Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language Occitan (; o ...

Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...

Occitan language Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, and sometimes also referred to as ''Provençal'', is a Romance languages, Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Ital ...

félibrige The ''Félibrige'' (; in classical Occitan, in Mistralian spelling, ) is a literary and cultural association founded in 1854 by Frédéric Mistral and other Provençal writers to defend and promote the Occitan language (also called the ) and ...

Château de Font-Ségugne The Château de Font-Ségugne is a historic château built at Font-Ségugne in Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne, Provence, France. It is the location of a former bastide built in the 15th century for a Catholic Church, Roman Catholic cardinal. It was the b ...

Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne (; oc, Gadanha) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 3,328. History The ''Félibrige'' was founded in Châteauneuf-de-G ...

Vaucluse Vaucluse (; oc, Vauclusa, label= Provençal or ) is a department in the southeastern French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. It had a population of 561,469 as of 2019.Saint Estelle's day), by seven young Provençal poets: Théodore Aubanel,

Jean Brunet Jean Brunet (27 December 1822 – 23 October 1894) was a French Provençal poet. Early life Brunet was born on 27 December 1822 in Avignon, in Provence, France.Charles Pierre Julian, ''Anthologie du Félibrige provençal (1850 à nos jours) p ...

, Paul Giéra,

Anselme Mathieu Anselme Mathieu (21 April 1828 – 8 February 1895) was a French Provençal poet. Early life Anselme Mathieu was born 21 April 1828 in Châteauneuf-du-Pape. His parents were the fourth-generation owners of the Domaine Mathieu, a vineyard still ...

,

Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...

,

Joseph Roumanille Joseph Roumanille (; 8 August 1818 – 24 May 1891) was a Provençal poet. He was born at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), and is commonly known in southern France as the father of the Félibrige, for he first conceived the idea of r ...

and

Alphonse Tavan Alphonse Tavan (9 March 1833 – 12 May 1905) was a French Provençal poet. Early life Tavan was born in 1833 in Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne. He published a collection of romantic poems in Provençal, ''Amour e plour'', in 1876. He attended the fif ...

. Together, they aimed to restore the

Provençal language Provençal may refer to: *Of Provence, a region of France * Provençal dialect, a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the southeast of France *''Provençal'', meaning the whole Occitan language *Franco-Provençal language, a distinct Roman ...

and codify its

orthography An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Most transnational languages in the modern period have a writing system, and mos ...

. Its symbol is a seven-pointed star which, as Frederic Mistral writes in ''Lou tresor dóu Felibrige'', is "a tribute to its seven founders". The movement was launched in Provence but quickly reached the entire

Occitania Occitania ( oc, Occitània , , or ) is the historical region in Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe where the Occitan language, Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes still used as a second language. This ...

. It spread among Occitanian writers such as Michel Camélat and Simin Palay (from

Gascony Gascony (; french: Gascogne ; oc, Gasconha ; eu, Gaskoinia) was a province of the southwestern Kingdom of France that succeeded the Duchy of Gascony (602–1453). From the 17th century until the French Revolution (1789–1799), it was part o ...

and Béarn), Albert Arnavielle, Justin Bessou, Jacques and Gabriel Azaïs and Achille Mir (

Languedoc The Province of Languedoc (; , ; oc, Lengadòc ) is a former province of France. Most of its territory is now contained in the modern-day region of Occitanie in Southern France. Its capital city was Toulouse. It had an area of approximately ...

), Arsène Vermenouze (

Auvergne Auvergne (; ; oc, label=Occitan, Auvèrnhe or ) is a former administrative region in central France, comprising the four departments of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Auverg ...

), Joseph Roux (

Limousin Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...

),

José Mange Joseph Julien Casimir Mange, known as José Mange (10 October 1866, Toulon – 7 January 1935, Toulon) was a French Impressionist landscape painter and Occitan poet who was a member of the Félibrige. Biography From 1876 to 1886, he was a st ...

(Provence),

Brémonde de Tarascon Alexandrine Élisabeth Brémond (28 October 1858 – 22 June 1898), known as Brémonde de Tarascon, was a well known poet from the south of France who wrote in the Occitan language. She was a member of the Félibrige, a society that tried to prese ...

(

Bouches-du-Rhône Bouches-du-Rhône ( , , ; oc, Bocas de Ròse ; "Mouths of the Rhône") is a department in Southern France. It borders Vaucluse to the north, Gard to the west and Var to the east. The Mediterranean Sea lies to the south. Its prefecture and large ...

), Batisto Bonnet (

Gard Gard () is a department in Southern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It had a population of 748,437 as of 2019;Charles Maurras Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (; ; 20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic. He was an organizer and principal philosopher of ''Action Française'', a political movement that is monarchist, anti-par ...

. The Félibrige is an organisation focussed on protecting and promoting Occitan language and culture, fighting for recognition of cultural diversity both within France and across the wider world. It is also one of the two organisations represented across Occitania since 1945, along with the Institut d'Estudis Occitans (IEO).

Felebrigian festivals

There is a yearly meeting, ''Santo Estello'', held in a different town in the Pays d'Oc. The traditional banquet is ended with the ritual of the ''

Copa Santa ''La Coupo Santo'' (The Holy Cup), in full ''La Cansoun de la Coupo'' (The song of the Cup) in original modern (or Mistralian) norm Provençal (in classical norm, ''La Copa Santa'' in full ''Lo Cant de la Copa Santa'' (The song of the Holy Cup) o ...

''. There are also other ''Fêtes Félibréennes'': * Since 1323, the Jeux floraux of

Toulouse Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania. The city is on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean and from Par ...

, considered as the model * Jeux floraux of

Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...

*

Orange Orange most often refers to: *Orange (fruit), the fruit of the tree species '' Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' ** Orange blossom, its fragrant flower *Orange (colour), from the color of an orange, occurs between red and yellow in the visible spectrum * ...

* In 1868 at

Saint-Rémy-de-Provence Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (; Provençal Occitan: ''Sant Romieg de Provença'' in classical and ''Sant Roumié de Prouvènço'' in Mistralian norms) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Southern France. L ...

* In 1895 at Vic-en-Carladès, with a programme of music and dance ( Cabrette) * In 1900 at the

Château de Ventadour The Château de Ventadour is in the commune of Moustier-Ventadour in the department of Corrèze (Limousin). Situation Placed on a rocky outcrop overhanging the valley of Luzège, only few vestiges remain on the site of this feudal castle, whi ...

, under the name ''Fête de l'églantine'' * In 1902 at Béziers * In June 1903 and in 2009 at Sceaux * In 1907 at Mauvezin, in the Hautes-Pyrénées * In August 1914, at

Sauveterre-de-Béarn Sauveterre-de-Béarn (, literally ''Sauveterre of Béarn''; oc, Sauvatèrra; eu, Salbaterra Bearno) is a medieval village perched above the Gave d'Oloron and facing the Pyrenees in south-western France. It is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atl ...

* At

Puy-en-Velay Le Puy-en-Velay (, literally ''Le Puy in Velay''; oc, Lo Puèi de Velai ) is the prefecture of the Haute-Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France. Located near the river Loire, the city is famous for its ...

* In 1935 at

Monistrol-sur-Loire Monistrol-sur-Loire is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.Argentat Argentat () is a former commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Argentat-sur-Dordogne. The inhabitants of the commune are known as ''Argentacois ...

, after 1935 with the ''Chorale des gabariers de la Dordogne''Fête son soixante-dixième anniversaire en 2005, avec la participation de L’École Ventadour de Tulle, La Bourrée Limousine de Brive, Les Vergnassous de St Germain Les Vergnes, Lou Gerbassous d’Ambazac, Les Pastourelles de Brive la Gaillarde, L’Eicola dau Barbichet de Limoges, L’Eiscola Dau Mont-Gargan de La Croisille-sur-Brillance, L’Églantino Dau Lémouzi de Limoges, Les Pastoureaux de la Valoine de Feytiat, Les Réveillés de Saintet-Fortunade, Les Amis de la Bourrée de Saint-Privat, Les Ranchos de Tulle

The ''Jardin des Félibres'' in Sceaux

In 1950

Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine Sceaux () is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. In 2019, Sceaux had a population of 20,004. A wealthy city Sceaux is famous for the Château de Sceaux, ...

(one of the Parisien

banlieue In France, the term banlieue (; ) refers to a suburb of a large city. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the city proper. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the Paris Metropolitan Are ...

) was named ''Cité Félibréenne''. A memorial garden for this event was created around the tomb of

Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (March 6, 1755 in the château of Florian, near Sauve, Gard – September 13, 1794 in Sceaux) was a French poet, novelist and fabulist. Life Florian's mother, a Spanish lady named Gilette de Salgues, died whe ...

, a French

poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator ( thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral or writte ...

and romancier, well known for his fables and a noted Félibrigist (perhaps because his mother was Castilian). The garden displays eleven busts in all. The garden is located behind the church of Saint Jean-Baptiste (''Saint

John the Baptist John the Baptist or , , or , ;Wetterau, Bruce. ''World history''. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 1994. syc, ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܡܲܥܡܕ݂ܵܢܵܐ, Yoḥanān Maʿmḏānā; he, יוחנן המטביל, Yohanān HaMatbil; la, Ioannes Bapti ...

'') in Sceaux. The entry, signed: ''Parc de Sceaux, Jardin des Félibres'' is located on Avenue du Président Franklin Roosevelt in Sceaux. File:Sceaux_Félibres_Clovis_Hugues_1.jpg,

Clovis Hugues Clovis Hugues (November 3, 1851 – June 11, 1907) was a French poet, journalist, dramatist, novelist, and socialist activist. He wrote some of his works in Provençal and un 1898 was elected a of the Félibrige, a society for the promotion of ...

File:Sceaux_Félibres_Frédéric_Mistral_1.jpg,

Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...

File:Sceaux_Félibres_Jean_Charles-Brun_1.jpg,

Jean Charles-Brun Jean Charles-Brun (29 December 1870 – 14 October 1946), was an Occitan French proponent of autonomy of France's regions and then founded the French Regionalist Federation in 1901. Charles-Brun was also a proponent of pan-Latinism Pan-Latinism ...

File:Sceaux_Félibres_Jean-Pierre_Claris_de_Florian_1.jpg,

Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (March 6, 1755 in the château of Florian, near Sauve, Gard – September 13, 1794 in Sceaux) was a French poet, novelist and fabulist. Life Florian's mother, a Spanish lady named Gilette de Salgues, died whe ...

File:Sceaux_Félibres_Joseph_Loubet_1.jpg, Joseph Loubet File:Sceaux_Félibres_Paul_Arène_1.jpg,

Paul Arène Paul-Auguste Arène (26 June 1843 – 17 December 1896) was a Provençal poet and French writer. Biography Arène was born in Sisteron, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, the son of Adolphe, a clockmaker, and Reine, a cap presser. He studied in Marseill ...

File:Sceaux_Félibres_Pierre_Deluns-Montaud_1.jpg, Pierre Deluns-Montaud File:Sceaux_Félibres_Théodore_Aubanel_1.jpg, Théodore Aubanel File:Sceaux_Félibres_stèle_commémorative.jpg, Commemorative plaque

''Capouliés'' of the Félibrige

The Félibrige is presided over by a . * 1876–1888:

Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...

* 1888–1891:

Joseph Roumanille Joseph Roumanille (; 8 August 1818 – 24 May 1891) was a Provençal poet. He was born at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), and is commonly known in southern France as the father of the Félibrige, for he first conceived the idea of r ...

* 1891–1901: Félix Gras * 1901–1909: Pierre Devoluy * 1909–1919:

Valère Bernard Valère Bernard ( oc, Valèri Bernard; 10 February 1860 – 6 October 1936) was a Provençal painter, engraver, novelist and poet, writing in the Occitan language. He left an important body of graphic work, and his works continued to be publis ...

* 1919–1922: Joseph Fallen * 1922–1941: Marius Jouveau * 1941–1956:

Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...

* 1956–1962:

Charles Rostaing Charles Rostaing (9 October 1904 – 24 April 1999) was a French linguist who specialised in toponymy.Obituar ...

* 1962–1971: Elie Bachas * 1971–1982: René Jouveau * 1982–1989:

Paul Roux Paul Roux is a small town in the Free State province of South Africa that produces poplar wood for the safety match industry. It is situated on the N5 highway near Bethlehem, Free State. It was named after a well-known Dutch Reformed Church lea ...

* 1989–1992:

Paul Pons Paul Pons (June 23, 1864–April 13, 1915), stage name ''le Colosse'' ("The Colossus"), was a French wrestler. He won the first title as world champion in Greco-Roman wrestling in 1898 (as opposed to the first Olympic victory, won two years ...

* 1992–2006: Pierre Fabre * 2006–2022: Jacques Mouttet * 2022–: Paulin Reynard

References

Sources

* Eugène Lintilhac, ''Les Félibres'', 1895, édition Alphonse Lemerre, in-12°, 136 p. Première partie - Félibres et Félibrige : L'énigme du Félibrige : les félibres de Paris, Cigaliers et félibres de Paris, le royaume poètique de Sainte-Estelle le capoulié Félix Gras, Un jour de printemps chez Mistral. Deuxième partie - Théodore Aubanel, La genése du Félibrige et Aubanel, le mouvement de Mistral, Jasmin, l'oeuvre d'Aubanel. * ''

La Plume ''La Plume'' was a French bi-monthly literary and artistic review. The magazine was set up in 1889 by Léon Deschamps, who edited it for ten years and was succeeded as editor by Karl Boès from 1899 to 1914. Its offices were at number 31 rue Bo ...

, revue littéraire artistique et sociale'', Paris, dir.

Léon Deschamps Léon Deschamps (1864 – 28 December 1899) was a French novelist and poet, most notable as the founder of the ''La Plume ''La Plume'' was a French bi-monthly literary and artistic review. The magazine was set up in 1889 by Léon Desch ...

, n° 53 du 1 juillet 1891, p. 213–237 du recueil annuel. (Numéro consacré au Félibrige à l’occasion de la mort de

Joseph Roumanille Joseph Roumanille (; 8 August 1818 – 24 May 1891) was a Provençal poet. He was born at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), and is commonly known in southern France as the father of the Félibrige, for he first conceived the idea of r ...

) * Émile Ripert, ''La Renaissance Provençale'', Paris, Librairie Champion, 1918 * Émile Ripert, ''Le Félibrige'', Armand Colin, 1924 ; réédition Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 2001 * René Jouveau, ''Histoire du Félibrige'' (4 volumes), Imprimerie Bené,

Nîmes Nîmes ( , ; oc, Nimes ; Latin: ''Nemausus'') is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and Cévennes, the commune of Nîmes has an estimated population of 148,5 ...

, 1970–1979 ; réédition 1984-1987 * Valère Bernard, ''Bagatouni'', rééd. Alandis Editions, 2000. * Philippe Martel, ''Les Félibres et leur temps : Renaissance d'oc et opinion (1850-1914)'', Bordeaux, PUB, 2010

External links

FélibrigeHistory of Félibrige on NotreProvence.fr''La Plume'', n° 53 du 1 juillet 1891 (pdf)
(cité ''supra'' dans la bibliographie)

Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige
online {{DEFAULTSORT:Felibrige French literature Literary movements Occitan literature Frédéric Mistral

Etymology

Origins

Felebrigian festivals

The ''Jardin des Félibres'' in Sceaux

''Capouliés'' of the Félibrige

See also

References

Sources

External links