EU member states
EEA member
Provisional EEA member (Croatia)
EFTA
EFTA member states
EEA member
EFTA
EFTA signatories that have not ratified (Switzerland)
Institutions
• Governance
• Regulators
• Courts
EEA Joint Committee
EEA Council
EC
EFTA
EFTA SA
ECJ
EFTA
EFTA Court
Member states[1][2]
27 EU states
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
3
EFTA
EFTA states
Iceland
Liechtenstein
Norway
1 EU state with provisional membership
Croatia
Establishment
• EEA Agreement signed
2 May 1992
• Entry into force
1 January 1994
Area
• Total
4,944,753 km2 (1,909,180 sq mi)
Population
• 2015 estimate
513,772,446
GDP (nominal)
2014 estimate
• Total
€14 trillion ($18 trillion)[3]
• Per capita
€27,300 ($34,000)
The
European Economic Area
European Economic Area (EEA) is the area in which the Agreement on
the EEA provides for the free movement of persons, goods, services and
capital within the European Single Market, including the freedom to
choose residence in any country within this area. The EEA was
established on 1 January 1994 upon entry into force of the EEA
Agreement.[4]
The EEA Agreement specifies that membership is open to member states
of either the
European Union
European Union (EU) or European Free Trade Association
(EFTA).
EFTA
EFTA states which are party to the EEA Agreement participate
in the EU's internal market without being members of the EU. They
adopt most EU legislation concerning the single market, however with
notable exclusions including laws regarding agriculture and
fisheries.[5] The EEA's "decision-shaping" processes enable EEA EFTA
member states to influence and contribute to new EEA policy and
legislation from an early stage.[6] Third country goods are excluded
for these states on rules of origin.
When entering into force in 1994, the EEA parties were 17 states and
two European Communities: the European Community, which was later
absorbed into the EU's wider framework, and the now defunct European
Coal and Steel Community. Membership has grown to 31 states as of
2016: 28 EU member states, as well as three of the four member states
of the
EFTA
EFTA (Iceland,
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein and Norway).[4] The Agreement is
applied provisionally with respect to Croatia—the remaining and most
recent EU member state—pending ratification of its accession by all
EEA parties.[2][7] One
EFTA
EFTA member, Switzerland, has not joined the
EEA, but has a series of bilateral agreements with the EU which allow
it also to participate in the internal market.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Membership
2.1 Treaties
2.2
Ratification of the EEA Agreement
2.3 Notes
3 Future enlargement
3.1 New EU member states
3.2 Future EU member states
3.3 European microstates
4 Possible withdrawal of the United Kingdom
5 Rights and obligations
6 Legislation
7 Institutions
8 EEA and
Norway
Norway Grants
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Origins[edit]
See also: 1995 enlargement of the European Union, 2004 enlargement of
the European Union, and 2007 enlargement of the European Union
In the late 1980s, the
EFTA
EFTA member states, led by Sweden, began
looking at options to join the then European Communities. The reasons
identified for this are manifold. Many authors cite the economic
downturn in the beginning of the 1980s, and the subsequent adoption by
the
European Union
European Union of the
Europe
Europe 1992 agenda as a primary reason.
Arguing from a liberal intergovernmentalist perspective, these authors
argue that large multinational corporations in
EFTA
EFTA countries,
especially Sweden, pressed for
EEC
EEC membership under threat of
relocating their production abroad. Other authors point to the end of
the Cold War, which made joining the EU less politically controversial
for neutral countries.[8]
Meanwhile, Jacques Delors, who was President of the European
Commission at the time, did not like the idea of the
EEC
EEC enlarging
with more member states, as he feared that it would impede the ability
of the Community to complete the internal market reform and establish
the monetary union. Delors proposed a European Economic Space (EES) in
January 1989, which was later renamed the European Economic Area, as
it is known today.[8]
By the time the EEA was established, however, several developments
hampered its credibility. First of all,
Switzerland
Switzerland rejected the EEA
agreement in a national referendum on 6 December 1992 obstructing full
EU-
EFTA
EFTA integration within the EEA. Furthermore,
Austria
Austria had applied
for full
EEC
EEC membership in 1989, and was followed by Finland, Norway,
Sweden, and
Switzerland
Switzerland between 1991 and 1992 (Norway's EU accession
was rejected in a referendum,
Switzerland
Switzerland froze its EU application
after the EEA agreement was rejected in a referendum). The fall of the
Iron Curtain made the EU less hesitant to accept these highly
developed countries as member states, since that would relieve the
pressure on the EU's budget when the former socialist countries of
Central
Europe
Europe were to join.[8]
Membership[edit]
The EEA Agreement was signed in
Porto
Porto on 2 May 1992 by the then seven
states of the
European Free Trade Association
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the European
Community (EC) and its then 12 member states.[9][10] On 6 December
1992, Switzerland's voters rejected the ratification of the agreement
in a constitutionally mandated referendum,[11] effectively freezing
the application for EC membership submitted earlier in the year.
Switzerland
Switzerland is instead linked to the EU by a series of bilateral
agreements. On 1 January 1995, three erstwhile members of the
EFTA—Austria,
Finland
Finland and Sweden—acceded to the European Union,
which had superseded the
European Community
European Community upon the entry into force
of the
Maastricht Treaty
Maastricht Treaty on 1 November 1993. Liechtenstein's
participation in the EEA was delayed until 1 May 1995.[12]
As of 2014[update] the contracting parties to the EEA are 3 of the 4
EFTA
EFTA member states and 27 of the 28 EU member states. The 28th and
newest EU member, Croatia, finished negotiating their accession to the
EEA in November 2013,[13] and since 12 April 2014 is provisionally
applying the agreement pending its ratification by all EEA member
states.[2][7]
Treaties[edit]
Besides the 1992 Treaty, 1 amending treaty was signed, as well as 3
treaties to allow for accession of new members of the European Union
Treaty
Signature
Entry into force
original signatories
comment
EEA agreement
000000001992-05-02-00002 May 1992
000000001994-01-01-00001 January 1994
19 states +
EEC
EEC and ECSC
Entered into force as adjusted by the 1993 Protocol
Adjusting Protocol
000000001993-03-17-000017 March 1993
000000001994-01-01-00001 January 1994
18 states +
EEC
EEC and ECSC
Allowing entry into force without Switzerland
Participation of 10 new States
000000002003-10-14-000014 October 2003
000000002005-12-06-00006 December 2005
28 states + EC
following 2004 enlargement of the European Union
Participation of 2 new States
000000002007-07-25-000025 July 2007
000000002011-11-09-00009 November 2011
30 states + EC
following 2007 enlargement of the European Union
Participation of 1 new State
000000002014-04-11-000011 April 2014
not in force
31 states + EU
following 2013 enlargement of the European Union
Ratification of the EEA Agreement[edit]
State
Signed
[Note 1][1][14]
Ratified
[Note 1][1]
Entered into force[1]
Notes
Austria
2 May 1992
15 October 1992
1 January 1994
EU member (from 1 January 1995)
Acceded to the EEA as an
EFTA
EFTA member[14]
Belgium
2 May 1992
9 November 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Bulgaria[15]
25 July 2007
29 February 2008
9 November 2011
EU member
Croatia[2]
11 April 2014
24 March 2015[16]
No
EU member (from 1 July 2013)
Provisional application from 12 April 2014[2]
Cyprus[17]
14 October 2003
30 April 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
(The agreement is not applied to Northern Cyprus[Note 2])
Czech Republic[17]
14 October 2003
10 June 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
Denmark
2 May 1992
30 December 1992
1 January 1994
EU member
European Union
2 May 1992
13 December 1993
1 January 1994
originally as European Economic Community
and European Coal and Steel Community
Estonia[17]
14 October 2003
13 May 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
Finland
2 May 1992
17 December 1992
1 January 1994
EU member (from 1 January 1995)
Acceded to the EEA as an
EFTA
EFTA member[14]
France
2 May 1992
10 December 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Germany
2 May 1992
23 June 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Greece
2 May 1992
10 September 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Hungary[17]
14 October 2003
26 April 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
Iceland
2 May 1992
4 February 1993
1 January 1994
EFTA
EFTA member
Ireland
2 May 1992
29 July 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Italy
2 May 1992
15 November 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Latvia[17]
14 October 2003
4 May 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
Liechtenstein
2 May 1992
25 April 1995
1 May 1995
EFTA
EFTA member
Lithuania[17]
14 October 2003
27 April 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
Luxembourg
2 May 1992
21 October 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Malta[17]
14 October 2003
5 March 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
Netherlands
2 May 1992
31 December 1992
1 January 1994
EU member
Norway
2 May 1992
19 November 1992
1 January 1994
EFTA
EFTA member
Poland[17]
14 October 2003
8 October 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
Portugal
2 May 1992
9 March 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Romania[15]
25 July 2007
23 May 2008
9 November 2011
EU member
Slovakia[17]
14 October 2003
19 March 2004
6 December 2005
EU member
Slovenia[17]
14 October 2003
30 June 2005
6 December 2005
EU member
Spain
2 May 1992
3 December 1993
1 January 1994
EU member
Sweden
2 May 1992
18 December 1992
1 January 1994
EU member (from 1 January 1995)
Acceded to the EEA as an
EFTA
EFTA member[14]
Switzerland[14]
2 May 1992
No
No
EFTA
EFTA member
EEA ratification rejected in a 1992 referendum
Removed as contracting party in 1993 protocol
United Kingdom
2 May 1992
15 November 1993
1 January 1994
EU member, includes Gibraltar
Voted in a 2016 referendum to leave the EU (planned to be effective by
29 March 2019)
The future status of UK inclusion in the EEA remains unresolved.
Notes[edit]
^ a b Of the original agreement, or a subsequent agreement on
participation of that particular state in the EEA.
^ Protocol 10 of the treaty of accession of the
European Union
European Union to
Cyprus
Cyprus suspended the application of the EU acquis to Northern
Cyprus.[18][19] The EEA agreement states that it only applies to the
territories of EU member states to which the
EU treaties
EU treaties apply.[20] A
joint declaration to the Final Act of treaty on accession of
Cyprus
Cyprus to
the EEA confirmed that this included the Protocol on Cyprus.[21]
Future enlargement[edit]
New EU member states[edit]
Croatia
Croatia acceded to the EU in July 2013, which obliged them to apply
for EEA membership.[22] After Slovenia,
Croatia
Croatia has recovered best
from the break-up of the former Yugoslavia and is the second former
Yugoslav state to join the EU.[23] According to Eurostat,
Croatia
Croatia has
a stable market economy and its GDP per capita in 2010 was 61 per cent
of the EU average, exceeding that of four other EU member
states.[24][25] EU accession negotiations were concluded on 30 June
2011,[26][27] and the Treaty of Accession was signed on 9 December
2011 in Brussels.[28] The Croatian government decided to submit their
EEA membership application on 13 September 2012,[29] and negotiations
started 15 March 2013 in Brussels, with the aim of achieving
simultaneous accession to both the EU and the EEA on 1 July 2013.[30]
However, this was not achieved.[31][32][33][34] Accession negotiations
were expected to be completed by the autumn of 2013,[35] and on 20
November 2013 it was announced that an enlargement agreement was
reached. The text was initialled on 20 December 2013, and following
its signature in April 2014 the agreement is being provisionally
applied pending ratification by Croatia, all EEA states, and the
European Union.[7][13][36] As of June 2017[update], the agreement has
been ratified by 17 out of 32 parties.[2]
By comparison, following the 2007 enlargement of the EU, which saw
Bulgaria
Bulgaria and
Romania
Romania acceding to the EU on 1 January 2007, an EEA
Enlargement Agreement was not signed until 25 July 2007 and only
provisionally entered into force on 1 August 2007.[37][38][15] The
agreement did not fully enter into force until 9 November 2011.[15] On
the other hand, the EEA Agreement was applied on a provisional basis
to the 10 acceding countries in May 2004 as from the date of their
accession to the EU.[39]
Future EU member states[edit]
See also: Future enlargement of the European Union
There are five recognised candidates for EU membership that are not
already EEA members:
Albania
Albania (applied 2009), Macedonia (applied 2004),
Montenegro
Montenegro (applied 2008, negotiating since June 2012), Serbia
(applied 2009, negotiating since January 2014) and
Turkey
Turkey (applied
1987, negotiating since October 2005).[40]
Albania
Albania and Macedonia have
not yet started negotiations to join, nor has the
European Union
European Union set
any negotiations start date.[41]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Kosovo
Kosovo are
considered potential candidates for membership. Bosnia and Herzegovina
signed a
Stabilisation and Association Agreement
Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the EU and
its member states, that went into effect in June 2015, which allowed
the lodging of a membership application in February 2016,[42] while
Kosovo, whose independence is unrecognised by 5 EU member states,
finalised negotiations on a SAA that went into effect in April
2016.[43]
In mid-2005, representatives of the
Faroe Islands
Faroe Islands hinted at the
possibility of their territory joining the EFTA.[44] However, the
ability of the Faroes to join is uncertain because, according to
Article 56 of the
EFTA
EFTA Convention, only states may become members of
the Association.[45] The Faroes, which form part of the Danish Realm,
is not a sovereign state, and according to a report prepared for the
Faroes Ministry of Foreign Affairs "under its constitutional status
the Faroes cannot become an independent Contracting Party to the EEA
Agreement due to the fact that the Faroes are not a state".[46]
However, the report went on to suggest that it is possible that the
"Kingdom of
Denmark
Denmark in respect of the Faroes" could join the EFTA.[46]
The Danish Government has stated that the Faroes cannot become an
independent member of the EEA as
Denmark
Denmark is already a party to the EEA
Agreement.[46] The Faroes already have an extensive bilateral free
trade agreement with Iceland, known as the Hoyvík Agreement.
European microstates[edit]
See also: Microstates and the European Union
In November 2012, after the Council of the
European Union
European Union had called
for an evaluation of the EU's relations with the sovereign European
microstates of Andorra,
Monaco
Monaco and San Marino, which they described as
"fragmented",[47] the
European Commission
European Commission published a report outlining
options for their further integration into the EU.[48] Unlike
Liechtenstein, which is a member of the EEA via the
EFTA
EFTA and the
Schengen Agreement, relations with these three states are based on a
collection of agreements covering specific issues. The report examined
four alternatives to the current situation: 1) a Sectoral Approach
with separate agreements with each state covering an entire policy
area, 2) a comprehensive, multilateral Framework Association Agreement
(FAA) with the three states, 3) EEA membership, and 4) EU membership.
The Commission argued that the sectoral approach did not address the
major issues and was still needlessly complicated, while EU membership
was dismissed in the near future because "the EU institutions are
currently not adapted to the accession of such small-sized countries".
The remaining options, EEA membership and a FAA with the states, were
found to be viable and were recommended by the Commission.
As EEA membership is currently only open to
EFTA
EFTA or EU members, the
consent of existing
EFTA
EFTA member states is required for the microstates
to join the EEA without becoming members of the EU. In 2011, Jonas
Gahr Støre, the then Foreign Minister of
Norway
Norway which is an EFTA
member state, said that EFTA/EEA membership for the microstates was
not the appropriate mechanism for their integration into the internal
market because their requirements differed from those of larger
countries such as Norway, and suggested that a simplified association
would be better suited for them.[49] Espen Barth Eide, Støre's
successor, responded to the Commission's report in late 2012 by
questioning whether the microstates have sufficient administrative
capabilities to meet the obligations of EEA membership. However, he
stated that
Norway
Norway was open to the possibility of
EFTA
EFTA membership for
the microstates if they decide to submit an application, and that the
country had not made a final decision on the matter.[50][51][52][53]
Pascal Schafhauser, the Counsellor of the
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein Mission to the
EU, said that Liechtenstein, another
EFTA
EFTA member state, was willing to
discuss EEA membership for the microstates provided their joining did
not impede the functioning of the organisation. However, he suggested
that the option of direct membership in the EEA for the microstates,
outside both the
EFTA
EFTA and the EU, should be given consideration.[52]
On 18 November 2013 the EU Commission concluded that "the
participation of the small-sized countries in the EEA is not judged to
be a viable option at present due to the political and institutional
reasons", and that Association Agreements were a more feasible
mechanism to integrate the microstates into the internal market.[54]
Possible withdrawal of the United Kingdom[edit]
Main articles: Membership of
United Kingdom
United Kingdom in the European Economic
Area and Brexit
A 2016 UK referendum voted to withdraw from the European Union.
Staying in the EEA, possibly eventually as an
EFTA
EFTA member, is one of
the suggested options. A 2013 research paper presented to the
Parliament of the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom proposed a number of alternatives to
EU membership which would continue to allow it access to the EU's
internal market, including continuing EEA membership as an
EFTA
EFTA member
state, or the Swiss model of a number of bilateral treaties covering
the provisions of the single market.[55] The
United Kingdom
United Kingdom was a
co-founder of
EFTA
EFTA in 1960, but ceased to be a member upon joining the
European Union. In the first meeting since the
Brexit
.jpg/440px-Brexit_(2019).jpg)
Brexit vote, EFTA
reacted by saying both that they were open to a UK return and that
Britain has many issues to work through[56] although the Norwegian
Government later expressed reservations.[57] In January 2017, Theresa
May, the British Prime Minister, announced a 12-point plan of
negotiating objectives and confirmed that the UK government would not
seek continued permanent membership in the single market.[58] The UK
could be allowed by other member states to join the EEA or
EFTA
EFTA but
existing EEA members such as
Norway
Norway would have concerns about taking
the risk of opening a difficult negotiation with the EU that could
lead them to lose their current advantages.[59] The Scottish
Government has looked into membership of
EFTA
EFTA to retain access to the
EEA.[60] However, other
EFTA
EFTA states have stated that only sovereign
states are eligible for membership, so it could only join if it became
independent from the UK.[61]
Rights and obligations[edit]
The EEA relies on the same "four freedoms" underpinning the European
Single Market as does the European Union: the free movement of goods,
persons, services, and capital among the EEA countries. Thus, the EEA
countries that are not part of the EU enjoy free trade with the
European Union. Also, '[t]he free movement of persons is one of the
core rights guaranteed in the
European Economic Area
European Economic Area (EEA) ... [i]t is
perhaps the most important right for individuals, as it gives citizens
of the 31 EEA countries the opportunity to live, work, establish
business and study in any of these countries'.[62]
As a counterpart, these countries have to adopt part of the Law of the
European Union. However they also contribute to and influence the
formation of new EEA relevant policies and legislation at an early
stage as part of a formal decision-shaping process.[6]
Agriculture and fisheries are not covered by the EEA. Not being bound
by the
Common Fisheries Policy
Common Fisheries Policy is perceived as very important by
Norway
Norway and Iceland, and a major reason not to join the EU. The Common
Fisheries Policy would mean giving away fishing quotas in their
waters.
The EEA countries that are not part of the EU do not contribute
financially to Union objectives to the same extent as do its members,
although they contribute to the
EEA Grants
EEA Grants scheme to “reduce social
and economic disparities in the EEA”. Additionally, some choose to
take part in EU programmes such as
Trans-European Networks and the
European Regional Development Fund.
Norway
Norway also has its own Norway
Grants scheme.[63] After the EU/EEA enlargement of 2004, there was a
tenfold increase in the financial contribution of the EEA States, in
particular Norway, to social and economic cohesion in the Internal
Market (€1167 million over five years).[citation needed]
Legislation[edit]
A clickable
Euler diagram
Euler diagram showing the relationships between various
multinational European organisations and agreements.
v
t
e
The non EU members of the EEA (Iceland,
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein and Norway) have
agreed to enact legislation similar to that passed in the EU in the
areas of social policy, consumer protection, environment, company law
and statistics.[citation needed] These are some of the areas covered
by the former
European Community
European Community (the "first pillar" of the European
Union).
The non-EU members of the EEA are not represented in Institutions of
the
European Union
European Union such as the
European Parliament
European Parliament or European
Commission. This situation has been described as “fax democracy”,
with
Norway
Norway waiting for their latest legislation to be faxed from the
Commission.[64][65] However, EEA countries are consulted about new EU
legislative proposals and participate in shaping legislation at an
early stage. The EEA Agreement contains provisions for input from the
EEA/
EFTA
EFTA countries at various stages before legislation is adopted,
including consent at the EEA Joint Committee. Once approved at the EEA
Joint Committee, it is part of the EEA Agreement and the EEA EFTA
States must implement it in their national law.[66]
Institutions[edit]
See also: European Free Trade Association
The
EEA Joint Committee consists of the EEA-
EFTA
EFTA States plus the
European Commission
European Commission (representing the EU) and has the function of
amending the EEA Agreement to include relevant EU legislation. An EEA
Council meets twice yearly to govern the overall relationship between
the EEA members.
Rather than setting up pan-EEA institutions, the activities of the EEA
are regulated by the
European Union
European Union institutions, as well as the EFTA
Surveillance Authority and the
EFTA
EFTA Court. The
EFTA
EFTA Surveillance
Authority and the
EFTA Court
EFTA Court regulate the activities of the EFTA
members in respect of their obligations in the European Economic Area
(EEA). The
EFTA
EFTA Surveillance Authority performs the European
Commission's role as "guardian of the treaties" for the
EFTA
EFTA countries
to ensure the EEA Agreement is being followed. The
EFTA Court
EFTA Court performs
a similar role to the European Court of Justice's in that it resolves
disputes under the EEA Agreement.
While the ECJ and
European Commission
European Commission are respectively responsible for
the interpretation and application of the EEA Agreement in the EU
(between EU member states and within EU member states), and the EFTA
Court and
EFTA
EFTA Surveillance Authority are likewise respectively
responsible for interpreting and monitoring the application of the EEA
Agreement among the EEA-
EFTA
EFTA states (between the EEA-
EFTA
EFTA states and
within the EEA-
EFTA
EFTA states), disputes between an EU state and an
EEA-
EFTA
EFTA state are referred to the
EEA Joint Committee rather to
either court. Only if the Joint Committee cannot provide a resolution
within three months, would the disputing parties jointly submit to the
ECJ for a ruling (if the dispute concerns provisions identical to EU
law) or to arbitration (in all other cases).[67]
The original plan for the EEA lacked the
EFTA Court
EFTA Court or the EFTA
Surveillance Authority, as the "EEA court" (which would be composed of
five
European Court of Justice
European Court of Justice members and three members from EFTA
countries and which would be functionally integrated with the ECJ)[68]
and the
European Commission
European Commission were to exercise those roles. However,
during the negotiations for the EEA agreement, the European Court of
Justice informed the Council of the
European Union
European Union (Opinion 1/91) that
they considered that giving the EEA court jurisdiction with respect to
EU law that would be part of the EEA law, would be a violation of the
treaties, and therefore the current arrangement was developed instead.
After having negotiated the Surveillance Authority, the ECJ confirmed
its legality in Opinion 1/92.
The
EFTA
EFTA Secretariat is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The EFTA
Surveillance Authority has its headquarters in Brussels,
Belgium
.jpg/440px-Belgium-6015_-_Most_Photographed_Dog_in_Burges_(13902076955).jpg)
Belgium (the
same location as the headquarters of the European Commission), while
the
EFTA Court
EFTA Court has its headquarters in
Luxembourg
Luxembourg (the same location
as the headquarters of the European Court of Justice).
EEA and
Norway
Norway Grants[edit]
Main article: EEA and
Norway
Norway Grants
The EEA and
Norway
Norway Grants are the financial contributions of Iceland,
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein and
Norway
Norway to reduce social and economic disparities in
Europe. In the period from 2004 to 2009, €1.3 billion of
project funding is made available for project funding in the 15
beneficiary states in Central and Southern Europe.
Established in conjunction with the 2004 enlargement of the European
Economic Area (EEA), which brings together the EU, Iceland,
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein and
Norway
Norway in the Internal Market, the EEA and Norway
Grants were administered by the Financial Mechanism Office, which is
affiliated to the
EFTA
EFTA Secretariat in Brussels.
See also[edit]
EudraVigilance
European integration
Free trade areas in Europe
Central European Free Trade Agreement
EFTA
EU enlargement to
EFTA
EFTA states
Accession of
Iceland
Iceland to the European Union
Liechtenstein–
European Union
European Union relations
Norway–
European Union
European Union relations
Switzerland–
European Union
European Union relations
National identity cards in the European Economic Area
Parallel importation
Passports of the European Economic Area
Schengen Agreement
European Customs Union
Trade bloc
Eurasian Economic Union
References[edit]
^ a b c d "Agreement details". Council of the European Union.
Retrieved 7 July 2013.
^ a b c d e f "Agreement details". Council of the European Union.
Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ "
Eurostat
Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table".
Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 2016-08-11. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
^ a b "AGREEMENT ON THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA". European Free Trade
Association. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
^ "The Basic Features of the EEA Agreement European Free Trade
Association". Efta.int. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
^ a b "2182-BULLETIN-2009-07:1897-THIS-IS-EFTA-24" (PDF). Retrieved
2017-05-07.
^ a b c "
Croatia
Croatia joins the EEA". European Free Trade Association. 12
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