Eurovision Song Contest 1999

The Eurovision Song Contest 1999 was the 44th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 29 May 1999 at the International Convention Centre in Jerusalem, Israel. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) and presented by singer Dafna Dekel, radio and television presenter Yigal Ravid and model and television presenter Sigal Shachmon, the contest was held in Israel following the country's victory at the with the song "Diva" by Dana International.

Twenty-three countries participated in the contest. , , , , , and , having participated in the , were absent due to being relegated after achieving the lowest average points totals over the past five contests or by actively choosing not to return. Meanwhile , , and returned to the contest, having last participated in , while made its first contest appearance since .

The winner was with the song "Take Me to Your Heaven", composed by Lars Diedricson, written by Gert Lengstrand and performed by Charlotte Nilsson. , , and rounded out the top five, with Iceland achieving its best ever result and Croatia equalling its previous best. It was the first contest since that countries were allowed to perform in the language of their choice, and not necessary the language of their country, and also the first ever contest to not feature an orchestra or live music accompanying the competing entries.

Location

The 1999 contest took place in Jerusalem, Israel, following the country's victory at the with the song "Diva", performed by Dana International. It was the second time that Israel had staged the contest, following the also held in Jerusalem. The selected venue was the Ussishkin Auditorium of the International Convention Centre, commonly known in Hebrew as ( he, בנייני האומה), which also served as the host venue for Israel's previous staging of the event.

The prospect of Israel staging the contest resulted in protest by members of the Orthodox Jewish community in the country, including opposition by the deputy mayor of Jerusalem Haim Miller to the contest being staged in the city. Additional concerns over funding for the event also contributed to speculation that the contest could be moved to Malta or the United Kingdom, the nations which had finished in the top three alongside Israel the previous year. Financial guarantees by the Israeli government however helped to ensure that the contest would take place in Israel. The possibility of holding the event in an open air venue was discussed, however concerns over security led to the choice of an indoor venue for the event.

Production

The Eurovision Song Contest 1999 was produced by the Israeli public broadcaster Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA). Amnon Barkai served as executive producer, Aharon Goldfinger-Eldar served as producer, Hagai Mautner served as director and , Mia Raveh and Ronen Levin served as designers. Usually able to hold a maximum of 3,000 people, modifications made to the Ussishkin Auditorium reduced the capacity to around 2,000 for the contest, with rows of seats removed from the floor to make room for the stage and from the balcony to allow for the construction of boxes for use by various commentators.

Rehearsals in the venue for the competing acts began on 24 May 1999. Each country had two technical rehearsals in the week approaching the contest: the first rehearsals took place on 24 and 25 May, with each country allowed 40 minutes total on stage followed by a 20 minute press conference; the second rehearsals subsequently took place on 26 and 27 May, with each country allocated 30 minutes on stage. Each country took to the stage in the order in which they would perform, however due to budget concerns the Lithuanian delegation was permitted to arrive in Israel one day later than the other delegations. Subsequently the first day's rehearsals began with Belgium as the second country to be performed in the contest, with Lithuania being the last country to complete their first rehearsal on the second day; for the second rehearsals the order was corrected and Lithuania was scheduled first on stage. Additional rehearsals took place on 26 May for the contest's concluding performance with all artists, and on 27 May for the contest's presenters and to test the voting scoreboard's computer graphics. Two dress rehearsals held on 28 May were held with an audience, the latter of which was also recorded for use as a production stand-by in case of problems during the live contest. A further dress rehearsal took place on the afternoon of 29 May ahead of the live contest, followed by security and technical checks.

Singer Dafna Dekel, radio and television presenter Yigal Ravid and model and television presenter Sigal Shachmon were the presenters of the 1999 contest, the first time that three presenters had been involved in a single edition. Dekel had previously in the and placed sixth with the song "". The writers of the winning song were awarded with a trophy designed by Yaacov Agam, which was presented by the previous year's winning artist Dana International.

The show began with a computer animation entitled "From Birmingham to Jerusalem", highlighting the contest's journey from last year's host country the United Kingdom to Israel and containing notable landmarks and features of the competing countries; the animation then transitioned into recorded footage of Jerusalem including dancers and hosts Dekel and Shachmon. The contest's opening segment also featured Izhar Cohen and Gali Atari, Israel's previous winning artists from the and 1979 contests attending as special guests, and the previous year's co-presenter Terry Wogan in attendance as the United Kingdom's television commentator. A pause between entries was included for the first time to allow broadcasters to provide advertisements during the show; placed between the Polish and Icelandic entries, entertainment was provided during the break for the benefit of the audience in the arena and for non-commercial broadcasters featuring co-presenters Dekel and Shachmon and a performance of the song " To Life" from the musical '' Fiddler on the Roof''. The contest's pre-recorded interval act entitled "Freedom Calls", shown following the final competing entry and during the voting window, was staged outside the Walls of Jerusalem and the Tower of David and featured performances by a troupe of dancers, a chorus and Dana International singing the D'ror Yikra and a cover of "Free", originally recorded by Stevie Wonder. Following the traditional Reprise#Winner reprise, reprise performance of the winning song, the show finished with a performance of the English version of Israel's 1979 contest winning song "Hallelujah (Milk and Honey song), Hallelujah" involving all the competing artists as a tribute to the victims of the then-ongoing Kosovo War and to the people of the Balkans who were unable to watch the contest following the NATO bombing of the Radio Television of Serbia headquarters, bombing of television services in the Serbia and Montenegro, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

A compilation album featuring many of the competing entries was released in Israel following the contest, commissioned by IBA and released through the Israeli record label IMP Records. The release contained nineteen of the twenty-three competing acts on Compact Disc Digital Audio, CD and an additional video CD with clips from the televised broadcast and footage from backstage. The entries from Cyprus, the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom were absent due to the record label failing to secure the necessary rights for these songs.

Format

Entries

Each participating broadcaster was represented in the contest by one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration. A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all performers must have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest. Selected entries were not permitted to be released commercially before 1 January 1999, and were then only allowed to be released in the country they represented until after the contest was held. Entries were required to be selected by each country's participating broadcaster by 15 March, and the final submission date for all selected entries to be received by the contest organisers was set for 29 March. This submission was required to include a sound recording of the entry and backing track for use during the contest, a video presentation of the song on stage being performed by the artists, and the text of the song lyrics in its original language and translations in French and English for distribution to the participating broadcasters, their commentators and juries.

For the first time since the the participants had full freedom to perform in any language, and not simply that of the country they represented. Additionally the rules were modified to make the orchestra a non-obligatory feature of the contest of which organising broadcasters were free to opt out. IBA chose not to provide an orchestra, resulting in all entries being performed via backing tracks and no live music featuring for the first time in the contest's history. No orchestra has been included as part of the competition since, and in subsequent years the rules were modified again to entirely remove the option for entries to be accompanied by live music.

Following the confirmation of the twenty-three competing countries the draw to determine the running order was held on 17 November 1998.

Voting procedure

The results of the 1999 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in : each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry. Each participating country was required to use televoting to determine their points. Viewers had a total of five minutes to register their vote by calling one of twenty-two different telephone numbers to represent the twenty-three competing entries except that which represented their own country, with voting lines opening following the performance of the last competing entry. Once phone lines were opened a video recap containing short clips of each competing entry with the accompanying phone number for voting was shown in order to aid viewers during the voting window. Systems were also put in place to prevent Advocacy group, lobby groups from one country voting for their song by travelling to other countries.

Countries which were unable to hold a televote due to technological limitations were granted an exception, and their points were determined by an assembled jury of eight individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, comprised additionally of an equal number of men and women, and below and above 30 years of age. Countries using televoting were also required to appoint a back-up jury of the same composition which would be called into action upon technical failure preventing the televote results from being used. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing; if a tie still remained, the youngest jury member would have the deciding vote.

Postcards

Each entry was preceded by a video postcard which served as an introduction to the competing artists from each country, as well as providing an opportunity to showcase the running artistic theme of the event and creating a transition between entries to allow stage crew to make changes on stage. The postcards for the 1999 contest featured animations of paintings of Bible, biblical stories which transitioned into footage of modern locations in Israel or clips representing specific themes related to modern Israeli culture and industries. The various locations and themes for each postcard are listed below by order of performance:

# Jacob's Ladder; Israel Museum, Jerusalem
# Crossing the Red Sea, Pharaoh and his Army; Eilat
# Noah's Ark; landscapes of Galilee
# Ruth (biblical figure), Ruth; Agriculture in Israel, Israeli agriculture
# Jonah, Jonah and the Whale; Jaffa
# Adam and Eve; Israeli fashion
# The Sea of Galilee; Tiberias and surroundings
# Workers of the Tabernacle; Science and technology in Israel, Israeli tech and virtual reality
# Joseph (Genesis), Joseph and His Brothers; Haifa
# The Golden calf, Golden Calf; Israeli jewellery industry
# Prophet Jeremiah (Michelangelo), The Prophet; Tel Aviv nightlife
# David and Goliath; Sport in Israel, Israeli sports
# Manna, The Manna from Heaven; Israeli cuisine, Israeli culinary
# Finding of Moses, The Basket of Moses; rafting on the Jordan River
# Bathsheba, David and Bathsheba; music and art on the roofs of Tel Aviv
# Daniel in the lions' den, Daniel and the Lions; Acre, Israel, Acre
# Cain and Abel; Judaean Desert
# The Judgement of Solomon; Jerusalem
# The Twelve Spies, The Promised Land; Jezreel Valley
# Michal, David and Michal; Suzanne Dellal Centre for Dance and Theatre, Tel Aviv
# The Tower of Babel; List of beaches in Israel, Israeli beaches
# Samson; Caesarea Maritima, Caesarea National Park
# The Beth Alpha#Central panel—zodiac wheel, Zodiac mosaic at the Beth Alpha, Old Beth Alfa Synagogue; love at the Dead Sea

Participating countries

Per the rules of the contest twenty-three countries were allowed to participate in the event, a reduction on the twenty-five which took part in the and 1998 contests. made its first appearance since , and , , and returned after being relegated from the previous year's event. was unable to return from relegation due to failing to broadcast the 1998 contest, as specified in the rules for that edition. 1998 participants , , , , , and were absent from this edition.

Qualification

Due to the high number of countries wishing to enter the contest a Relegation in the Eurovision Song Contest, relegation system was introduced in in order to reduce the number of countries which could compete in each year's contest. Any relegated countries would be able to return the following year, thus allowing all countries the opportunity to compete in at least one in every two editions. The relegation rules introduced for the 1997 contest were again utilised ahead of the 1999 contest, based on each country's average points total in previous contests. The twenty-three participants were made up of the previous year's winning country and host nation, the seventeen countries which had obtained the highest average points total over the preceding five contests, and any eligible countries which did not compete in the 1998 contest. In cases where the average was identical between two or more countries the total number of points scored in the most recent contest determined the final order.

A new addition to the relegation rules specified that for the and future editions the four largest financial contributors to the contest, the , and would automatically qualify each year and be exempt from relegation. This new "Big Four (Eurovision), Big Four" group of countries was created to ensure the financial viability of the event and was prompted by a number of poor results in previous years for some of the countries, which if occurred again in 1999 could have resulted in those countries being eliminated.

Finland, Greece, Hungary, Macedonia, , Romania, Slovakia and Switzerland were therefore excluded from participating in the 1999 contest, to make way for the return of Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Iceland and Lithuania, and new debuting country . However Latvia's Latvijas Televīzija subsequently withdrew its participation at a late stage, and their place in the contest was subsequently offered to Hungary as the excluded country with the highest average points total. Hungarian broadcaster Magyar Televízió declined the offer, which then passed to Portugal's Rádio e Televisão de Portugal as the next country in line, which accepted the invitation.

The calculations used to determine the countries relegated for the 1999 contest are outlined in the table below.

Table key

Returning artists

Several of the artists taking part in the contest had previously performed as lead artists in past editions. Two of this year's lead artists had previously competed in the contest, with 's Doris Dragović taking part in representing , and 's Darja Švajger making a second appearance for her country following the . A number of former competitors also returned to perform as backing vocalists for some of the competing entries: Stefán Hilmarsson, who represented twice in and , provided backing vocals for Selma Björnsdóttir, Selma; Kenny Lübcke, who represented in , returned to provide backing for Trine Jepsen and Michael Teschl; Chris and Moira, Christopher Scicluna and Moira Stafrace, who represented in , provided backing for Times Three; Gabriel Fors, who represented in as a member of the group Blond (band), Blond, was among Charlotte Nilsson's backing vocalists; and Linda Williams (singer), Linda Williams, who represented the in , returned as a backing vocalist for 's Vanessa Chinitor. Additionally Evelin Samuel competed for in this year's contest, having previously served as backing vocalist for Estonia's Maarja-Liis Ilus in 1997.

Participants and results

The contest took place on 29 May 1999 at 22:00 (Israel Summer Time, IST) and lasted 3 hours and 13 minutes. The table below outlines the participating countries, the order in which they performed, the competing artists and songs, and the results of the voting.

The winner was represented by the song "Take Me to Your Heaven", composed by Lars Diedricson, written by and performed by Charlotte Nilsson. This marked Sweden's fourth victory in the contest, following wins in , and , and occurred 25 years after ABBA brought Sweden its first victory. Iceland, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina also achieved their best results to date, placing second, fourth and seventh respectively.

During the presentation of the trophy to the contest winners Dana International caused a security alert in the auditorium; while lifting the trophy and feigning difficulty due to its weight the singer lost her balance and fell to the stage along with the winning songwriters before being helped up by security agents.

The Norwegian delegation raised an objection to the use of simulated male vocals during the performance of Croatian entry "Marija Magdalena". Following the contest this was found to have contravened the contest rules regarding the use of vocals on the backing tracks, and Croatia were sanctioned by the EBU with the loss of 33% of their points for the purpose of calculating their average points total for qualification in following contests. The country's position and points at this contest however remain unchanged.

Detailed voting results

Televoting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries, except Lithuania, Turkey, Ireland and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ireland had intended to use televoting, however technical failures at Telecom Éireann ahead of the voting window meant that the majority of calls were not registered and the country's back-up jury was utilised to determine its points.

The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

12 points

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold.

Spokespersons

Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. As had been the case since the , the spokespersons were connected via Communications satellite, satellite and appeared in vision during the broadcast. Spokespersons at the 1999 contest are listed below.

# Andrius Tapinas
#
# Hugo de Campos
# Marko Rašica
# Colin Berry
# Mira Berginc
# Osman Erkan
# Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft
# Kirsten Siggaard
# Marie Myriam
# Edsilia Rombley
# Jan Chojnacki
# Áslaug Dóra Eyjólfsdóttir
# Marina Maleni
# Pontus Gårdinger
# Manuel Luís Goucha
# Clare McNamara
#
#
# Nirvana Azzopardi
# Renan Demirkan
# Segmedina Srna
# Mart Sander

Broadcasts

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay live and in full the contest via television. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants"; any passive countries wishing to participate in the following year's event were also required to provide a live broadcast of the contest or a deferred broadcast within 24 hours. Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their viewers. Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators, are shown in the tables below.

Other awards

Barbara Dex Award

The Barbara Dex Award, created in 1997 by fansite House of Eurovision, was awarded to the performer deemed to have been the "worst dressed" among the participants. The winner in 1999 was Spain's representative Lydia (singer), Lydia, as determined by visitors to the House of Eurovision website. This was the first edition of the award to be determined by site visitors, after the winners in 1997 and 1998 were determined by the founders of the House of Eurovision site Edwin van Thillo and Rob Paardekam.

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

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Eurovision Song Contest 1999,
Eurovision Song Contest by year, 1999
1999 in music
May 1999 events in Asia
May 1999 events in Europe
1999 in Europe
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1990s in Jerusalem
1999 in Israeli television
Events in Jerusalem
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Music festivals in Israel