Facilitation in

business Business is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services). It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit." Having a business name does not separ ...

organizational development Organization development (OD) is the study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change, the goal of which is to modify an organization's performance and/or culture. The organizational changes are ...

(OD) and

consensus decision-making Consensus decision-making or consensus process (often abbreviated to ''consensus'') are group decision-making processes in which participants develop and decide on proposals with the aim, or requirement, of acceptance by all. The focus on e ...

refers to the process of designing and running a

meeting A meeting is when two or more people come together to discuss one or more topics, often in a formal or business setting, but meetings also occur in a variety of other environments. Meetings can be used as form of group decision making. Defini ...

according to a previously agreed set of requirements. Facilitation concerns itself with all the tasks needed to reach a

productive Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some measure. Measurements of productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input used in a production proces ...

and impartial meeting outcome that reflects the agreed objectives and deliverables defined upfront by the meeting owner or client.

Areas of application

Facilitation is "used in a wide range of situations and occupations, including workplaces, leisure and health activities, organizational planning and community development". Facilitation serves the needs of any group who are meeting with a common purpose, whether it be making a decision, solving a problem, or simply exchanging ideas and information. It does not

lead Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin ) and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, ...

the group, nor does it try to distract or to entertain. A slightly different interpretation focuses more specifically on a group that is engaged in

experiential learning Experiential learning (ExL) is the process of learning through experience, and is more narrowly defined as "learning through reflection on doing". Hands-on learning can be a form of experiential learning, but does not necessarily involve students ...

.Heron, J. ''The Complete Facilitator's Handbook'', (1999) Kogan Page In particular this is associated with

active learning Active learning is "a method of learning in which students are actively or experientially involved in the learning process and where there are different levels of active learning, depending on student involvement." states that "students partici ...

and concepts of tutelary authority. This is covered in-depth in the research work of John Heron at the

University of Surrey The University of Surrey is a public research university in Guildford, Surrey, England. The university received its royal charter in 1966, along with a number of other institutions following recommendations in the Robbins Report. The institu ...

and the International Centre for Co-operative Inquiry.

Facilitation competencies

; The role of the

facilitator A facilitator is a person who helps a group of people to work together better, understand their common objectives, and plan how to achieve these objectives, during meetings or discussions. In doing so, the facilitator remains "neutral", meaning ...

(see below): The role of a facilitator only emerged as a separate set of skills in the 1980s. It has similarities to the traditional

Chair A chair is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. They may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in vari ...

secretary A secretary, administrative professional, administrative assistant, executive assistant, administrative officer, administrative support specialist, clerk, military assistant, management assistant, office secretary, or personal assistant is a ...

roles in a meeting but goes beyond them to actively participate and guide the group towards consensus. The International Association of Facilitators has defined a range of core competencies compiled into a Core Facilitator Competencies framework that includes 6 mains competencies and several sub-competencies that underpin a wide range of facilitation dynamics.

Facilitation dynamics

; Setting ground rules: Often disregarded by those untrained in facilitation, setting ground rules is a key component of the facilitation process especially in meetings convened to discuss difficult problems or for training. These rules are usually reiterated in some form at the outset of a facilitated meeting or workshop to ensure participants understand the various roles being employed and the responsibilities accorded to each. Certain aspects feature highly such as: :* being open to suggestions :* building on what is there, not knocking down ideas :* allowing others space (to speak or express themselves) :* mutual respect :* that the facilitator does not own the topic under discussion and the identity of that owner is clear :* rules of engagement such as time-outs and procedures that will be adopted :* how unresolved issues will be captured and dealt with :* Finally it is key that, during the meeting, it is clear that the owner of the topic is not expected to intervene to impose ideas beyond setting out parameters for consideration or to give insight. The facilitator in this respect owns the process of the meeting. These are all closely associated with the idea of facilitation as a tool of (workplace)

empowerment Empowerment is the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities. This enables them to represent their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming strong ...

. ;Consulting with the client: A facilitator will work with a client who is someone in an organisation, or diverse group, who is calling them and has invited the facilitator to assist. They will try to understand the purpose and outcome of the meeting by discussing it with the client. ;Making arrangements for the

: The practical arrangements will be arranged or managed by the facilitator. They will also consider in detail the location and layout of the room. They will research the meeting beforehand to understand why it is being held and that all stakeholders are invited and able to attend. ;Setting the agenda: They will understand in detail how each item on the agenda is to be tackled and how long it should take. Using specialist techniques they will allow participants to understand all the issues at stake and all alternative courses of action. The Facilitator designs the process (agenda) based on his or her discussions with the participants and the Facilitator's process expertise. ;Understanding group norms: They will not make assumptions about the way people interact and will try to adapt to the ways of different cultures and organisations. ;Understanding

group dynamics Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (''intra''group dynamics), or between social groups ( ''inter''group dynamics). The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision- ...

: Whilst tackling the practical aspects of a meeting they remain aware of undercurrents, both verbal and non-verbal, which may indicate problems the group is having. The facilitator may try to assist the group in becoming aware of these. ;Consider the need to flexcilitate "Flex-cil-a-tate": whereby one flexibly facilitates a discussion or a meeting with an end goal and a plan in mind to get there and then adjust the plan based on the responses and direction the group go but still bring them back around to the end goal.

The role of the facilitator

:''See

Facilitator A facilitator is a person who helps a group of people to work together better, understand their common objectives, and plan how to achieve these objectives, during meetings or discussions. In doing so, the facilitator remains "neutral", meaning ...

for details of exactly how a facilitator might run a meeting.'' It is important to note that the tasks and responsibilities listed below do not need to be covered by a single facilitator. The role of the facilitator is often shared by multiple people, for instance one person may arrange the logistics before the meeting, another person may keep time and monitor the agenda during the meeting, and a third person may be responsible for recording agreements. *Prior to a meeting, facilitators: ** research the meeting ** find out the purpose and goal (if any) of the meeting ** establish who needs to attend ** draw up a draft agenda and design the group processes to attain the necessary results ** share the agenda with potential attendees, changing it as necessary ** ensure everyone gets fully briefed for the meeting and that everyone knows the purpose and potential consequences of the meeting *During the meeting, facilitators: ** monitor the agenda ** keep time ** manage the group process ** encourage participation from all attendees ** help participants understand different points of view ** foster solutions that incorporate diverse points of view ** manage participant behaviour ** create a safe environment ** teach new thinking skills and facilitate structured thinking activities ** record (with an agreed phraseology) agreements. They may also note unresolved issues for later debate. *The facilitator may write up and publish the results of the meeting to everyone concerned including those who could not attend.

The form of meeting

A meeting usually means everyone is together in the same room at the same time and this is the major situation in which facilitation is practiced. With the introduction of modern telecommunications the field has grown to embrace other forms of meetings: ;Same time same place: The traditional meeting in a room with all parties present at the same time. ;Same time different place: The teleconference with either all parties at separate locations or with some in geographically dispersed sub meetings, all with audio / video connection. ;Different time same place: A meeting focussing on a particular physical location where people contribute as they pass by. A wall mounted notice board and/or poster display which allows individuals to add comments as they pass is one example . A survey using un-networked computers in a kiosk would also be a "different time same place" meeting. ;Different time different place: Meeting via a web link such as discussion groups, forums, blogs, and

usenet Usenet () is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers. It was developed from the general-purpose Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979, and it wa ...

. Specialist web-enabled group decision support software exists. Wikipedia discussion pages fall into this category. ; Virtual facilitation With the upheaval of the Digital Revolution the widespread use of

Video conference Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) system ...

combined with other digital tools for collaboration gave rise to an emergent field of virtual facilitation that occurs in the same time, different place meetings. Online meetings and workshops are great examples of virtual facilitation. In short, the approach brings remote team members together to discuss relevant topics in real-time.Nunesdea, Paul et al. (2020): Beyond virtual meetings: Digital tools for higher performing teams and organizations, Amazon .

References

External links

ATD: What Is Facilitation?
{{Authority control Meetings Organizational theory