Ottoman brassy ringlet (Erebia ottomana) male Bulgaria

Ottoman brassy ringlet (Erebia ottomana) female Bulgaria 2

Ottoman brassy ringlet (Erebia ottomana) underside Bulgaria

Nicholl's ringlet (Erebia rhodopensis) Bulgaria

Nicholl's ringlet (Erebia rhodopensis) underside Bulgaria 3

''Erebia'' is a

Holarctic The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical reg ...

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

brush-footed butterflies The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a redu ...

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

(see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands. These usually bear black spots within, which sometimes have white center spots. This genus has found it easy to adapt to

arid A region is arid when it severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Regions with arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. Most ...

and especially cold conditions. Most of its members are associated with high-altitude lands, forest clearings or high

latitude In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north– south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from –90° at the south pole to 90° at the north pol ...

and

tundra In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mou ...

. ''Erebia'' species are frequent in the

Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Swi ...

Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico ...

, subarctic and even

Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, N ...

regions, and the cooler parts of

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...

. In fact, the North American term for these butterflies is alpines. Palearctic species are collectively known as ringlets or arguses. However, none of these terms is used exclusively for this genus.

Taxonomy and systematics

The genus ''Erebia'' was erected by Johan Wilhelm Dalman in 1816. As

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...

, the Arran brown—described as ''Papilio ligea'' by

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his Nobility#Ennoblement, ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalise ...

in 1758—was chosen. This is a very complex genus with over 1300

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

, but a massive proportion of these are junior synonyms. Some of the

available name In zoological nomenclature, an available name is a scientific name for a taxon of animals that has been published conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for the establishment of a zoological ...

s are listed by Vladimir Lukhtanov. A fully comprehensive taxonomic checklist (i.e., without discussing synonymy and relationships) was published in 2008. Only three years after the genus' inception, the known species were reviewed by Jacob Hübner. He established no less than five new genera for a fraction of what would eventually be named as "species" of ''Erebia''. But things hardly improved as more and more of the diversity of these butterflies came to note. In

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

, a large number of ''Erebia'' taxa was described from the

. In the 19th and early 20th century the Alps were a popular destination for butterfly collectors and specimens of Alpine butterflies were very profitable for dealers. The dealers, mostly German, not only sold specimens, but were entomologists, entomological book dealers, entomological authors and publishers. Examples are Fritz Rühl, Alexander Heyne,

Otto Staudinger Otto Staudinger (2 May 1830 – 13 October 1900) was a German entomologist and a natural history dealer considered one of the largest in the world specialising in the collection and sale of insects to museums, scientific institutions, and in ...

Andreas Andreas ( el, Ἀνδρέας) is a name usually given to males in Austria, Greece, Cyprus, Denmark, Armenia, Estonia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Finland, Flanders, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Romania, the Netherlands, and Indonesia. The name ...

and Otto Bang-Haas and, in

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

, Achille and

Émile Deyrolle Émile Deyrolle (1838–1917) was a French naturalist and natural history dealer in Paris. The business was originally owned by his naturalist grandfather, Jean-Baptiste Deyrolle who opened his shop in 1831 at 23, Rue de la Monnaie. Émile’s f ...

. This, together with the then-popular, even obsessive study of variation by entomologists – examples are James William Tutt, George Wheeler,

Felix Bryk Felix Bryk (21 January 1882, in Vienna – 13 January 1957, in Stockholm) was a Swedish anthropologist, entomologist and writer. In entomological circles, Bryk is best known as a lepidopterist; in anthropological history, for his studies in East ...

and

Brisbane Charles Somerville Warren Brisbane Charles Somerville Warren (1887, Fermoy - 1979) was an Irish entomologist who specialised in Palaearctic Lepidoptera. Warren lived in Ireland, England, Germany and Switzerland. After 1934 he settled permanently in Folkestone. Between 19 ...

– led to very many names being applied to what may be or much more likely may not be biological species or subspecies. A further problem is the use of the term "

variety Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

". Authors of that time used this for an individual variant, a group of individuals morphologically but not otherwise related, seasonal forms, temperature-related forms, or geographic races; it was later usually taken to mean the last subspecies though this is often suspected to have been premature. Eventually, it became common to arrange supposed species and subspecies to "species groups" (not superspecies, but an informal

phenetic In biology, phenetics ( el, phainein – to appear) , also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary re ...

arrangement) as pioneered by B.C.S. Warren, and attempt to resolve their true nature by and by. As molecular phylogenetic studies add to the available data, it is becoming clear that most "varieties" that have at least been commonly considered subspecies in the latter 20th century are indeed lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition. Another result of recent research is confirmation of the theory that this genus contains many glacial

relict A relict is a surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon. Biology A relict (or relic) is an organism that at an earlier time was abundant in a large area but now occurs at only one or a few small areas. Geology and geomorphology In geology, a r ...

taxa, e.g., in the brassy ringlet group ('' E. tyndarus'' and similar species).Albre ''et al.'' (2008) The number of currently recognized ''Erebia'' species is given variously around 90-100, as developments happen so fast that it is hard for authors to remain up to date regarding the newest changes.

Species list

As of early 2008, the following good species and some rather distinct subspecies are listed:Brower (2006), Albre et al. (2008), and see Savela (2008) for more sources * '' Erebia aethiopella'' (Hoffmannsegg, 1806) – false Mnestra ringlet * '' Erebia aethiops'' (Esper, 1777) – Scotch argus * '' Erebia ajanensis'' Ménétriés, 1857 * '' Erebia alberganus'' (Prunner, 1798) – almond ringlet or almond-eyed ringlet * '' Erebia alcmena'' Grum-Grshimailo, 1891 * '' Erebia alini'' (Bang-Haas, 1937) (disputed) * '' Erebia anyuica'' Kurenzov, 1966 – scree alpine * '' Erebia arctica'' R.Poppius, 1906 * '' Erebia atramentaria'' O.Bang-Haas, 1927 * '' Erebia calcaria'' Lorković, 1949 – Lorkovic's brassy ringlet * '' Erebia callias'' Edwards, 1871 ** ''Erebia'' (''callias'') ''altajana'' Staudinger, 1901 ** ''Erebia'' (''callias'') ''callias'' – Colorado alpine ** ''Erebia'' (''callias'') ''sibirica'' Staudinger, 1881 ** ''Erebia'' (''callias'') ''simulata'' Warren, 1933 * '' Erebia cassioides'' (Reiner & Hohenwarth, 1792) – common brassy ringlet ** ''Erebia'' (''cassioides'') ''arvernensis'' Oberthür 1908 – western brassy ringlet ** ''Erebia'' (''cassioides'') ''carmenta'' Fruhstorfer, 1907 – western brassy ringlet ** ''Erebia'' (''cassioides'') ''macedonica'' Buresch, 1918 * '' Erebia christi'' Rätzer, 1890 – Raetzer's ringlet * '' Erebia claudina'' (Borkhausen, 1789) – white speck ringlet * '' Erebia cyclopius'' (Eversmann, 1844) * '' Erebia dabanensis'' Erschoff, 1871 * '' Erebia disa'' (Thunberg, 1791) – Arctic ringlet or disa alpine * '' Erebia discoidalis'' Kirby, 1837 – red-disked alpine * '' Erebia dromulus'' Staudinger, 1901 * '' Erebia edda'' Ménétriés, 1851 * '' Erebia embla'' (Thunberg, 1791) – Lapland ringlet * '' Erebia epiphron'' (Knoch, 1783) – mountain ringlet or small mountain ringlet * '' Erebia epipsodea'' Butler, 1868 – common alpine * '' Erebia epistygne'' (Hübner, 1819) – spring ringlet * '' Erebia erinnyn'' Warren, 1932 * '' Erebia eriphyle'' (Freyer, 1836) – eriphyle ringlet * '' Erebia eugenia'' Churkin, 2000 * '' Erebia euryale'' (Esper, 1805) – large ringlet * '' Erebia fasciata'' Butler, 1868 – banded alpine * '' Erebia flavofasciata'' Heyne, 1895 – yellow-banded ringlet * '' Erebia fletcheri'' Elwes, 1899 * ''

Erebia gorge The silky ringlet (''Erebia gorge'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is a high-altitude butterfly found on screes in the Alps, Pyrenees, central Italy and the Balkans The Balkans ( ), also known as ...

'' (Esper, 1805) – silky ringlet * '' Erebia gorgone'' – Gavarnie ringlet * ''

Erebia graucasica ''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or ban ...

'' Jachontov, 1909 * '' Erebia haberhaueri'' Staudinger, 1881 * '' Erebia hewitsoni'' Lederer, 1864 * '' Erebia hispania'' Butler, 1868 – Spanish brassy ringlet * '' Erebia inuitica'' Wyatt, 1966 (disputed) * '' Erebia iranica'' Grum-Grshimailo, 1895 * '' Erebia jeniseiensis'' Trybom, 1877 * '' Erebia kalmuka'' Alphéraky, 1881 * '' Erebia kefersteini'' (Eversmann, 1851) * '' Erebia kindermanni'' Staudinger, 1881 * '' Erebia kozhantshikovi'' Sheljuzhko, 1925 * '' Erebia lafontainei'' (Troubridge & Philip, 1983) – reddish alpine * '' Erebia lefebvrei'' (Boisduval,

828 __NOTOC__ Year 828 ( DCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Siege of Syracuse: The Muslims under Asad ibn al-Furat defeat ...

– Lefèbvre's ringlet * '' Erebia ligea'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Arran brown * '' Erebia mackinleyensis'' ( Gunder, 1932) – Mt. McKinley alpine * '' Erebia magdalena'' Strecker, 1880 – Magdalena alpine * '' Erebia mancinus'' Doubleday, 849/small> – taiga alpine * '' Erebia manto'' ( chiffermüller 1775) – yellow-spotted ringlet * '' Erebia maurisius'' Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov, 1994 (might be '' Erebia brimo'' (Böber, 1809)) * '' Erebia medusa'' (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1975) – woodland ringlet ** '' Erebia medusa polaris'' Staudinger, 1871 – Arctic woodland ringlet * ''

Erebia melampus ''Erebia melampus'', the lesser mountain ringlet, is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. Distribution and habitat This European endemic species occurs in the Alps from the Maritime Alps to eastern Austria (France, Germa ...

'' (Fuessli, 1775) – lesser mountain ringlet * '' Erebia melancholica'' Herrich-Schäffer,

846 __NOTOC__ Year 846 ( DCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgarians violate the peace treaty ...

/small> * '' Erebia melas'' (Herbst, 1796) – black ringlet * '' Erebia meolans'' (Prunner, 1798) – Piedmont ringlet * '' Erebia meta'' Staudinger, 1886 * '' Erebia mnestra'' (Hübner, 803-1804 – Mnestra's ringlet * '' Erebia montana'' (de Prunner, 1798) – marbled ringlet * '' Erebia neoridas'' (Boisduval,

– autumn ringlet * '' Erebia neriene'' ( Böber, 1809) * '' Erebia niphonica'' Janson, 1877 * '' Erebia nivalis'' Lorković & Lesse, 1954 – de Lesse's brassy ringlet * '' Erebia occulta'' Roos & Kimmich, 1983 – Eskimo alpine * '' Erebia ocnus'' (Eversmann, 1843) * '' Erebia oeme'' (Hübner, 803-1804 – bright-eyed ringlet * '' Erebia orientalis'' Elwes, 1900 * '' Erebia ottomana'' Herrich-Schäffer, 851/small> – Ottoman brassy ringlet ** ''Erebia (ottomana) benacensis'' Warren, 1933 * '' Erebia palarica'' Chapman, 1905 – Chapman's ringlet * '' Erebia pandrose'' (Borkhausen, 1788) – dewy ringlet * '' Erebia pawlowskii'' Ménétriés, 1859 – yellow-dotted alpine or Theano alpineBrock, Jim P. and K. Kaufman (2003). ''Kaufman Field Guide to Butterflies of North America.'' New York, NY:Houghton Mifflin. * ''

Erebia pharte ''Erebia pharte'', the blind ringlet, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is an Alpine butterfly. Distribution The species is found in France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland. Descrip ...

'' (Hübner, 803-1804 – blind ringlet * '' Erebia pluto'' (de Prunner, 1798) – sooty ringlet * '' Erebia progne'' Grum-Grshimailo, 1890 * '' Erebia pronoe'' (Esper, 1780) – water ringlet * '' Erebia radians'' Staudinger, 1886 * '' Erebia rhodopensis'' Nicholl, 1900 - Nicholl's ringlet * '' Erebia rondoui'' Oberthür 1908 (previously in ''E. cassioides'') * '' Erebia rossii'' (Curtis, 1835) – Arctic–alpine or Ross's alpine * '' Erebia rurigena'' (disputed) * '' Erebia sachaensis'' Dubatolov, 1992 * '' Erebia scipio'' Boisduval, 1832 – larche ringlet * '' Erebia serotina'' Descimon & de Lesse, 1953 – Descimon's ringlet * '' Erebia sibo'' (Alphéraky, 1881) * '' Erebia sokolovi'' Lukhtanov, 1990 * '' Erebia sthennyo'' Graslin, 1850 – false dewy ringlet * '' Erebia stirius'' (Godart, 824 – Styrian ringlet * '' Erebia stubbendorfii'' Ménétriés, 1846 * '' Erebia styx'' (Freyer, 1834) – Stygian ringlet * '' Erebia sudetica'' Staudinger, 1861 – Sudeten ringlet * '' Erebia theano'' ( Tauscher, 1806) – Theano alpine * '' Erebia tianschanica'' Heyne,

894 __NOTOC__ Year 894 ( DCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Stylianos Zaoutzes, leading minister and ...

/small> * '' Erebia transcaucasica'' Warren, 1950 (previously in ''E. graucasica'') * '' Erebia triarius'' (de Prunner, 1798) – de Prunner's ringlet * '' Erebia troubridgei'' (Dubatolov, 1992) * '' Erebia turanica'' Erschoff, 877/small> * '' Erebia tyndarus'' (Esper, 1781) – Swiss brassy ringlet * '' Erebia usgentensis'' Heyne,

/small> * '' Erebia vidleri'' Elwes, 1898 – northwest alpine or Vidler's alpine * '' Erebia wanga'' Bremer, 1864 * '' Erebia youngi'' Holland, 1900 – Yukon alpine or four-dotted alpine * '' Erebia zapateri'' Oberthür, 1875 – Zapater's ringlet

Gallery

File:Erebia1Seitz.jpg, First of the three ''Erebia'' plates in the 1915 ''Macrolepidoptera of the World'', edited by

Adalbert Seitz Friedrich Joseph Adalbert Seitz, (24 February 1860 in Mainz – 5 March 1938 in Darmstadt) was a German physician and entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He was a director of the Frankfurt zoo from 1893 to 1908 and is best known for e ...

. This work was published near the height of taxonomic confusion about these butterflies. File:Erebia3Seitz.jpg, Another ''Macrolepidoptera of the World'' plate, showing larger species. File:Erebia2Seitz.jpg, Third ''Macrolepidoptera of the World'' plate, of the 31 named

depicted, probably less than 10 are actual species.

''Erebia'' comparison

Image: Erebia ligea01.jpg, '' Erebia ligea'' Image: Erebia ligea 02 (HS).jpg, '' Erebia ligea'' Image: Mohrenauge Leibnitztal.jpg, '' Erebia euryale'' Image: Erebia euryale 220706.jpg, '' Erebia euryale'' Image: Erebia aethiops.jpg, '' Erebia aethiops'' Image: Erebia aethiops (2).jpg, '' Erebia aethiops'' Image: Erebia aethiops.underside.male.jpg, '' Erebia aethiops''
underside ♂ Image: Erebia aethiops.underside.female.jpg, '' Erebia aethiops''
underside ♀ Image: Erebia medusa.1.jpg, '' Erebia medusa'' ♂ Image: Erebia medusa1.jpg, '' Erebia medusa'' Image: Woodland Ringlet (14598413335).jpg, '' Erebia medusa'' ♀ Image: Erebianeoridas.JPG, '' Erebia neoridas'' Image: Erebia meolans.jpg, '' Erebia meolans'' Image: Erebia meolans M 1.jpg, '' Erebia meolans'' Image: Erebia alberganus.jpg, '' Erebia alberganus'' Image: Erebia alberganus.underside.jpg, '' Erebia alberganus''
underside Image: Erebia oeme.jpg, '' Erebia oeme'' ♂ Image: Erebia oeme.female.jpg, '' Erebia oeme'' ♀ Image: Erebia oeme.underside male.jpg, '' Erebia oeme''
underside ♂ Image: Erebia oeme.underside female.jpg, '' Erebia oeme''
underside ♀ Image: Erebia pronoe.jpg, '' Erebia pronoe'' Image: Erebia pronoe.underside female.jpg, '' Erebia pronoe''
underside ♀ Image: Erebia pluto.jpg, '' Erebia pluto'' Image: Erebia pluto.underside.jpg, '' Erebia pluto''
underside Image: Erebia pandrose.jpg, '' Erebia pandrose'' Image: Erebia pandrose.underside.jpg, '' Erebia pandrose''
underside Image: Erebia stirius.jpg, '' Erebia stirius'' Image: Erebia stirius.underside.jpg, '' Erebia stirius''
underside Image: Erebia nivalis.jpg, '' Erebia nivalis'' Image: Erebia nivalis.underside.jpg, '' Erebia nivalis''
underside Image: Erebia manto.male.jpg, '' Erebia manto'' ♂ Image: Erebia manto female hochtor.jpg, '' Erebia manto''
underside ♀ Image: Erebia gorge.jpg, ''

'' Image: Erebia gorge.triopes.jpg, ''

'' f. ''triopes'' Image: Erebia gorge.erynis.jpg, ''

'' f. ''erynis'' Image: Erebia gorge.jpg, ''

''
underside Image: Schillernder Mohrenfalter, Erebia tyndarus.JPG, '' Erebia tyndarus'' Image: Erebia tyndarus.underside.jpg, '' Erebia tyndarus''
underside Image: Erebia claudina.jpg, '' Erebia claudina'' Image: Erebia claudina.underside.jpg, '' Erebia claudina''
underside Image: Erebia cassioides.jpg, '' Erebia cassioides'' Image: Erebia cassioides.underside.jpg, '' Erebia cassioides''
underside ♀ Image: Erebia pharte.jpg, ''

'' Image: Erebia pharte.underside.jpg, ''

''
underside Image: Erebia melampus.jpg, ''

'' Image: Erebia sudetica.jpg, '' Erebia sudetica'' Image: Erebia mnestra.jpg, '' Erebia mnestra'' Image: Erebia mnestra.underside.jpg, '' Erebia mnestra''
underside Image: Erebia christi.jpg, '' Erebia christi'' Image: Erebia eryphile.jpg, '' Erebia eryphile'' Image: Erebia zapateri.jpg, '' Erebia zapateri'' Image: Erebia epipsodia1.jpg, '' Erebia episodea'' Image: Erebiaflavofasciata.JPG, '' Erebia flavofasciata'' Image: Erebiagorgone.JPG, '' Erebia gorgone'' Image: Erdisa.jpg, '' Erebia disa'' Image: Erembla.jpg, '' Erebia embla''

Footnotes

References

* (2008). Molecular phylogeny of the ''Erebia tyndarus'' (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) species group combining CoxII and ND5 mitochondrial genes: A case study of a recent radiation. '' Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 47(1): 196–210. (HTML abstract) * (2006).

Tree of Life Web Project The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site ...

''Erebia''
Version of November 28, 2006. Retrieved August 11, 2008. * 819 everal new genera for ''Erebia'' In: ''Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge'' 'sic''.html"_;"title="sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''(Vol.4):_62-64. *__[2008.html" ;"title="sic">'sic''.html" ;"title="sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''(Vol.4): 62-64. * [2008">sic">'sic''.html" ;"title="sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''(Vol.4): 62-64. * [2008 Palaearctic Butterfly Checklist
Nymphalidae: Satyrinae
Version of February 4, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2008. * (2008). Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''

Version of march 15, 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008. * (2008). A checklist of the satyrine genus Erebia (Lepidoptera) (1758–2006). ''Zootaxa'' 1900: 1-109
PDF contents, abstract and first page text
* (1936). ''Monograph of the genus'' Erebia. British Museum of Natural History, London.

External links

Images of some Nearctic species.

European species

Former U.S.S.R. Erebia photographs, accurate text.
Kulfan
pdf ''Erebia'' fauna of the

Tatras The Tatra Mountains (), Tatras, or Tatra (''Tatry'' either in Slovak () or in Polish () - ''plurale tantum''), are a series of mountains within the Western Carpathians that form a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They are the high ...

Zipcode Zoo

Pdf from Nagy et al. Alpine Biodiversity in Europe (Arctic–Alpine Butterflies).
Flickr
images {{Taxonbar, from=Q924117 Erebia, Taxa named by Johan Wilhelm Dalman Butterfly genera Taxonomy articles created by Polbot