Eurybrachyidae on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
Eurybrachidae (sometimes misspelled "Eurybrachyidae" or "Eurybrachiidae") is a small Taxonomic rank, family of planthoppers with species occurring in parts of Asia, Australia and Africa. They are remarkable for the sophistication of their Mimicry#Automimicry, automimicry.
File:Paropioxys jucundus dorsal.jpg , ''Paropioxys jucundus''
dorsal view File:Paropioxys jucundus ventral.jpg , ''Paropioxys jucundus''
ventral view File:Species of Eurybrachidae — John Tann 003.jpg, Australian Eurybrachid, showing broad Insect morphology#External, frons
Eurybrachidae generally are sap-suckers of trees or shrubs. In Australia, the genus ''Platybrachys'' associates with ''Eucalyptus'' trees, while the genera ''Olonia'' and ''Dardus'' associate with ''Acacia''.
Each eurybrachid female is likely to have an adult lifespan of some months, during which she lays several clutches of eggs. Females of many species deposit the eggs in clusters on bark or the undersides of leaves, placed in a fingerprint sized patch of white waxy material, covered by a white capsule that protects them from many predators. However, small parasitoid wasps are adapted to attack the eggs by piercing the capsules with their ovipositors, and some species of beetles, such as some Coccinellidae will chew through the capsule and eat the eggs if they find a clutch.
The nymphs, being less agile than the adults, rely on mimicry, camouflage for direct protection. However, they also secrete Honeydew (secretion), honeydew that attracts ants. The ants in turn protect them from wide varieties of predators and parasitoids.
The southeast Asian genus ''Ancyra (planthopper), Ancyra'' is well known for the adult insects having a pair of prolonged filaments at the tips of the forewings; the wings are folded back when the insect is not in flight, so that the tips with their attached filaments are at the Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior, posterior end. The tips arise near a pair of small glossy spots; this creates the impression of a pair of antennae, with corresponding "eyes", a remarkable example of Mimicry#Automimicry, automimicry. The "false head" effect is further reinforced by the bugs' habit of walking backwards when it detects movement nearby, so as to misdirect predators to strike at its rear, rather than at its actual head, and to strike in the anticipated direction of leaping, whereas the insect jumps in the opposite direction, away from the false head and initial direction of movement.
Other genera, including many African, Asian, and Australasian species, have closely analogous habits, but the automimicry occurs in the wingless Nymph (biology), nymphs instead of the winged adults. The pseudo-antennae of such nymphs are attached to the sub-posterior dorsal surface of the abdomen of the wingtips. The structure is visible in some of the illustrations in this article. The adults lack the pseudo-antennae, as may be seen for example for example in the illustration of ''Paropioxys jucundus''. When the nymphs with the posterior pseudo-antennae are disturbed they wave them and walk backwards towards the threat in much the same way as the adults of Asiatic species that have filaments on their wingtips. Such nymphs similarly leap in misleading directions when sufficiently alarmed. However, not all species are equipped for that characteristic automimicry; in some genera, such as ''Eurybrachys'', whether this genus is correctly taxonomically assigned or otherwise, the nymphs bear caudal tufts of bristles such as one typically finds in other families of the Fulgoroidea.
FLOW database
/ref> * Unplaced genera ** ''Amalaberga (planthopper), Amalaberga'' ** ''Gastererion''
* Tribe Ancyrini Schmidt, E., 1908
** ''Ancyra (planthopper), Ancyra'' White, A., 1845
** ''Gastererion'' Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864
* Tribe Dardini Schmidt, E., 1908
** ''Dardus'' Stål, 1859
** ''Gelastopsis'' Kirkaldy, 1906
** ''Metoponitys'' Karsch, 1890
** ''Ricanocephalus'' Melichar, 1898
* Tribe Platybrachini Schmidt, E., 1908
** ''Aspidonitys'' Karsch, 1895
** ''Euronotobrachys'' Kirkaldy, 1906
** ''Fletcherobrachys'' Constant, 2006
** ''Gedrosia (planthopper), Gedrosia'' Stål, 1862
** ''Hackerobrachys'' Constant, 2006
** ''Kirkaldybrachys'' Constant, 2006
** ''Loisobrachys'' Constant, 2008
** ''Maeniana'' Metcalf, 1952
** ''Mesonitys'' Schmidt, E., 1908
** ''Neoplatybrachys'' Lallemand, 1950
** ''Nirus'' Jacobi, 1928
** ''Olonia'' Stål, 1862
** ''Platybrachys'' Stål, 1859
** ''Stalobrachys'' Constant, 2018
** ''Usambrachys'' Constant, 2005
Authority: Stål, 1862
* tribe Eurybrachini Stål, 1862 – India, Indochina, Malesia
** ''Eurybrachys'' Guérin-Méneville, 1834 - type genus
** ''Messena'' Stål, 1861
** ''Nicidus'' Stål, 1858
** ''Purusha (planthopper), Purusha'' Distant, 1906
** ''Thessitus'' Walker, 1862
* tribe Frutini Schmidt, 1908 – Malesia
** ''Chalia (planthopper), Chalia'' Walker, 1858
* tribe Loxocephalini Schmidt, 1908 – tropical Africa, India, China, Indochina
** ''Amychodes'' Karsch, 1895
** ''Klapperibrachys'' Constant, 2006
** ''Loxocephala'' Schaum, 1850
** ''Macrobrachys'' Lallemand, 1950
** ''Nesiana'' Metcalf, 1952
** ''Nilgiribrachys'' Constant, 2007
** ''Parancyra'' Synave, 1968
** ''Paropioxys'' Karsch, 1890
Australian species review
Photo of African species in defensive pose
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q33136974, from2=Q3435208 Eurybrachidae, Auchenorrhyncha families Fulgoromorpha
Etymology
The family name is derived from the Greek () and (), meaning "broad" and "short". This presumably reflects the shape of adults of representative species.Description
Eurybrachidae generally resemble related families of planthoppers in the Fulgoromorpha. They are moderate-sized insects, generally 1 to 3 cm long when mature, but they are unobtrusive and camouflaged with brown, grey or green blotches, mimicking foliage, bark or lichens. Their mottled camouflage patterns are most intense on the large forewings of many species, hiding the broad and often Aposematism, aposematically colourful abdomen. The frons of the head is characteristic, being broader than it is long.dorsal view File:Paropioxys jucundus ventral.jpg , ''Paropioxys jucundus''
ventral view File:Species of Eurybrachidae — John Tann 003.jpg, Australian Eurybrachid, showing broad Insect morphology#External, frons
Biology
Eurybrachidae generally are sap-suckers of trees or shrubs. In Australia, the genus ''Platybrachys'' associates with ''Eucalyptus'' trees, while the genera ''Olonia'' and ''Dardus'' associate with ''Acacia''.
Each eurybrachid female is likely to have an adult lifespan of some months, during which she lays several clutches of eggs. Females of many species deposit the eggs in clusters on bark or the undersides of leaves, placed in a fingerprint sized patch of white waxy material, covered by a white capsule that protects them from many predators. However, small parasitoid wasps are adapted to attack the eggs by piercing the capsules with their ovipositors, and some species of beetles, such as some Coccinellidae will chew through the capsule and eat the eggs if they find a clutch.
The nymphs, being less agile than the adults, rely on mimicry, camouflage for direct protection. However, they also secrete Honeydew (secretion), honeydew that attracts ants. The ants in turn protect them from wide varieties of predators and parasitoids.
The southeast Asian genus ''Ancyra (planthopper), Ancyra'' is well known for the adult insects having a pair of prolonged filaments at the tips of the forewings; the wings are folded back when the insect is not in flight, so that the tips with their attached filaments are at the Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior, posterior end. The tips arise near a pair of small glossy spots; this creates the impression of a pair of antennae, with corresponding "eyes", a remarkable example of Mimicry#Automimicry, automimicry. The "false head" effect is further reinforced by the bugs' habit of walking backwards when it detects movement nearby, so as to misdirect predators to strike at its rear, rather than at its actual head, and to strike in the anticipated direction of leaping, whereas the insect jumps in the opposite direction, away from the false head and initial direction of movement.
Other genera, including many African, Asian, and Australasian species, have closely analogous habits, but the automimicry occurs in the wingless Nymph (biology), nymphs instead of the winged adults. The pseudo-antennae of such nymphs are attached to the sub-posterior dorsal surface of the abdomen of the wingtips. The structure is visible in some of the illustrations in this article. The adults lack the pseudo-antennae, as may be seen for example for example in the illustration of ''Paropioxys jucundus''. When the nymphs with the posterior pseudo-antennae are disturbed they wave them and walk backwards towards the threat in much the same way as the adults of Asiatic species that have filaments on their wingtips. Such nymphs similarly leap in misleading directions when sufficiently alarmed. However, not all species are equipped for that characteristic automimicry; in some genera, such as ''Eurybrachys'', whether this genus is correctly taxonomically assigned or otherwise, the nymphs bear caudal tufts of bristles such as one typically finds in other families of the Fulgoroidea.
Taxonomy
The oldest known Eurybrachid is from the middle Eocene of Messel. The fossil genus ''Amalaberga'' is not placeable within the modern classification in two subfamilies Platybrachinae and Eurybrachinae./ref> * Unplaced genera ** ''Amalaberga (planthopper), Amalaberga'' ** ''Gastererion''
Platybrachinae
* Tribe Ancyrini Schmidt, E., 1908
** ''Ancyra (planthopper), Ancyra'' White, A., 1845
** ''Gastererion'' Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864
* Tribe Dardini Schmidt, E., 1908
** ''Dardus'' Stål, 1859
** ''Gelastopsis'' Kirkaldy, 1906
** ''Metoponitys'' Karsch, 1890
** ''Ricanocephalus'' Melichar, 1898
* Tribe Platybrachini Schmidt, E., 1908
** ''Aspidonitys'' Karsch, 1895
** ''Euronotobrachys'' Kirkaldy, 1906
** ''Fletcherobrachys'' Constant, 2006
** ''Gedrosia (planthopper), Gedrosia'' Stål, 1862
** ''Hackerobrachys'' Constant, 2006
** ''Kirkaldybrachys'' Constant, 2006
** ''Loisobrachys'' Constant, 2008
** ''Maeniana'' Metcalf, 1952
** ''Mesonitys'' Schmidt, E., 1908
** ''Neoplatybrachys'' Lallemand, 1950
** ''Nirus'' Jacobi, 1928
** ''Olonia'' Stål, 1862
** ''Platybrachys'' Stål, 1859
** ''Stalobrachys'' Constant, 2018
** ''Usambrachys'' Constant, 2005
Eurybrachinae
Authority: Stål, 1862
* tribe Eurybrachini Stål, 1862 – India, Indochina, Malesia
** ''Eurybrachys'' Guérin-Méneville, 1834 - type genus
** ''Messena'' Stål, 1861
** ''Nicidus'' Stål, 1858
** ''Purusha (planthopper), Purusha'' Distant, 1906
** ''Thessitus'' Walker, 1862
* tribe Frutini Schmidt, 1908 – Malesia
** ''Chalia (planthopper), Chalia'' Walker, 1858
* tribe Loxocephalini Schmidt, 1908 – tropical Africa, India, China, Indochina
** ''Amychodes'' Karsch, 1895
** ''Klapperibrachys'' Constant, 2006
** ''Loxocephala'' Schaum, 1850
** ''Macrobrachys'' Lallemand, 1950
** ''Nesiana'' Metcalf, 1952
** ''Nilgiribrachys'' Constant, 2007
** ''Parancyra'' Synave, 1968
** ''Paropioxys'' Karsch, 1890
Pest status
Most Eurybrachidae are not regarded as pests, but like many families of plant sucking Hemiptera, they do include some species of concern. For example, ''Eurybrachys tomentosa'' is regarded as a pest of tropical Asian forestry, causing damage in plantations of sandalwood and ''Calotropis''.See also
* BrochosomeReferences
External links
* *Australian species review
Photo of African species in defensive pose
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q33136974, from2=Q3435208 Eurybrachidae, Auchenorrhyncha families Fulgoromorpha