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''Epidendrum secundum'', one of the crucifix orchids, is a poorly understood reed stemmed species, which Dressler (1989) describes as "the ''Epidendrum secundum'' complex." According to Dressler, there are dozens of varieties, some of which appear to deserve species rank. Arditti and Ghani note that ''E. secundum ''has the distinction of bearing the longest seeds known in the Orchidaceae, 6.0 mm long. By comparison, the seeds of ''E. ibaguense'' (another crucifix orchid) are only 2.9 mm long.
Like the other members of ''E.'' subg. ''Amphiglottium'', ''E. secundum'' is a sympodial plant which has thin stems covered from the base with imbricating sheaths which are leaf bearing above, a terminal inflorescence covered at its base with thin imbricating sheaths, and flowers with the
In 1861, H. R. Reichenbach presented a treatment of the genus ''Epidendrum'', including his view of the sub-section ''Tuberculata''. Correlating his list of (in Reichenbach's view) separate species with the Kew Monocot Checklist (July 16, 2009) yielded the following list of taxa "which appear to deserve species rank" that Kew checklist reviewers consider to be synonyms for ''E. secundum'' (the page numbers refer to Reichenbach 1861):
* ''E. ansiferum'' Rchb.f. & Warsz., Bonplandia (Hannover) 2: 111 (1854). (pp 394–395)
* ''E. brachyphyllum''
Although the Linnaean binomial "''Epidendrum secundum''" is well established by Jacquin's publication in his ''Enumeratio'' (1760) and ''Selectarum'' (1763), the seeming inappropriateness of his word choice has long been noted, not only by Dressler (1975) but also by Cogniaux in ''Flora brasiliensis'', with the listing "''Epidendrum secundum (sed floribus non secundis)'' Jacq."
Unlike the illustration in ''Selectarum'', the inflorescence of this taxon is not secund, that is, the flowers are not all on one side of the inflorescence, are not all in one plane, nor is the plant in any way "lop sided." Rather the flowers surround the central stem of the inflorescence in a cylindrical manner, producing a highly congested raceme. Despite the generic epithet (literally "upon a tree"), ''E. secundum'' frequently grows terrestrially. Due to this literal inappropriateness of the name and the origin of this plant in a country where English is not the common language, any "common names" constructed by literally translating the Linnaean binomial into English are completely inappropriate: not only are such names not common, they are completely misleading. Such names include "lop sided star orchid," and "flowers all in one plane Epidendrum," among others. Nevertheless, the insistence of some database constructors that each taxon must have a common name causes such phrases to proliferate.
Kew Monocot Checklist
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1094025 secundum Orchids of Brazil Orchids of Peru Flora of the Cerrado Plants described in 1760 Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
lip
The lips are the visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be ...
adnate
Adnate may refer to:
* Adnation, in botany, the fusion of two or more whorls of a flower
* Adnate, in mycology, a classification of lamellae (gills)
* Conjoined twins
Conjoined twins – sometimes popularly referred to as Siamese twins – are ...
to the column to its apex. The flowers are non-resupinate (unlike '' E. ibaguense'' and '' E. radicans''), can come in shades of lilac, red, orange, or yellow, and feature a notable callus on the fringed trilobate lip. The plant is rather cool-growing and can tolerate a light frost.
Diversity within the complex
In 1861, H. R. Reichenbach presented a treatment of the genus ''Epidendrum'', including his view of the sub-section ''Tuberculata''. Correlating his list of (in Reichenbach's view) separate species with the Kew Monocot Checklist (July 16, 2009) yielded the following list of taxa "which appear to deserve species rank" that Kew checklist reviewers consider to be synonyms for ''E. secundum'' (the page numbers refer to Reichenbach 1861):
* ''E. ansiferum'' Rchb.f. & Warsz., Bonplandia (Hannover) 2: 111 (1854). (pp 394–395)
* ''E. brachyphyllum'' Lindl.
John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.
Early years
Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley ...
, Fol. Orchid. 3:72(1853) (p. 392)
* ''E. fimbria'' Rchb.f., Bonplandia (Hannover) 2: 282 (1854). (p. 394)
* ''E. gracilicaule'' Rchb.f. & Warsz., Bonplandia (Hannover) 2: 111 (1854) (p. 392)
* ''E. incisum'' Rchb.f. & Warsz., Bonplandia (Hannover) 2: 112 (1854), nom. illeg. (p. 394)
* ''E. lacerum'' Lindl.
John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.
Early years
Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley ...
, Edwards's Bot. Reg. 24(Misc.): 17 (1838). (pp. 395–396)
* ''E. lindenii'' Lindl.
John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.
Early years
Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley ...
, Edwards's Bot. Reg. 31(Misc.): 48 (1845), nom. illeg (p. 393)
* ''E. novogranatense'' Rchb.f. & Warsz., Bonplandia (Hannover) 2: 111 (1854). (p. 396)
The diversity of ''E. secundum'' is further demonstrated by counts of the chromosome number (in root tissues): a lilac-flowered individual from Bolivia was found to have 2''n'' = 28; a lilac-flowered individual from Santo Antônio do Itambé, Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, 2''n'' = 52; an orange-flowered individual from Santo Antônio do Itambé, Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, 2''n'' = 48; a lilac-flowered individual from Serra do Rio do Rastro, Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, 2''n'' = 40; a lilac-flowered individual from Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
, 2''n'' = 80; all in disagreement with a previously reported value of 2''n'' = 68.
The Kew Monocot checklist lists many more binomials as synonyms of ''E. secundum'':
* ''E. antioquiense'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 125 (1920)
* ''E. bulkeleyi'' A.D.Hawkes, Orquídea (Rio de Janeiro) 18: 168 (1957)
* ''E. coroicoense'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27: 60 (1929)
* ''E. corymbosum'' Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil.: 246 (1798)
* ''E. corymbosum'' var. ''latifolium'' Cogn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(5): 145 (1898)
* ''E. crassifolium'' var. ''albescens'' Pabst, Bradea 2: 64 (1976)
* ''E. cuzcoense'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 9: 82 (1921)
* ''E. dolichopus'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 131 (1920)
* ''E. elongatum'' Jacq., Collectanea 3: 260 (1789)
* ''E. fastigiatum'' Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 3: 71 (1853)
* ''E. giroudianum'' Rchb.f., Bonplandia (Hannover) 4: 327 (1856)
* ''E. herzogii'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 489 (1913)
* ''E. inconstans'' Ames ex Gleason, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 58: 350 (1931)
* ''E. lacera'' (Lindl.) Britton, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands 5: 201 (1924)
* ''E. longihastatum'' Barb.Rodr., Gen. Spec. Orchid. 1: 59 (1877)
* ''E. pachyphyllum'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 140 (1920)
* ''E. polyschistum'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 143 (1920)
* ''E. secundum'' var. ''albescens'' (Pabst) F.Barros, Acta Bot. Brasil. 10: 142 (1996)
* ''E. secundum'' f. ''albescens'' (Pabst) F.Barros, Hoehnea 29: 111 (2002)
* ''E. sulfuratorium'' E.H.L.Krause, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 336 (1914)
* ''E. tarmense'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 9: 94 (1921)
* ''E. tricallosum'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 6: 39 (1919)
* ''E. versicolor'' Hoehne & Schltr., Arch. Bot. São Paulo 1: 245 (1926)
Names
Although the Linnaean binomial "''Epidendrum secundum''" is well established by Jacquin's publication in his ''Enumeratio'' (1760) and ''Selectarum'' (1763), the seeming inappropriateness of his word choice has long been noted, not only by Dressler (1975) but also by Cogniaux in ''Flora brasiliensis'', with the listing "''Epidendrum secundum (sed floribus non secundis)'' Jacq."
Unlike the illustration in ''Selectarum'', the inflorescence of this taxon is not secund, that is, the flowers are not all on one side of the inflorescence, are not all in one plane, nor is the plant in any way "lop sided." Rather the flowers surround the central stem of the inflorescence in a cylindrical manner, producing a highly congested raceme. Despite the generic epithet (literally "upon a tree"), ''E. secundum'' frequently grows terrestrially. Due to this literal inappropriateness of the name and the origin of this plant in a country where English is not the common language, any "common names" constructed by literally translating the Linnaean binomial into English are completely inappropriate: not only are such names not common, they are completely misleading. Such names include "lop sided star orchid," and "flowers all in one plane Epidendrum," among others. Nevertheless, the insistence of some database constructors that each taxon must have a common name causes such phrases to proliferate.
Occurrence
''Epidendrum secundum'' occurs in the montane forest of the Neotropics (up to 2 miles high), including Cusco, southeastern Peru and Brazil. It has also been found in disturbed roadside habitats in Picingauba, Brazil, near sea level, together with '' E. fulgens'' and natural hybrids between the two.References
* Arditti, J. and Abdul karim Abdul Ghani, "Tansley Review No. 100. Numerical and Physical Properties of Orchid Seeds and Their Biological Implications" ''New Phytologist'', 145 (3): 367–421. 2000. * Dressler, R. L. "Jacquin Names -- Again" ''Taxon'' 24 (5/6): 647–650. November 1975 * Dressler, R. L. "Will the Real ''Epidendrum ibaguense'' please stand up?" ''American Orchid Society Bulletin'' 58 (1989): 796–800 * H. G. Reichenbach "Orchides" in Dr. Carl Müller, Ed. ''Walpers Annales Botanices Systematicae'' VI (1861): 393–397. Berlin. *External links
Kew Monocot Checklist
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1094025 secundum Orchids of Brazil Orchids of Peru Flora of the Cerrado Plants described in 1760 Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin