase "worthy of Aivazovsky's brush" was the standard way of describing something ineffably lovely. It was first used by Anton Chekhov in his 1897 play ''Uncle Vanya''. In response to Marina Timofeevna's (the old nurse) query about the fight between Ivan Voynitsky ("Uncle Vanya") and Aleksandr Serebryakov, Ilya Telegin says that it was "A sight worthy of Aivazovsky's brush." A street in Moscow was named after Aivazovsky in 1978. His first and only statue in Russia was erected in 2007 in Kronstadt, near Saint Petersburg. The Simferopol International Airport in Crimea, after Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Russian annexation, was voted to be named after Aivazovsky in 2018. It was officially renamed according to a decree signed by President Vladimir Putin on 31 May 2019, and ceremonially renamed on Russia Day (12 June). In a July 2017 poll conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center, VTsIOM Aivazovsky ranked first as the most favorite artist of Russians, with 27% of respondents naming him as their favorite, ahead of Ivan Shishkin (26%) and Ilya Repin (16%). Overall, 93% of respondents said they were familiar with his name (26% knew him well, 67% have heard his name) and 63% of those who know him said they liked his works, including 80% of those 60 or older and 35% of 18 to 24 year olds.


In Armenia

In Armenia, Aivazovsky has been considered an Armenian painter and exclusievly referred to by his Armenian name, Hovhannes.; russian: Ован(н)ес Айвазовский, ) He has been described as the "most remarkable" Armenian painter of the 19th century and the first-ever Armenian marine painter. He signed some of his paintings and letters in Armenian alphabet, Armenian. He was born outside Armenia, and like his contemporary Armenian painters, Aivazovsky drew primary influences from European and Russian schools of art. According to Sureniants, he sought to create a union which would have brought together all Armenian artists around the world. The prominent Armenian poet Hovhannes Tumanyan wrote a short poem titled "In Front of an Aiazovsky painting" in 1893, inspired by a seascape. It was translated into English in 1917 by Alice Stone Blackwell. As early as 1876, a sea painting by Aivazovsky was hanging at the residence of the Catholicos of All Armenians, Catholicos at the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, monastery of Etchmiadzin, the center of the Armenian Church. The National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan holds around 100 works of Aivazovsky, including 65 paintings. Several paintings from the National Gallery now hang in the Presidential Palace, Yerevan, Presidential Palace in Yerevan. A bust of Aivazovsky was erected in Stepanakert, the center of Republic of Artsakh, Nagorno-Karabakh, in December 2021.


Elsewhere

Aivazovsky's paintings were popular in the Ottoman imperial court during the 19th century. According to ''Hürriyet Daily News'', as of 2014, 30 paintings of Aivazovsky are on display in museums in Turkey. According to , an organizer of an Aivazovsky exhibition in Istanbul, there are 60 Aivazovsky paintings in Turkey, including 41 in Turkish public institutions: 21 in former Ottoman palaces, 10 in various marine and military museums, 10 at the presidential residence, and 10 in private collections in Istanbul. In 2007, when Abdullah Gül became president of Turkey, he brought paintings by Aivazovsky up from the basement to hang in his office during redecoration of the presidential palace, the Çankaya Mansion in Ankara. Pictures of official meetings of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the new Presidential Complex (Turkey), Presidential Complex in Ankara show that the walls of the rooms at the presidential residence are decorated with Aivazovsky's artwork. In Ukraine, he is sometimes considered a Ukrainian painter. He was included in a 2001 book titled ''100 Greatest Ukrainians''. In a 2012 poll in Ukraine, Aivazovsky placed 67 in the list of greatest Ukrainians of all time, receiving the same points as Olha Kobylianska, Ani Lorak, Marko Vovchok, Yevhen Konovalets (they were named by 0.3% of respondents as one of the three greatest Ukrainians). An alley in Kyiv (') was named after him in 1939. In 1999 a :File:Памятник братьям Айвазян.jpg, statue of Aivazovsky and his brother Gabriel was erected in Simferopol, Crimea's administrative center. In June 2017 Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko claimed that Aivazovsky is "part of Ukrainian heritage." Russian media accused him of Cultural appropriation, appropriation of Aivazovsky. Works by Aivazovsky, among others, were presumably destroyed when an airstrike hit the Kuindzhi Art Museum in Mariupol during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian invasion of Ukraine in March 2022.


Legacy

Aivazovsky's house in Feodosia, where he had founded an art museum in 1880, is open to this day as the Aivazovsky National Art Gallery. It remains a central attraction in the city and holds the world's largest collections (417) of Aivazovsky paintings. A statue of the artist, by :ru:Гинцбург, Илья Яковлевич, Ilya Ginzburg, was erected in front of the museum in 1930.


Posthumous honors

The Soviet Union (:File:Stamp of USSR 1586.jpg, 1950), Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania (1971), Armenia (first in 1992), Russia (first in 1995), Ukraine (1999), and other countries have issued postage stamps depicting Aivazovsky or his works. The minor planet 3787 Aivazovskij, named after Aivazovsky, was discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh in 1977. In 2016 and 2017 the 200th anniversary of Aivazovsky was celebrated with major exhibitions in Russia, Ukraine, and Armenia. An exhibition featuring 120 paintings and 55 etchings of Aivazovsky was held at the Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val in Moscow from 29 July to 20 November 2016 dedicated to his 200th anniversary of birth. In the first 2 weeks, the exhibition had around 55,000 visitors, a record number. 38 of the works were moved from the Aivazovsky Art Gallery in Feodosia, which prompted Ukraine to call for an international boycott of the Tretyakov Gallery as it considers Crimea an occupied territory. Exhibitions were also held at the National Art Museum of Ukraine in Kiev, and the National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan. Aivazovsky is depicted on the 20,000 Armenian dram banknotes issued in 2018.


Auctions

Aivazovsky's paintings began appearing in auctions (mostly in London) in the early 2000s. Many of his works are being bought by Russian oligarchs. His works have risen steadily in auction value. In 2004, his ''Saint Isaac's Cathedral On A Frosty Day'', a rare cityscape, sold for around £1 million ($2.1 million). In 2006 ''The Varangians on the Dnieper River, Dnieper'' sold for $3.2 million at Sotheby's. In 2007 his painting ''American Shipping off the Rock of Gibraltar'' auctioned at £2.71 million, "more than four times its top estimate". In April 2012, his 1856 work '':File:Aivazovsky - View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus.jpg, View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus'' was sold at Sotheby's for a record $5.2 million (£3.2 million), a tenfold increase since it was last at an auction in 1995. In 2020 his 1878 painting ''The Bay of Naples'' sold for $2.8 million, a record for a painting at an online-only auction.


Stolen paintings

In January 2011 a number of paintings, including those of Aivazovsky, were stolen from the country house of Aleksandr Tarantsev, an owner of a chain of jewelry stores in Russia, outside Moscow. In 2017 it was reported that a fake of one of the paintings stolen from Tarantsev's house was presented to Armenian president Serzh Sargsyan by the Pyunik foundation. In February 2011 an 1875 Aivazovsky painting ''A Storm on Rocky Shores'' was discovered at a Moscow auction after having been stolen from Armenia in 1990. It was returned to Armenia's National Gallery of Armenia, National Gallery by the Armenian-born Russian Federation Council (Russia), Senator (Hovhannes Ohanyan), its last owner. In June 2015 Sotheby's withdrew from auction an 1870 Aivazovsky painting ''Evening in Cairo'', which was estimated at £1.5–2 million ($2–$3 million), after the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia), Russian Interior Ministry claimed that it was stolen in 1997 from a private collection in Moscow. In 2017 ''View on Revel'' (1845), stolen from the in 1976, was found at the in Zürich, Switzerland. According to the Ukrainian authorities, some original works by Aivazovsky were taken by Russia from Mariupol museums to Russian-controlled Donetsk during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.


Awards


Ranks

Table of Ranks, Russian Table of Ranks: *1870 – Actual Civil Councilor () *1885 – Privy Councilor () *1896 – Actual Privy Councilor ()


See also

*Russian culture *Armenian culture *Armenians in Crimea


References

Notes Citations


Bibliography

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Further reading


Books and articles on Aivazovsky

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Articles analyzing Aivazovsky's works

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External links


Chronological List of paintings by Ivan Aivazovsky


Galleries of Aivazovsky's paintings

* at the Russian State Museum
National Gallery of ArmeniaThe AthenaeumOld Istanbul paints
at Organization of Istanbul Armenians
Ivan Aivazovsky in collection of the Odessa Art Museum. Album. Odessa, Astroprint, 2012.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aivazovsky, Ivan 1817 births 1900 deaths People from Feodosia Ethnic Armenian painters 19th-century Armenian painters 19th-century painters from the Russian Empire Painters from the Russian Empire Russian male painters Armenian people from the Russian Empire Armenian romantic painters Russian romantic painters Russian landscape painters Imperial Academy of Arts alumni Russian marine artists Ethnic Armenian academics Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Members of the Imperial Academy of Arts Awarded with a large gold medal of the Academy of Arts 19th-century male artists from the Russian Empire Orientalist painters