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An Eskimo yo-yo or Alaska yo-yo ( esu, yuuyuuk; ik, igruuraak) is a traditional two-balled skill toy played and performed by the Eskimo-speaking Alaska Natives, such as Inupiat, Siberian Yupik, and
Keynote Speaker: Christopher (Chris) J. Kiana, M.B.A., MA-RD, Ph.D., candidate
, ''WCSpeakers.com'' (accessed: December 01 2016). The Eskimo yo-yo involves simultaneously swinging two sealskin balls suspended on caribou sinew strings in opposite directions with one hand. It is popular with Alaskans and tourists alike.Klistoff, Alysa J. (2007),
Weapon, Toy, or Art? The Eskimo yo-yo as a commodified Arctic bola and marker of cultural Identity
'. University of Alaska Fairbanks. . This traditional toy is two unequal lengths of twine, joined together, with hand-made leather objects (balls, bells, hearts) at the ends of the twine. The object of the Eskimo yo-yo is to make the balls circle in opposite directions at the same time. Each cord is a different length to allow the balls to pass without striking one another,Eskimo Bolo
", ''ToysfromthePast.com''. Accessed: November 29, 2016.Morrow, Phyllis (1987).
Making the best of two worlds: an anthropological approach to the development of bilingual education materials in southwestern Alaska
', p.206, n.1. Cornell. and the balls are powered by centripetal force (as they rise the performer pumps down, while they fall the performer pumps up).Walton, Sandra J.
An Inuit yo-yo
, ''Science Experiments on File'' (''FOFWeb.com/onfiles/SEOF''), p.2. This basic trick may be referred to as the "Eskimo orbit", and the orbit may be performed vertically, horizontally, or (horizontally) above one's head. Other tricks or patterns include atypical beginnings and wrapping and/or bouncing the strings around a part of one's body and then continuing with the orbit. A three-ball version of the Eskimo yo-yo also exists, and this requires all three balls to be moving at the same time. The objects at the end of the string are made in a variety of shapes, ranging from seals,
The use of an Eskimo yo-yo to demonstrate circular dichroism and optical rotation
. ''Journal of Chemical Education'' 54 (9): 577. Though the early history of the Eskimo yo-yo is not recorded, Eskimos maintain that this game originated as an important and widely used hunting tool made simply with sinew and bones, the bola.Juanita Tukrook
, ''CommunityCelebration.org''. ("First Nation Inupiak elder. Born in Fairbanks, Alaska in a small village called Tanana along the Arctic slope."): "Even when we catch ducks, we use this for a feather duster or you know something in the house. We try to use all parts of the animal. This is um...made from seal and this is called ah...Alaskan yo-yo, Eskimo yo-yo. And this is how you work it. But this is some of the toys I played with growing up." Accessed November 29, 2061.Donachy, Jack & Barbra (October 8, 2013.
Inupiat (Eskimo) Yo-Yo with Polar Bear Fur
, ''CutterLight.com''. Accessed November 29, 2016. It possibly evolved on St. Lawrence Island from the similarly constructed sinew and rock bolas used in bird hunting.Applegate Krouse, Susan and Howard, Heather A. (2009).
Keeping the Campfires Going: Native Women's Activism in Urban Communities
', p.103, n.4 (cites Lee, Molly. "Strands of Gold", ''Anchorage Daily News (We Alaskans)''. October 17, 1999, 18-13.). University of Nebraska Press. . __NOTOC__
An Eskimo yo-yo or Alaska yo-yo ( esu, yuuyuuk; ik, igruuraak) is a traditional two-balled skill toy played and performed by the Eskimo-speaking Alaska Natives, such as Inupiat, Siberian Yupik, and Yup'ik
The Yup'ik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Central Yup'ik, Alaskan Yup'ik ( own name ''Yup'ik'' sg ''Yupiik'' dual ''Yupiit'' pl; russian: Юпики центральной Аляски), are an I ...
. It resembles fur-covered bolas
Bolas or bolases (singular bola; from Spanish and Portuguese ''bola'', "ball", also known as a ''boleadora'' or ''boleadeira'') is a type of throwing weapon made of weights on the ends of interconnected cords, used to capture animals by entan ...
and yo-yo
A yo-yo (also spelled yoyo) is a toy consisting of an axle connected to two disks, and a string looped around the axle, similar to a spool. It is an ancient toy with proof of existence since 500 BCE. The yo-yo was also called a bandalore in ...
. It is regarded as one of the most simple, yet most complex, cultural artifacts/toys in the world.Kiana, Chris (2004/2016). ''Original 100 Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo Stratagems: Instructional Book''. Publication Consultants. ASIN: B007SNYM38. /. andKeynote Speaker: Christopher (Chris) J. Kiana, M.B.A., MA-RD, Ph.D., candidate
, ''WCSpeakers.com'' (accessed: December 01 2016). The Eskimo yo-yo involves simultaneously swinging two sealskin balls suspended on caribou sinew strings in opposite directions with one hand. It is popular with Alaskans and tourists alike.Klistoff, Alysa J. (2007),
Weapon, Toy, or Art? The Eskimo yo-yo as a commodified Arctic bola and marker of cultural Identity
'. University of Alaska Fairbanks. . This traditional toy is two unequal lengths of twine, joined together, with hand-made leather objects (balls, bells, hearts) at the ends of the twine. The object of the Eskimo yo-yo is to make the balls circle in opposite directions at the same time. Each cord is a different length to allow the balls to pass without striking one another,Eskimo Bolo
", ''ToysfromthePast.com''. Accessed: November 29, 2016.Morrow, Phyllis (1987).
Making the best of two worlds: an anthropological approach to the development of bilingual education materials in southwestern Alaska
', p.206, n.1. Cornell. and the balls are powered by centripetal force (as they rise the performer pumps down, while they fall the performer pumps up).Walton, Sandra J.
An Inuit yo-yo
, ''Science Experiments on File'' (''FOFWeb.com/onfiles/SEOF''), p.2. This basic trick may be referred to as the "Eskimo orbit", and the orbit may be performed vertically, horizontally, or (horizontally) above one's head. Other tricks or patterns include atypical beginnings and wrapping and/or bouncing the strings around a part of one's body and then continuing with the orbit. A three-ball version of the Eskimo yo-yo also exists, and this requires all three balls to be moving at the same time. The objects at the end of the string are made in a variety of shapes, ranging from seals,
ptarmigan
''Lagopus'' is a small genus of birds in the grouse subfamily commonly known as ptarmigans (). The genus contains three living species with numerous described subspecies, all living in tundra or cold upland areas.
Taxonomy and etymology
The ge ...
feet and dolls, to miniature mukluks
Mukluks or kamik ( iu, ᑲᒥᒃ ) (singular: , plural: ) are a soft boot, traditionally made of reindeer (caribou) skin or sealskin, and worn by Arctic aboriginal people, including the Inuit, Iñupiat, and Yup'ik.
Mukluks may be worn over a ...
and simple balls. The handle may be wood, bone, or ivory, as well as baleen. Many are plainly decorated; others display elaborate decorations, fine beadwork, and intricate details. The Eskimo yo-yo is bola, toy, and art form all rolled into one. One of their most popular forms of the Alaska Native art are yo-yos. Also, this is a popular tourist art found in gift shops across Alaska. Some shops carry only Native-made pieces, while others, according to Alysa Klistoff, carry imitation pieces made in China. See: Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-644) is a truth-in-advertising law which prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States. It is illegal to offer or d ...
. Much like the spinning top
A spinning top, or simply a top, is a toy with a squat body and a sharp point at the bottom, designed to be spun on its vertical axis, balancing on the tip due to the gyroscopic effect.
Once set in motion, a top will usually wobble for a few ...
(e.g. Maxwell's top), the yo-yo may also be used to demonstrate visual properties such as optical rotation and circular dichroism.Meloan, Clifton E. and Gere, Dennis (1977),The use of an Eskimo yo-yo to demonstrate circular dichroism and optical rotation
. ''Journal of Chemical Education'' 54 (9): 577. Though the early history of the Eskimo yo-yo is not recorded, Eskimos maintain that this game originated as an important and widely used hunting tool made simply with sinew and bones, the bola.Juanita Tukrook
, ''CommunityCelebration.org''. ("First Nation Inupiak elder. Born in Fairbanks, Alaska in a small village called Tanana along the Arctic slope."): "Even when we catch ducks, we use this for a feather duster or you know something in the house. We try to use all parts of the animal. This is um...made from seal and this is called ah...Alaskan yo-yo, Eskimo yo-yo. And this is how you work it. But this is some of the toys I played with growing up." Accessed November 29, 2061.Donachy, Jack & Barbra (October 8, 2013.
Inupiat (Eskimo) Yo-Yo with Polar Bear Fur
, ''CutterLight.com''. Accessed November 29, 2016. It possibly evolved on St. Lawrence Island from the similarly constructed sinew and rock bolas used in bird hunting.Applegate Krouse, Susan and Howard, Heather A. (2009).
Keeping the Campfires Going: Native Women's Activism in Urban Communities
', p.103, n.4 (cites Lee, Molly. "Strands of Gold", ''Anchorage Daily News (We Alaskans)''. October 17, 1999, 18-13.). University of Nebraska Press. . __NOTOC__
See also
*Astrojax
Astrojax, invented in 1986 by Larry Shaw, is a toy consisting of three balls on a string. One ball is fixed at each end of the string, and the center ball is free to slide along the string between the two end balls. Inside each ball is a metal ...
* Blanket toss
A trampoline is a device consisting of a piece of taut, strong fabric stretched between a steel frame using many coiled springs. Not all trampolines have springs, as the Springfree Trampoline uses glass-reinforced plastic rods. People bounce o ...
* Clackers
Clackers (also known as Clankers, Ker-Bangers, and numerous other names) were toys popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
In 1968, tempered glass sphere models emerged that would eventually shatter, sending glass shards into the face of the ...
* Eskimo bowline
The Eskimo bowline, Cossack knot (russian: Казачий узел), reverse bowline, or 'anti- bowline' is in a class of knots known as 'eye knots' or 'loop knots'. The eye is formed in the end of the rope to permit attachments/connections. ...
* Euler top
In classical mechanics, the precession of a rigid body such as a spinning top under the influence of gravity is not, in general, an integrable problem. There are however three (or four) famous cases that are integrable, the Euler, the Lagrange, ...
* Gyroscope
* Meteor (juggling)
* Poi (performance art)
* Whirly tube
Explanatory notes
References
Further reading
* Kiana, Chris (1986). ''Eskimo Yo Yo Tricks: 50 Tricks Instructional Book with Eskimo Customs & Legends Paperback''. H&K. ASIN: B00P0GWUDE. * Kiana, Chris (1997). '' Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo''. VHS. Takotna Video, Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo Company Inc. ASIN: B000UFSP8E. * Kiana, Chris (2009). ''Chris Kiana's Educational Eskimo Yo-yo''. DVD. Takotna Video, Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo Company Inc.External links
* * * {{Object manipulation Inupiat culture Rotation Traditional toys Yo-yos Yupik culture