Events

January–March

January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...

–

Third voyage of James Cook James Cook's third and final voyage (12 July 1776 – 4 October 1780) took the route from Plymouth via Cape Town and Tenerife to New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands, and along the North American coast to the Bering Strait. Its ostensible ...

: Captain James Cook, with ships HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS ''Discovery'', first views

Oahu Oahu () ( Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering Place", is the third-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to roughly one million people—over two-thirds of the population of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The island of O� ...

then Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands of the Pacific Ocean, which he names the ''Sandwich Islands''. * February 5 – **

South Carolina )'' Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no) , anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind" , Former = Province of South Carolina , seat = Columbia , LargestCity = Charleston , LargestMetro = ...

becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. ** **General John Cadwalader shoots and seriously wounds Major General

Thomas Conway Thomas Conway (February 27, 1735 – c. 1800) served as a major general in the American Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He became involved with the alleged Conway Cabal with Horatio Gates. He later served with Émigré for ...

in a duel after a dispute between the two officers over Conway's continued criticism of General

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of ...

's leadership of the Continental Army.''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p166 * February 6 –

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...

– In Paris, the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France, signaling official French recognition of the new republic. * February 23 –

–

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von Steuben (born Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin Louis von Steuben; September 17, 1730 – November 28, 1794), also referred to as Baron von Steuben (), was a Prussian military officer who ...

arrives at

Valley Forge Valley Forge functioned as the third of eight winter encampments for the Continental Army's main body, commanded by General George Washington, during the American Revolutionary War. In September 1777, Congress fled Philadelphia to escape the ...

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...

and begins to train the American troops. *

March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. * 845 & ...

–

October 24 Events Pre-1600 * AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius. *1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France. * 1360 – The T ...

–

Captain Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and ...

explores and maps the

Pacific Northwest The Pacific Northwest (sometimes Cascadia, or simply abbreviated as PNW) is a geographic region in western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Tho ...

coast of North America, from

Cape Foulweather Cape Foulweather is a basalt outcropping above the Pacific Ocean on the central coastline of the U.S. state of Oregon - in Lincoln County, south of Depoe Bay. The cape is notable as the first promontory on the northwest coast of New Albion ...

(

Oregon Oregon () is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. T ...

) to the Bering Strait. *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a ...

–

approves the dishonorable discharge of Lieutenant

Frederick Gotthold Enslin Lieutenant Frederick Gotthold Enslin was a Continental Army officer who the focus of one of three possible cases of sodomy documented in the Continental Army under General George Washington. The case began with a charge against an ensign for slan ...

, for "attempting to commit sodomy, with John Monhort a soldier".

April–June

April 7 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town. * 529 – First ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Empe ...

– Former British Prime Minister William Pitt delivers his last speech to Parliament, and speaks to the House of Lords "passionately but incoherently against the granting of independence" to the American colonies, but collapses during the debate, and dies five weeks later. *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...

– King George III appoints the five-member Carlisle Peace Commission to present peace terms to negotiate an end to the rebellion of Britain's 13 American colonies. *

April 30 Events Pre-1600 *311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends. *1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois. *1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus hi ...

– The long

Hudson River Chain The Hudson River Chains were a series of chain booms constructed across the Hudson River at West Point by Continental Army forces from 1776 to 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. These served as defenses preventing British naval vessels ...

, designed to prevent British ships from moving up the river toward

West Point, New York West Point is the oldest continuously occupied military post in the United States. Located on the Hudson River in New York, West Point was identified by General George Washington as the most important strategic position in America during the Ame ...

is stretched across the river and anchored by an engineering team under the direction of Captain Thomas Machin. *

May 12 Events Pre-1600 * 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism. * 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang d ...

–

Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz (german: Heinrich XI Fürst Reuß zu Greiz; 18 March 172228 June 1800) was the first Prince Reuss of Greiz from 1778 to 1800. Early life Heinrich XI was born at Greiz, Reuss, youngest child of Count Heinrich ...

is elevated to

Prince A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. T ...

of the

Principality of Reuss-Greiz The Principality of Reuss-Greiz (german: Fürstentum Reuß-Greiz), called the Principality of the Reuss Elder Line (german: Fürstentum Reuß älterer Linie) after 1848, was a sovereign state in modern Germany, ruled by members of the House of ...

by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor – it is during Heinrich XI's rule in 1778, that the first appearance of the national colors of modern Germany are present on a flag that closely resembles the modern

Flag of Germany The national flag of Germany is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany: black, red, and gold (german: Schwarz-Rot-Gold). The flag was first sighted in 1848 in the German Confederat ...

, to occur anywhere within what today comprises Germany. * May 30 – Benedict Arnold signs the U.S. Oath of Allegiance at

. *

June 24 Events Pre-1600 *1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. ...

– A total solar eclipse takes place across parts of North America, from

Texas Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...

. * June 28 –

– Battle of Monmouth:

's Continental Army battles British general Sir Henry Clinton's army to a draw, near

Monmouth County, New Jersey Monmouth County () is a county located on the coast of central New Jersey. The county is part of the New York metropolitan area and is situated along the northern half of the Jersey Shore. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the county's population wa ...

. *

June June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in ...

– The

Anglo-French War (1778–83) The Anglo-French Wars were a series of conflicts between England (and after 1707, Britain) and France, including: Middle Ages High Middle Ages * Anglo-French War (1109–1113) – first conflict between the Capetian Dynasty and the House of Norma ...

begins.

July–September

July 3 Events Pre-1600 * 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. * 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolut ...

–

– The

Battle of Wyoming The Battle of Wyoming, also known as the Wyoming Massacre, was a military engagement during the American Revolutionary War between Patriot militiamen and a mixed force of Loyalist soldiers and Iroquois raiders. The clash took place in the Wyom ...

takes place near

Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Wilkes-Barre ( or ) is a city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Luzerne County. Located at the center of the Wyoming Valley in Northeastern Pennsylvania, it had a population of 44,328 in the 2020 census. It is the s ...

, ending in a terrible defeat for the local colonists. *

July 4 Events Pre-1600 *362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaime ...

–

– George Rogers Clark takes Kaskaskia. *

July 10 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina. * 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...

–

Louis XVI of France Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was ...

declares war on the

Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...

. *

July 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. * 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Ste ...

–

First Battle of Ushant The Battle of Ushant (also called the First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778, and was fought during the American Revolutionary War between French and British fleets west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off ...

–

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

and French fleets fight to a standoff. *

August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...

– The La Scala Opera House opens in

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...

, with the première of

Antonio Salieri Antonio Salieri (18 August 17507 May 1825) was an Italian classical composer, conductor, and teacher. He was born in Legnago, south of Verona, in the Republic of Venice, and spent his adult life and career as a subject of the Habsburg monarchy ...

's '' Europa riconosciuta''. *

August 26 Events Pre-1600 * 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah. *1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most ...

– Triglav, at above sea level the highest peak of

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...

, is ascended for the first time by four men: Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič, and Lovrenc Willomitzer, on

Sigmund Zois Sigmund Zois Freiherr von Edelstein, usually referred as Sigmund Zois ( sl, Žiga Zois, formerly Slovenized as ''Cojs'' or ''Cojz''; ) (23 November 1747 – 10 November 1819) was a Carniolan nobleman, natural scientist and patron of the arts. He ...

' initiative. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...

–

– The tactically inconclusive Battle of Rhode Island takes place, after which the Continental Army abandons its position on Aquidneck Island. *

September September is the ninth month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the third of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the fourth of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. September in the Northern H ...

– The ''

Massachusetts Banishment Act The Massachusetts Banishment Act, officially named the "Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts", was passed in September 1778 "to prevent the return to this state of certain persons therein named and others who have left this state or either o ...

'', providing punishment for

Loyalists Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cro ...

, is passed. *

September 7 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem. * 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII. *1159 – Pope Alexander III is chosen. *1191 – Third Cr ...

–

– Invasion of Dominica: The French capture the British fort there, before the latter is aware that France has entered the war in the Franco-American alliance. * September 17 – The

Treaty of Fort Pitt The Treaty of Fort Pitt, also known as the Treaty With the Delawares, the Delaware Treaty, or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh, was signed on September 17, 1778, and was the first formal treaty between the new United States of America and any A ...

is signed, the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe (the Lenape or Delaware). *

September 19 Events Pre-1600 * 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed. * 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...

– The Continental Congress passes the first budget of the United States.

October–December

October 12 Events Pre-1600 * 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...

– The Continental Congress advises the 13 member states to suppress "theatrical entertainments, horse-racing, gaming, and such other diversions as are productive of idleness, dissipation, and general depravity of principles and manners." KahakuloaHead sml

November 11 Events Pre-1600 * 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, ''Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the ...

–

Cherry Valley massacre The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Iroquois forces on a fort and the town of Cherry Valley in central New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It has been described as one of the most horrific ...

– British forces and their Iroquois allies attack a fort and the village of Cherry Valley, New York, killing 14 soldiers and 30 civilians. *

November 26 Events Pre-1600 * 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus. * 1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynast ...

**In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to land on Maui. **

New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...

becomes the second state to agree to the Articles of Confederation. *

December 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1317 – The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköpi ...

–

John Jay John Jay (December 12, 1745 – May 17, 1829) was an American statesman, patriot, diplomat, abolitionist, signatory of the Treaty of Paris, and a Founding Father of the United States. He served as the second governor of New York and the f ...

of New York is chosen as the sixth

President of the Continental Congress The president of the United States in Congress Assembled, known unofficially as the president of the Continental Congress and later as the president of the Congress of the Confederation, was the presiding officer of the Continental Congress, the ...

Undated

* The first

settlement Settlement may refer to: *Human settlement, a community where people live *Settlement (structural), the distortion or disruption of parts of a building * Closing (real estate), the final step in executing a real estate transaction *Settlement (fin ...

is made in the area of what is now

Louisville, Kentucky Louisville ( , , ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 28th most-populous city in the United States. Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County, on the Indiana border ...

, by 13 families under

Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge o ...

George Rogers Clark. * Phillips Academy is founded by Samuel Phillips Jr. * The term ''

thoroughbred The Thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. Although the word ''thoroughbred'' is sometimes used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, it technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed. Thoroughbreds are ...

'' is first used in the United States, in an advertisement in a

Kentucky Kentucky ( , ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia ...

gazette A gazette is an official journal, a newspaper of record, or simply a newspaper. In English and French speaking countries, newspaper publishers have applied the name ''Gazette'' since the 17th century; today, numerous weekly and daily newspaper ...

, to describe a

stallion called Pilgarlick. *

Thomas Kitchin Thomas Kitchin (also Kitchen; 1718–1784) was an United Kingdom, English engraver and cartographer, who became hydrographer to the king. He was also a writer, who wrote about the history of the West Indies. Life He was born in Southwark, and wa ...

's ''The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe'' is published in London. * The city of

Ulaanbaatar Ulaanbaatar (; mn, Улаанбаатар, , "Red Hero"), previously anglicized as Ulan Bator, is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia. It is the coldest capital city in the world, on average. The municipality is located in north ce ...

was settled at its present location, having functioned as a mobile monastic settlement since 1639.

Births

January–April

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

Tredwell Scudder Tredwell Scudder (January 1, 1778 – October 31, 1834) was a U.S. Representative from New York. Career Town supervisor of Islip in 1795, 1796, and 1804–1815. He served as member of the State assembly in 1802, 1810, 1811, 1814, and 1815. Scu ...

, American politician (d.

1834 Events January–March * January – The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina. * January 1 – Zollverein (Germany): Customs charges are abolished at borders within its member states. * January 3 � ...

) **

Charles Alexandre Lesueur Charles Alexandre Lesueur (1 January 1778 in Le Havre – 12 December 1846 in Le Havre) was a French naturalist, artist, and explorer. He was a prolific natural-history collector, gathering many type specimens in Australia, Southeast Asia, ...

, French naturalist (d.

1846 Events January–March * January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom. * January 13 – The Milan–Venice railway's bridge, over the Venetian Lagoon between ...

) * January 3 – Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish Catholic bishop (d.

1861 Statistically, this year is considered the end of the whale oil industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the petroleum oil industry. Events January–March * January 1 ** Benito Juárez captures Mexico City. ** The first stea ...

) * January 4 **

Billy J. Clark Billy James Clark (January 4, 1778 in Northampton, Hampshire County, Massachusetts – September 20, 1866) was an American physician and politician from New York. Life He was the son of Ithamar Clark and Sarah (Simonds) Clark. He grew up in ...

, American politician (d.

1866 Events January–March * January 1 ** Fisk University, a historically black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee. ** The last issue of the abolitionist magazine '' The Liberator'' is published. * January 6 – Ottoman t ...

) **

Paolo Polidori Paolo Polidori (4 January 1778 – 23 April 1847) was an Italian Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal of the Catholic Church. Biography Paolo Polidori was born in Iesi, Marche; where he studied at the seminary of Perugia. He was ordained as ...

, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.

1847 Events January–March * January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U.S. government. * January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends fighting in the Mexican–American War in California. * January 16 – John C. Frémont ...

) ** Jean-Antoine Alavoine, French architect (d.

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 * 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French a ...

–

Charles-Guillaume Étienne Charles-Guillaume Étienne (5 January 177813 March 1845) was a 19th-century French playwright. Biography He was born in Chamouilley, Haute-Marne. He held various municipal offices under the Revolution and came in 1793 to Paris, where he prod ...

, French writer (d.

1845 Events January–March * January 10 – Elizabeth Barrett receives a love letter from the younger poet Robert Browning; on May 20, they meet for the first time in London. She begins writing her ''Sonnets from the Portuguese''. * January 2 ...

)

* January 6 –

Thomas Lincoln Thomas Lincoln (January 6, 1778 – January 17, 1851) was an American farmer, carpenter, and father of the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. Unlike some of his ancestors, Thomas could not write. He struggled to make a succes ...

, Farmer, Carpenter (d. 1851) * January 7 – Anthony Todd Thomson, British dermatologist (d.

1849 Events January–March * January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series, the nation's first postage stamps. * January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in th ...

) * January 9 – Thomas Brown, Scottish metaphysician (d.

1820 Events January–March *January 1 – Nominal beginning of the Trienio Liberal in Spain: A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7). *January 8 – General Maritime T ...

) * January 10 – Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Argentine politician (d. 1851) *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...

– Agathon Jean François Fain, French historian (d.

1837 Events January–March * January 1 – The destructive Galilee earthquake causes 6,000–7,000 casualties in Ottoman Syria. * January 26 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States. * February – Charles Dick ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. * 1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already rei ...

– William Herbert, British politician (d.

) * January 13 – Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet, British financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom (d.

1859 Events January–March * January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico. * January 24 ( O. S.) – Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Romania since 1866, final ...

) * January 15 – Joseph Adamy, Nassauian politician (d.

) * January 16 **

Teodoro Lechi Teodoro Lechi (Brescia, 16 January 1778 – Milan, 2 May 1866) was an Italian people, Italian general, a Jacobin (politics), Jacobin and a military advisor to King Charles Albert of Sardinia, Carlo Alberto of Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia. He was ...

, Italian general (d.

) **

John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott DL FRSE (16 January 1778 – 10 January 1860) was a Scottish peer and soldier. Known as "the rich Lord" he built the bridge in front of Arbuthnott House, Kincardineshire. He was the first member of t ...

, Scottish peer and soldier (d.

1860 Events January–March * January 2 – The discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan is announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 – The Pemberton Mill in Lawrence, Massachusett ...

) *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 *38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

** Donald Macdonell, Canadian politician (d.

) ** George Black, Canadian politician, businessman and important shipbuilder in Quebec, during the earlier part of the 19th century (d.

1854 Events January–March * January 4 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the ''Samarang''. * January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is perhaps born. * January 9 – The ...

) *

– George Bellas Greenough, British geologist (d.

1855 Events January–March * January 1 – Ottawa, Ontario, is incorporated as a city. * January 5 – Ramón Castilla begins his third term as President of Peru. * January 23 ** The first bridge over the Mississippi River open ...

) * January 20 – Louis Antoine François Baillon, French naturalist, collector (d.

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when ...

–

Jeremiah O'Brien Captain Jeremiah O'Brien (1744–1818) was an Irish-American captain in the Massachusetts State Navy. Prior to its existence (or that of the Continental Navy), he commanded the sloop ''Unity'' when he captured the Royal Navy, British armed s ...

, American politician (d.

1858 Events January–March * January – ** Benito Juárez (1806–1872) becomes Liberal President of Mexico. At the same time, conservatives install Félix María Zuloaga (1813–1898) as president. ** William I of Prussia becomes regen ...

) *

January 23 Events Pre-1600 * 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor. * 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao. *1264 & ...

–

Alire Raffeneau Delile Alire Raffeneau Delile (23 January 1778, in Versailles – 5 July 1850, in Montpellier) was a French botanist. Biography Delile studied botany with Jean Lemonnier, and was in the Paris medical school in 1796. Egypt Delile participated in Napole ...

, French botanist (d.

1850 Events January–June * April ** Pope Pius IX returns from exile to Rome. ** Stephen Foster's parlor ballad "Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway" is published in the United States. * April 4 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a city ...

) *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. *1438 – The Cou ...

–

Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 – 14 February 1820) was the third child and younger son of Charles X, King of France, (whom he predeceased) by his wife Maria Theresa of Savoy. In June 1832, two years after the overthro ...

, England (d.

) * January 25 – Matsudaira Norihiro, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Nishio Domain (d.

1839 Events January–March * January 2 – The first photograph of the Moon is taken, by French photographer Louis Daguerre. * January 6 – Night of the Big Wind: Ireland is struck by the most damaging cyclone in 300 years. * January 9 – ...

) *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. *1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of Tren ...

** Jakob von Washington, Bavarian general (d.

1848 1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the polit ...

) **

Johann Georg Stauffer Johann Georg Stauffer (also Johann Georg Staufer; born January 26, 1778 in Vienna; died 24 January 1853) was an Austrian luthier and the most important Viennese luthier of his time. Life Stauffer was born in the Viennese suburb of Weißgerber ...

, Austrian luthier (d.

1853 Events January–March * January 6 – Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. * January 8 – Taiping R ...

) * January 27 ** Christian Mathias Schröder, German politician (d.

) ** Andrew Sterett, United States Navy officer (d.

1807 Events January–March * January 7 – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland issues an Order in Council prohibiting British ships from trading with France or its allies. * January 20 – The Sierra Leone Company, faced with ...

) *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession ...

– James Tallmadge, Jr., American politician (d.

) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, rul ...

– John Williams, Tennessee politician (d.

) *

January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. *1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...

–

Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky Count Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky ( cs, František Antonín Kolovrat-Libštejnský; 31 January 1778 – 4 April 1861) was Bohemian noble and Austrian statesman from the House of Kolowrat. As a moderate liberal politician, he was one of ...

, Austrian statesman (d.

) * February 1 –

Joseph Richardson Joseph or Joe Richardson may refer to: * Joseph Richardson (American politician) (1778–1871), United States Representative from Massachusetts * Joseph Richardson (Liberal politician) (1830–1902), Liberal Party politician in England, MP for So ...

, American politician (d. 1871) * February 2 –

Mary Anne Talbot Mary Anne Talbot also known as John Taylor (2 February 1778 – 4 February 1808) was an Englishwoman who wore male dress and became a soldier and sailor during the French Revolutionary Wars. Life Mary Anne Talbot was born in London at 62 Lincol ...

, British wartime cross-dresser (d.

1808 Events January–March * January 1 ** The importation of slaves into the United States is banned, as the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves takes effect; African slaves continue to be imported into Cuba, and until the island ab ...

) * February 3 ** Cornelis Vollenhoven, Dutch politician (d.

) ** John Ritchie, British newspaper founder (d.

1870 Events January–March * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the ...

) * February 4 –

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candoll ...

, Swiss botanist (d.

1841 Events January–March * January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom, and Qishan of the Qing dynasty, agree to the Convention of Chuenpi. * January 26 – Britain occupies Hong Kong. Later in the year, the first census of the i ...

) * February 5 –

Jan Nepomucen Umiński Jan Nepomucen Umiński of Cholewa (1778-1851) was a Polish military officer and a brigadier general of the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw. A veteran of the Kościuszko Uprising, Napoleonic Wars and the November Uprising, he died in exile in Wiesb ...

, Polish general (d. 1851) * February 6 –

Ugo Foscolo Ugo Foscolo (; 6 February 177810 September 1827), born Niccolò Foscolo, was an Italian writer, revolutionary and a poet. He is especially remembered for his 1807 long poem ''Dei Sepolcri''. Early life Foscolo was born in Zakynthos in the Io ...

, Italian writer, revolutionary and poet (d.

1827 Events January–March * January 5 – The first regatta in Australia is held, taking place on Tasmania (called at the time ''Van Diemen's Land''), on the River Derwent at Hobart. * January 15 – Furman University, founded in 1826, be ...

) * February 13 –

William P. Van Ness William Peter Van Ness (February 13, 1778 – September 6, 1826) was a United States federal judge, United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New York and the United States District Court for the Souther ...

, United States federal judge (d.

1826 Events January–March * January 15 – The French newspaper '' Le Figaro'' begins publication in Paris, initially as a weekly. * January 30 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island ...

) * February 14 – Fernando Sor, Spanish musician (d.

) *

February 16 Events Pre-1600 *1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. *1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...

John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton Field Marshal John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton, (16 February 1778 – 17 April 1863) was a British Army officer and colonial governor. After taking part as a junior officer in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedit ...

of Great Britain (d.

1863 Events January–March * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate states an official war goal. It proclaim ...

) ** Rosalie Stier Calvert, 19th century Maryland plantation owner, correspondent (d.

1821 Events January–March * January 21 – Peter I Island in the Antarctic is first sighted, by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. * January 28 – Alexander Island, the largest in Antarctica, is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von B ...

) * February 19 **

Friedrich Karl von Tettenborn Friedrich Karl Freiherr von Tettenborn (19 February 1778, in County of Sponheim – 9 December 1845, in Vienna) was a famous cavalry commander in the Austrian and Russian armies during the Napoleonic Wars. Life Tettenborn first studied at the Wa ...

, Russian military commander (d.

) **

Henry Ashley Henry Ashley (February 19, 1778 – January 14, 1829) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from New York from 1825 to 1827. Biography Ashley was born the son of David Ashley in Winchester, Cheshire County, New Hampshire. He at ...

, American politician (d.

1829 Events January–March * January 19 – August Klingemann's adaptation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's '' Faust'' premieres in Braunschweig. * February 27 – Battle of Tarqui: Troops of Gran Colombia and Peru battle to a draw. * Marc ...

) ** Daniel Williams Harmon, American-born Canadian fur trader, diarist (d. 1843) *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferd ...

** Sir Roger Martin, 5th Baronet of Great Britain (d.

) **

Rembrandt Peale Rembrandt Peale (February 22, 1778 – October 3, 1860) was an American artist and museum keeper. A prolific portrait painter, he was especially acclaimed for his likenesses of presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Peale's style w ...

, American painter (d.

)

Retrato más canónico de José de San Martín

* February 25 –

José de San Martín José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 177817 August 1850), known simply as José de San Martín () or '' the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru'', was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and centr ...

, Argentine general (d.

) *

March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...

Chrétien Géofroy Nestler Chrétien Géofroy Nestler, name also given as Christian Gottfried Nestler (1 March 1778, Strasbourg – 2 October 1832), was an Alsatian botanist and pharmacist. He studied under Louis Claude Richard in Paris, and in 1806–1810 served as a mili ...

, French botanist (d.

1832 Events January–March * January 6 – Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison founds the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. * January 13 – The Christmas Rebellion of slaves is brought to an end in Jamaica, after the island's white plant ...

) **

Amos Lane Amos Lane (March 1, 1778 – September 2, 1849) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1833 to 1837. Early life and education Born near Aurora, New York, Lane attended the public ...

, American politician (d.

) *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...

** William Austin, American politician (d.

) **

Vincent Moulac Vincent-Marie Moulac (Lorient, 22 March 1778 – Callao, 5 April 1836) was a French naval officer and privateer. Career Moulac volunteered as a boy in 1790, aged 12, and sailed with merchantmen to Ile de France. He then served on the 74-gun '' ...

, French naval officer (d.

1836 Events January–March * January 1 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. * January 5 – Davy Crockett arrives in Texas. * January 12 ** , with Charles Darwin on board, re ...

) *

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 & ...

** Princess

Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Frederica Louise Caroline Sophie Alexandrina of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (german: Friederike Louise Caroline Sophie Alexandrine; 3 March 1778 – 29 June 1841) was a German princess who married successively Prince Louis Charles of Prussia, Prince ...

(d.

) ** Peter Laurie, British politician (d.

) *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...

** Sir Henry Bunbury, 7th Baronet, British Army general (d.

) **

Robert Emmet Robert Emmet (4 March 177820 September 1803) was an Irish Republican, orator and rebel leader. Following the suppression of the United Irish uprising in 1798, he sought to organise a renewed attempt to overthrow the British Crown and Prote ...

, Irish rebel (d.

1803 Events * January 1 – The first edition of Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière's ''Almanach des gourmands'', the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris. * January 5 – William Symington demonstrates his ...

) ** Florestano Pepe, Italian general (d. 1851) *

Francis Ogilvy-Grant, 6th Earl of Seafield Francis William Ogilvy-Grant, 6th Earl of Seafield (6 March 1778 – 30 July 1853) was a Scottish nobleman, a Member of Parliament and is listed as the 25th Chief of The Clan Grant. The names Grant and Ogilvie The family of Grant of Grant, ...

, British politician (d.

) **

Carl Bernhard von Trinius Carl Bernhard von Trinius (6 March 1778, Eisleben – 12 March 1844, St. Petersburg) was a German-born botanist and physician. He studied medicine at several universities, earning his medical doctorate at the University of Göttingen in 1802. ...

, German botanist (d. 1844) *

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''. *1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bou ...

– Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova, French soldier, diplomat (d.

) *

** Hugh Hornby Birley, leading Manchester Tory, reputed to have led the fatal charge of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry, at the

Peterloo Massacre The Peterloo Massacre took place at St Peter's Field, Manchester, Lancashire, England, on Monday 16 August 1819. Fifteen people died when cavalry charged into a crowd of around 60,000 people who had gathered to demand the reform of parliament ...

(d.

) **

Anthony Van Egmond Anthony Van Egmond (born Antonij Jacobi Willem Gijben, 10 March 17785 January 1838) was purportedly a Dutch Napoleonic War veteran. He became one of the first settlers and business people in the Huron Tract in present-day southwestern Ontario Ca ...

, Canadian rebel (d. 1838) *

March 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. * 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen en ...

–

Edward Pakenham Major General Sir Edward Michael Pakenham, (19 March 1778 – 8 January 1815), was a British Army officer and politician. He was the son of the Baron Longford and the brother-in-law of the Duke of Wellington, with whom he served in the Penin ...

, Irish-born British general (d. 1815) *

March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthelr ...

Thomas de Trafford Sir Thomas Joseph de Trafford, 1st Baronet, (22 March 1778 – 10 November 1852) was a member of a prominent family of English Roman Catholics. He served as commander of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry at the time of the Peterloo Massacre. He ...

, British Baronet (d.

1852 Events January–March * January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic. * January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations come tog ...

) ** Aleksey Merzlyakov, Russian poet, critic, and professor (d. 1830) *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...

– Paul Traugott Meissner, Austrian chemist (d. 1864) *

March 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. *1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate o ...

Robert Fleming Gourlay Robert Fleming Gourlay (March 24, 1778 – August 1, 1863) was a Scottish-Canadian writer, political reform activist, and agriculturalist. Early life and education Gourlay was born in Craigrothie in the Parish of Ceres, Fife, Scotland on 22 M ...

, British statistician and activist (d.

) **

Anton Edler von Gapp Anton Edler von Gapp (March 24, 1778 – April 1, 1862) was an Austrian lawyer, professor of law and in 1821 the Rector of the Olomouc Lyceum. After finishing his law studies in 1806 von Gapp went to teach as a substitute at the (standard) Lyce ...

, Austrian lawyer (d. 1862) * March 25 –

Sophie Blanchard Sophie Blanchard (25 March 1778 – 6 July 1819), commonly referred to as Madame Blanchard and also known by many combinations of her maiden and married names, including Madeleine-Sophie Blanchard, Marie Madeleine-Sophie Blanchard, Marie Sophie ...

, French aeronaut (d.

1819 Events January–March * January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States, begins. * January 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia. * January 29 – Si ...

) *

March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...

–

Edward Blakeney Field Marshal Sir Edward Blakeney (26 March 1778 – 2 August 1868) was a British Army officer. After serving as a junior officer with the expedition to Dutch Guiana and being taken prisoner by privateers three times suffering great hardship, ...

, British Army officer (d.

1868 Events January–March * January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries. * January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Jap ...

) *

March 28 Events Pre-1600 * AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. * 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...

–

Ludvig Stoud Platou Ludvig Stoud Platou (28 March 1778 – 30 November 1833) was a Danish-Norwegian educator, historical and geographical writer, politician and State Secretary. Personal life He was born in Slagelse, Denmark as a son of curate Friderich Christian P ...

, Norwegian politician (d. 1833) *

March 30 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague. *1282 &ndash ...

– Robert Moore, American politician (d.

1831 Events January–March * January 1 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing '' The Liberator'', an anti- slavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts. * January 10 – Japanese department store, Takashimaya in Ky ...

) * March 31 – Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist (d.

) *

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Ko ...

– Benjamin Jacob, British musician (d.

) *

April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. *1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. *1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. * ...

– Pierre Bretonneau, French physician (d. 1862) *

– John J. Ely, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly (d.

) *

April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...

** John Sparks, English cricketer (d.

) ** Louis de Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire, French diplomat (d.

)

April 10 Events Pre-1600 * 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. * 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles). * 140 ...

** Heinrich Luden, German historian (d.

) **

William Hazlitt William Hazlitt (10 April 177818 September 1830) was an English essayist, drama and literary critic, painter, social commentator, and philosopher. He is now considered one of the greatest critics and essayists in the history of the English lan ...

, English writer (d. 1830) ** Johann Arzberger, Austrian technologist (d.

1835 Events January–March * January 7 – anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on her second voyage, with Charles Darwin on board as naturalist. * January 8 – The United States public debt contracts to zero, for the only time in history. ...

) *

–

John Strachan John Strachan (; 12 April 1778 – 1 November 1867) was a notable figure in Upper Canada and the first Anglican Bishop of Toronto. He is best known as a political bishop who held many government positions and promoted education from common sc ...

, Bishop of Toronto (d.

1867 Events January–March * January 1 – The Covington–Cincinnati Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, in the United States, becoming the longest single-span bridge in the world. It was renamed a ...

) *

April 14 Events Pre-1600 * 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum. * 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor Otho ...

–

George Philipp Ludolf von Beckedorff George Philipp Ludolf von Beckedorff (14 April 1778 in Hanover – 27 February 1858 in Grünhof) was a prominent Prussian Roman Catholic convert and parliamentarian. He first studied theology at Jena, then medicine at Göttingen, where he obt ...

, prominent Prussian Catholic convert, parliamentarian (d.

) *

April 15 Events Pre-1600 * 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings. * 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscar ...

** William Congreve Russell, British politician (d.

) ** James Crooks, Canadian politician (d.

) * April 18 ** Mary Bruce, Countess of Elgin, Scottish countess (d.

) ** Christian Friedrich Nasse, German physician, psychiatrist (d. 1851) ** Sir Matthew White Ridley, 3rd Baronet, British politician (d.

) * April 19 – Elizabeth Wynne Fremantle, main author of the extensive ''Wynne Diaries'', wife of Royal Navy officer Thomas Fremantle (1765–1819) (d. 1857) * April 23 – John Harvey (British Army officer), John Harvey, British Army general (d.

) * April 24 – John Graham (British Army officer), John Graham, soldier notable for founding Grahamstown (d.

) * April 27 – Henry Drury (educator), Henry Drury, English educator (d.

) * April 28 – Adriaan van der Hoop, Dutch banker, politician (d.

) * April 29 – Thomas Bateman (physician), Thomas Bateman, British physician, pioneer in the field of dermatology (d.

) *

– Arvid David Hummel, Swedish entomologist (d.

)

May–August

* May 2 – Nathan Bangs, American Methodist theologian (d. 1862) * May 3 – Samuel Freeze, Canadian politician (d. 1844) * May 6 – Henry Phillpotts, English bishop (d. 1869) * May 8 – Marie-Louise Coidavid, Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti (1811–20) as the spouse of Henri I of Haiti (d. 1851) * May 9 – Eli Ayers, Liberian politician (d. 1822) * May 10 – William Ladd, American activist (d.

) *

** August Zeune, German educator (d.

) ** – José de la Mar, military leader, President of Peru (d. 1830) * May 13 – Honoré V, Prince of Monaco (d.

) * May 17 – Benjamin Bowring, English watchmaker (d.

) * May 18 ** Andrew Ure, Scottish doctor and chemist (d. 1857) ** Samuel Hoar, American politician (d. 1856) ** Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, British politician (d.

) * May 19 ** Ruggero Settimo, Italian politician (d.

) ** Ludwik Michał Pac, Polish general (d.

) * May 25 – Claus Harms, German clergyman, theologian (d.

) * May 29 – Charles Kemeys Kemeys Tynte, British politician (d.

) * May 30 – Richard Skinner (American politician), Richard Skinner, American politician (d. 1833) * May 31 – Horatio Seymour (Vermont politician), Horatio Seymour, American politician (d. 1857) * June 2 – Jean Julien Angot des Rotours, French colonial governor (d. 1844) * June 4 – Martin Parmer, American politician (d.

) * June 6 – Edmund Varney, American politician (d.

) * June 7 – David Willson (1778–1866), David Willson, Canadian Quaker minister (d.

) * June 11 – John Robison (inventor), John Robison, British inventor (d. 1843) * June 13 – Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d.

) * June 14 – John Cushing Aylwin, United States naval officer (War of 1812) (d. 1813) Rev

* June 16 ** Charles F. Mercer, American politician (d.

) ** Harry Croswell, crusading American political journalist (d.

) * June 17 ** Philip Willem van Heusde, Dutch philosopher (d.

) ** Gregory Blaxland, English pioneer farmer, explorer in Australia (d.

) * June 19 – Robert Allen (Tennessee politician), Robert Allen, Tennessee politician (d. 1844) * June 20 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, moderate royalist French statesman, during the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30) under King Charles X (d.

) * June 22 – George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland, British politician (d.

) * June 23 – Richard Worsam Meade I, Richard W. Meade, American merchant and art collector (d. 1828) * June 26 – Mariya Svistunova, lady-in-waiting at the Russian Court (d.

) * June 27 – Sir John Astley, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1842) * June 28 ** John Macbride (professor), John Macbride, British historian (d.

) ** William Dietz (politician), William Dietz, American politician (d.

) * July 2 – Daniel Wilson (bishop), Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta (d.

) *

– Carl Ludvig Engel, German architect (d. 1840) * July 6 – Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, French scientist (d.

) * July 7 – Beau Brummell, English man of fashion (d. 1840) *

** William Brockenbrough (judge), William Brockenbrough, American politician (d. 1838) ** Laurent Cunin-Gridaine, French businessman, politician (d.

) * July 11 – Timothy Fuller, American politician (d.

) * July 12 – Maria Dalle Donne, Bologna, Bolognese physician (d. 1842) * July 13 – Samuel Stevens, Jr., American politician (d.

) * July 15 ** Thomas James Maling, British Royal Navy officer (d.

) ** Jasper Nicolls, British general (d.

) * July 17 – Benjamin Isaacs, Connecticut politician (d.

) * July 19 ** Thomas Foley (1778–1822), Thomas Foley, British politician (d. 1822) ** Samuel Bent, American Mormon leader (d.

) * July 20 – Joshua Tetley, British brewer (d.

) * July 28 – Charles Stewart (1778–1869), Charles Stewart, American naval commander (d. 1869) * July 30 ** David Pattee, Canadian politician (d. 1851) ** Henry, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (d.

) * August 2 – Georg Anton Rollett, Austrian naturalist (d. 1842) * August 5 – Otto Christian Blandow, German bryologist (d. 1810) * August 8 – John Bonfoy Rooper, British landowner, MP (d.

)

* August 11 ** Marcus Pløen, Norwegian businessperson (d.

) ** Charles Pierrepont, 2nd Earl Manvers, British naval officer and politician (d.

) ** Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, German-Prussian gymnastics educator, nationalist (d.

) * August 12 ** Francis Horner, British politician (d. 1817) ** Joshua Vanneck, 2nd Baron Huntingfield, British politician (d. 1844) * August 19 ** Princess Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, German princess (d.

) ** James Harris, 2nd Earl of Malmesbury, British politician (d.

)

* August 20 – Bernardo O'Higgins, Supreme Director of Chile (d. 1842) * August 21 – Lewis Weston Dillwyn, British politician (d.

) * August 25 – Joseph Batten, British college principal (d.

) * August 31 – William Wilkins (architect), William Wilkins, English architect (d.

)

September–December

* September 2 – Louis Bonaparte, sibling of Napoleon Bonaparte I, French army general, King of Holland (d.

) *

– José Bernardo Sánchez, Spanish missionary (d. 1833) * September 8 – George Heneage Lawrence Dundas, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

)

* September 9 – Clemens Brentano, German poet, novelist (d. 1842) * September 10 – Joshua Lawrence, American Baptist minister (d. 1843) * September 12 – William Davidson (congressman), William Davidson, American politician (d. 1857) * September 14 ** John Varnum, American politician (d.

) ** John Barss, Canadian politician (d. 1851) * September 15 – Augustin Caron, Canadian politician (d. 1862) *

** Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, British politician (d.

) ** William Gaston, American politician (d. 1844) * September 20 ** James Mann, 5th Earl Cornwallis of Great Britain (d.

) ** Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian admiral (d.

) * September 21 – Carl Ludwig Koch, German entomologist (d. 1857) * September 24 – Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d.

) * September 25 ** Sir Charles Oakeley, 2nd Baronet, 2nd Baronet in the Oakeley Baronets (d.

) ** Prince Louis of Anhalt-Köthen, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (d. 1802) * September 26 – Jonathan Fisk, American politician (d.

) * September 27 ** Carl Friedrich Rungenhagen, German composer, music teacher (d. 1851) ** Damião Barbosa de Araújo, Brazilian composer (d. 1856) * September 28 ** Luther Lawrence, American politician (d.

) ** Suzanne Douvillier, French-born American ballerina, mime & choreographer (d.

) ** Catherine McAuley, Irish nun, saint (d.

) * September 29 ** Benjamin Hall (ironmaster), Benjamin Hall, British politician (d. 1817) ** Thomas Warsop, English cricketer (d.

) * October 5 ** Ernst Ludwig von Aster, Prussian and Russian Army general (d.

) ** Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac, French archaeologist (d.

) * October 7 ** Charles Paget (Royal Navy officer), Charles Paget, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

) ** Joseph Knight (horticulturist), Joseph Knight, English horticulturist (d.

) ** Thomas Cranley Onslow, British politician (d.

) * October 8 – Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen, French Catholic bishop (d.

) * October 9 ** Pierre-Denis, Comte de Peyronnet, President of the Bordeaux Court in France (1815) (d.

) ** John FitzMaurice, Viscount Kirkwall, British politician (d.

) ** Sir Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet, British Army general (d. 1842) * October 13 – William Marks (Pennsylvania politician), William Marks, American politician (d.

) * October 14 – Francis Fane (Royal Navy officer), Francis Fane, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1844) * October 19 – Valentine Blacker, Irish-born Surveyor General of India (d.

) * October 22 – Javier de Burgos, Spanish writer, politician and jurist (d.

) * October 23 – Kittur Chennamma, Indian queen regnant (d.

) * October 26 – Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg, British politician (d.

) * October 28 – Ezekiel Blomfield, British minister (d. 1818) * October 29 – William Creighton, Jr., United States federal judge (d. 1851) * October 30 – Benjamin Ames, American politician (d.

) * October 31 ** Jacob Shibley, Canadian politician (d. 1862) ** Charles Abraham Elton, English author (d.

) ** John Black (privateer), John Black, Australian sailor (d. 1802) * November 1 ** James R. Caldwell, United States Navy officer (d. 1804) ** Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, King of Sweden (d.

) * November 3 – Karlo Lanza, Dalmatian politician (d.

)

* November 5 ** Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian explorer (d. 1823) ** Thomas Ritchie (journalist), Thomas Ritchie, American journalist (d.

) * November 8 – Joseph Signay, Canadian Catholic bishop (d.

) *

– Nils Astrup, Norwegian politician (d.

) * November 14 ** Heinrich Gottlieb Tzschirner, German theologian (d. 1828) ** Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Austrian composer, virtuoso pianist (d.

) * November 15 ** George Canning, 1st Baron Garvagh, British politician (d. 1840) ** Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian antiquarian (d. 1823) * November 16 – Johann Joseph von Prechtl, Austrian technologist (d.

) * November 18 – Lord William Stuart, British politician (d. 1814) * November 19 – Charles de Salaberry, Canadian politician (d.

) * November 21 ** Richard Phillips (chemist), Richard Phillips, British chemist (d. 1851) ** Thomas B. Cooke, American politician (d.

) ** Joseph Warren Scott, American army officer (d. 1871) ** Kunitomo Ikkansai, Japanese gunsmith (d. 1840) * November 22 – Aurora Wilhelmina Koskull, Swedish lady-in-waiting, politically active salonist (d.

) * November 23 ** Mariano Moreno, Argentine politician (d. 1811) ** Samuel Humphreys, noted American naval architect and shipbuilder in the early 19th century (d.

) * November 24 – Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, British Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 (d.

) * November 25 ** Joseph Lancaster, English Quaker, public education innovator (d. 1838) ** Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck, British abolitionist (d. 1856) *

** Jean-Thomas Taschereau (1778–1832), Jean-Thomas Taschereau, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Henry Fane (British Army officer), Henry Fane, British Army general (d. 1840) * November 28 ** Filippo di Colloredo-Mels, leader of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (d. 1864) ** Abd al-Rahman of Morocco, Alaouite dynasty member (d.

) * November 29 – Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Ukrainian writer, journalist, and playwright (d. 1843) * November 30 – Andrés Guazurary, Argentine general (d. 1825) Gaylussac

* December 6 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist (d.

) * December 7 – Franz Naegele, German obstetrician (d. 1851) * December 9 – Vicente González Moreno, Spanish general (d.

) *

– Antonio Francesco Orioli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.

) * December 13 ** George Townshend, 3rd Marquess Townshend of Great Britain (d.

) ** Thomas Kendall, New Zealand missionary (d.

) * December 15 ** Godert van der Capellen, Dutch colonial governor (d.

) ** Christiane Luise Amalie Becker, German actor (d. 1797) * December 16 ** John Ordronaux (privateer), John Ordronaux, French privateer (d.

) ** Ludwig Robert, German dramatist (d.

) ** José Colombres, Argentine Catholic bishop (d.

)

* December 17 ** Humphry Davy, English physicist, chemist (d.

) ** William Munroe (pencil maker), William Munroe, American cabinet maker (d.

) ** Juan Martín de Veramendi, Governor of Mexican Texas (d. 1833) Grimaldi by John Cawse

* December 18 – Joseph Grimaldi, English actor and comedian (d.

) * December 19 – Marie Thérèse of France, eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette (d. 1851) * December 20 – Thomas P. Grosvenor, American politician (d. 1817) * December 21 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted, Danish politician (d.

) * December 22 – James Haldane Stewart, British priest (d.

) * December 23 – François de Robiano, Belgian politician (d.

) * December 24 ** Inoue Masamoto, Japanese daimyō (d.

) ** James Guyon, Jr., American politician (d.

) ** Thomas Coventry (cricketer), Thomas Coventry, English cricketer (d. 1816) * December 25 – Caleb Atwater, American politician (d.

) * December 27 – Antoine François Eugène Merlin, French general (d.

) * December 28 ** Franz Xaver Heller, German botanist (d. 1840) ** William Cowper (Archdeacon of Cumberland), William Cowper, English-born Anglican cleric in Australia, who was the Archdeacon of Cumberland (d.

) ** Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 1st Baron Sudeley, British politician (d.

) ** Matthew Arbuckle, United States soldier (d. 1851) * December 29 ** Georg Anton Friedrich Ast, German philosopher (d.

) ** Johann Simon Hermstedt, German musician (d.

)

Undated

* Sardar Fath 'Ali Khan, Wazir-i-azam of Kabul (d. 1818) * Anna Maria Walker, Scottish botanist (d.

) * Sara Oust, Norwegian lay minister (d. 1822) * Marie-Madeleine Lachenais, Haitian de facto politician (d. 1843)

Deaths

* January 3 – Paul Jacques Malouin, French chemist (b. 1701) Carl von Linné

* January 10 – Carl Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (b. 1707) * February 18 – Joseph Marie Terray, French statesman (b. 1715) * February 20 – Laura Bassi, Italian physicist and academic (b. 1711) * February 27 – Alexander Murray of Elibank, fourth son of Alexander Murray (b. 1712) * March 5 – Thomas Arne, English composer of ''Rule, Britannia!'' (b. 1710) * March 7 – Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (b. 1720) * March 13 – Charles le Beau, French historian (b. 1701) * April 8 – Pieter Teyler van der Hulst, Dutch businessman (b. 1702) * April 22 – James Hargreaves, English weaver, carpenter, and inventor (b. 1720) * May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German music historian, polymath (b. 1711) * May 11 – William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1708) *

– Paul-Joseph Le Moyne de Longueuil, seigneur and colonial army officer in New France, governor of Trois-Rivières (b. 1701) * May 16 – Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, English diplomat and politician (b. 1718) * May 30 **José de la Borda, Spanish/Mexican mining magnate (b. c. 1699) **Voltaire, French philosopher (b. 1694) * June 12 – Philip Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1716) * June 16 – Konrad Ekhof, German actor (b. 1720) * June 19 – Francesca Cuzzoni, Italian operatic soprano (b. 1696) *

– Pieter Burman the Younger, Dutch philologist (b. 1714) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait)

** Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (b. 1712) ** Bathsheba Spooner, American murderer (b. c. 1746) *

– Anna Maria Mozart, Austrian mother to the Mozarts (b. 1720) *

– Ebenezer Kinnersley, American scientist (b. 1711) * August 5 – Charles Clémencet, French historian (b. 1703) * August 7 – Sir Thomas Cave, 5th Baronet of England (b. 1712) * August 12 – Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, British general, politician (b. 1714) * October 1 – Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1722) * October 6 – George Hay (politician), George Hay, British politician (b. 1715) * October 11 – Saliha Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III), Saliha Sultan, daughter of Ottoman Sultan (b. 1715) *

– Henry Ernest of Stolberg-Wernigerode, German politician, provost and author (b. 1716) * November 9 ** Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian artist (b. 1720) ** Lydia Taft, American suffragist (b. 1712) *

– Anne Steele, English hymnwriter and essayist (b. 1717) * November 20 – Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (b. 1726) * December 26 – Pedro Antonio de Cevallos, Spanish military Governor of Buenos Aires (1757–1766) (b. 1715) * December 30 – Constantine, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg (b. 1716) * ''date unknown'' – Thomas Johnson (designer), Thomas Johnson, English furniture maker (b. 1714)

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Undated

Births

January–April

May–August

September–December

Undated

Deaths

References

Further reading