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The Fennoman movement or Fennomania was a Finnish nationalist movement in the 19th-century Grand Duchy of Finland, built on the work of the ''fennophile'' interests of the 18th and early-19th centuries.
After the
The Association of Finnish Culture and Identity
{{National revivals Grand Duchy of Finland Finnish nationalism Nationalist movements in Europe
The Fennoman movement or Fennomania was a Finnish nationalist movement in the 19th-century Grand Duchy of Finland, built on the work of the ''fennophile'' interests of the 18th and early-19th centuries.
History
After the Crimean War
The Crimean War, , was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia.
Geopolitical causes of the war included the ...
, Fennomans founded the Finnish Party and intensified the language strife, yearning to raise the Finnish language
Finnish ( endonym: or ) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland. Finnish is one of the two official languages of Finland (the other being Swedi ...
and Finnic culture from peasant status to the position of a national language and a national culture. The opposition, the Svecomans, tried to defend the status of Swedish and the ties to the Germanic world.
Although the notion of ''Fennomans'' was not as common after the generation of Juho Kusti Paasikivi (born 1870), their ideas have dominated the Finns' understanding of their nation.
The mother tongue of many of the first generation of Fennomans, like Johan Vilhelm Snellman, was Swedish. Some of the originally Swedish-speaking Fennomans learned Finnish, and made a point of using it inside and outside the home.
Several Fennomans were from Finnish or bilingual homes. Some originally had Swedish surnames, common in Finland at that time.
Most of the Fennomans also Finnicized their family names, particularly from the end of the 19th century.
In the last years of the 19th century, and in the first years of the 20th, the Fennoman movement split into two political parties: the Old Finnish Party and the Young Finnish Party
The Young Finnish Party or Constitutional-Fennoman Party ( fi, Nuorsuomalainen Puolue or ) was a liberal and nationalist political party in the Grand Duchy of Finland. It began as an upper-class reformist movement during the 1870s and formed as a ...
.
Motto
The Fennomanmotto
A motto (derived from the Latin , 'mutter', by way of Italian , 'word' or 'sentence') is a sentence or phrase expressing a belief or purpose, or the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group, or organisation. M ...
attributed to Adolf Ivar Arwidsson
Adolf Ivar Arwidsson (7 August 1791 – 21 June 1858) was a Finnish political journalist, writer and historian. His writing was critical of Finland's status at the time as a Grand Duchy under the Russian Tsars. Its sharpness cost him his job ...
was actually coined by Johan Vilhelm Snellman:
"Svenskar äro vi icke, ryssar vilja vi icke bli, låt oss alltså vara finnar."
:"''We are not Swedes,''
:''We do not want to be Russians,''
:''So let's be Finns.''" Kari Tarkiainen: ''Adolf Ivar Arwidsson'', in Matti Klinge
Matti Klinge (born August 31, 1936, Helsinki) is a Finnish historian.
He studied at the University of Helsinki and gained his Ph.D. in 1969. He later served as a Visiting Professor at the University of Paris (1970–1972) and held the Swedis ...
(ed.): ''Suomen kansallisbiografia'' 1. SKS, Helsinki 2003, (page 406)
Prominent Fennomans
*Daniel Juslenius
Daniel Juslenius (10 June 1676, Mynämäki – 17 July 1752, Skara) was a Finnish writer and bishop. He was a professor of Hebrew, Greek and theology at the Royal Academy of Turku.
Juslenius is considered Finland's first Fennoman and a firm a ...
* Fredrik Cygnaeus
*Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen
Baron Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen (birth name Georg Zakarias Forsman, author name Yrjö Koskinen; 10 December 1830 in Vaasa – 13 November 1903 in Helsinki) was a friherre, senator, professor, historian, politician and the chairman of the Fin ...
, formerly Georg Zacharias Forsman
* Alexandra Gripenberg
* Lauri Kivekäs, formerly Stenbäck
* Johannes Linnankoski
*Agathon Meurman
Agathon Meurman (9 October 1826, Kangasala – 17 January 1909, Helsinki)Agathon Meurman
– Agathon Meurm ...
*– Agathon Meurm ...
Hjalmar Mellin
Robert Hjalmar Mellin (19 June 1854 – 5 April 1933) was a Finnish mathematician and function theorist.
Biography
Mellin studied at the University of Helsinki and later in Berlin under Karl Weierstrass. He is chiefly remembered as the develo ...
* Julius Krohn
* Juho Kusti Paasikivi, formerly Johan Gustav Hellsten
*Eemil Nestor Setälä
Eemil Nestor Setälä (; 27 February 1864 – 8 February 1935) was a Finnish politician and once the Chairman of the Senate of Finland, from September 1917 to November 1917, when he was author of the Finnish Declaration of Independence.
Set ...
* Johan Vilhelm Snellman
* Eero Järnefelt
* Otto Donner
* Heikki Renvall
* Toivo Kuula
* Yrjö Jahnsson
See also
*History of Finland
The history of Finland begins around 9,000 BC during the end of the last glacial period. Stone Age cultures were Kunda, Comb Ceramic, Corded Ware, Kiukainen, and . The Finnish Bronze Age started in approximately 1,500 BC and the Iron Age st ...
* Turanism
References
External links
The Association of Finnish Culture and Identity
{{National revivals Grand Duchy of Finland Finnish nationalism Nationalist movements in Europe